Wikipedia
This text was copied from Wikipedia on 2 December 2024 at 5:10AM.
A bottomry, or bottomage, is an arrangement in which the master of a ship borrows money upon the bottom or keel of it, so as to forfeit the ship itself to the creditor, if the money with interest is not paid at the time appointed at the ship's safe return.[1]
This occurs, for example, where the ship needs urgent repairs during the course of its voyage or some other emergency arises and it is not possible for the master to contact the owner to arrange funds, allowing the master to borrow money on the security of the ship or the cargo by executing a bond. Where the ship is hypothecated, the bond is called a bottomry bond. Where both the ship and its cargo are hypothecated, the relationship is called respondentia.
History
Due to the bottomry bond's relatively low priority as against other liens in the event of a libel against the ship, the use of bottomry bonds declined greatly in the 19th century and the subject is today of interest only to legal historians.
The Code of Hammurabi describes a form of bottomry which is a risk transferring technique. A bottomry would be taken, but the repayment would be contingent on the ship successfully completing the voyage. This is more like a catastrophe bond than traditional insurance. In traditional insurance, you pay premiums and receive a benefit on the risk event. With bottomry and catastrophe bonds, you receive a loan up front and only pay it back with a premium if the risk event doesn't occur.
By its nature, bottomry was prone to insurance fraud. Two common forms were taking bottomry against a ship and valuable cargo, setting sail with a cheap cargo, and scuttling the ship to keep the loan and the cargo, and pretending that the ship had sunk while it actually hid in a distant port and acquired a new name and crew. Demosthenes's speech Against Zenothemis accuses the titular shipper of the first type of fraud in the fourth century BCE.[2]
In his Life of Cato the Elder, Plutarch describes how he would use the process to make money, but calls it "the most disreputable form of money-lending".[3] Kaplan and Kaplan describe it as follows:
Ship insurance springs naturally from the necessity of trade, the existence of sophisticated entrepots, and the rapacity of barbarians – all long-familiar facts of life on the Mediterranean. Its ancient Greek form, as described by Demosthenes, was what is now called by the splendid name of "bottomry". It was not a direct transfer of risk, but rather a conditional loan: The insurer staked the merchant to a sum of money in advance of the voyage, which was to be repaid with (considerable) interest if the voyage succeeded – but forgiven if the vessel was lost. It is an arrangement that is easy to describe but difficult to characterize: not a pure loan, because the lender accepts part of the risk; not a partnership, because the money to be repaid is specified; not pure insurance, because it does not specifically secure the risk to the merchant's goods. It is perhaps best considered as a futures contract: the insurer has bought an option on the venture's final value.[4]
Respondentia
Respondentia is a loan where a ship's cargo is the security, on similar terms to bottomry.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Chambers, Ephraïm (1728). s.v. BOTTOMAGE. Cyclopædia: or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1 ed.). London: James & John Knapton; John Darby; and others. vol. 1, p. 120.
- ^ Demosthenes, Orations, 32 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0076%3Aspeech%3D32%3Asection%3D1
- ^ Cato, c. 21, in Waterfield, Robin. Plutarch, Roman Lives. ISBN 978-0-19-282502-5
- ^ Michael Kaplan and Ellen Kaplan (2006). Changes Are... Adventures in Probability. Viking Penguin, p. 94.
- ^ Stewart, William J. (2012). Collins dictionary of law (3rd ed.). Glasgow [Scotland]: Collins. ISBN 9780007221653.
Further reading
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This contains a detailed discussion of the contract and its history.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Bottomry". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
5 Annotations
First Reading
in Aqua Scripto • Link
AS Gleaned from the OED [f. BOTTOM n. 7 + -RY, after Du. bodmerij.]
"A species of contract of the nature of a mortgage, whereby the owner of a ship, or the master as his agent, borrows money to enable him to carry on or complete a voyage, and pledges the ship as security for repayment of the money. If the ship is lost, the lender loses his money; but if it arrives safe, he receives the principal together with the interest or premium stipulated, ‘however it may exceed the usual or legal rate of interest’. Also attrib., as in bottomry-bond, -money.
1622 MALYNES Anc. Law-Merch. 171 The name Bottommarie is deriued by the Hollanders from the Keele or Bottome of a ship..The money so taken vp by the master of the ship, is commonly done vpon great necessitie..the vse payed for the same is verie great, at 30, 40, and 50 pro cent. without consideration of time"
Second Reading
Bill • Link
BOTTOMRY, BOTTOMAGE is when a Master of a Ship borrows Money upon the Bottom or Hull of the Ship, i.e. to be paid with Interest at the Ship's safe Return, otherwise the Money is all lost if the Ship be lost.
---An Universal Etymological English Dictionary. N. Bailey, 1675.
San Diego Sarah • Link
In 1601, by statute 43 Eliza. I, c. 12, the first insurance commissioners in England were established “to hear and determine policies of assurance made among merchants.”
Third Reading
San Diego Sarah • Link
Our first discussion of Bottomry begins at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
San Diego Sarah • Link
London Marine Insurance 1438-1824
Risk, Trade, and the Early Modern State
by Adrian Leonard
The first comprehensive history of marine insurance transacted in London from the industry's beginnings, to the early-19th-century, when legislative change ended parliamentary monopolies over the business.
This book describes the development and evolution of the customary, legal, and commercial institutions of marine insurance, alongside its developing organisational structures. It analyses major market interventions during the period, including state-sponsored initiatives in the late 16th century, the introduction of new corporate forms in the early 18th century, and the formation and maturation of Lloyd's of London.
The book examines the impact of crises such as the Smyrna catastrophe of 1693 and the South Sea Bubble, and makes comparisons with developments in other marine insurance markets.
In revealing how the London insurance market changed over centuries, the book discusses issues of risk and uncertainty, the financial revolution, the development of trade, and the reciprocal developmental roles of markets and the state.
Overall, it highlights the ways that efficient and effective marine insurance capable of adapting according to circumstance was vital to the growth of trade and the economy.
Introduction
1. The merchant-insurers' system: London marine insurance to the 1570s
2. 1570-1688: Buyers and the first intervention
3. 1688 to 1720: The sellers' intervention
4. To 1824: Lloyd's and the common law
5. Conclusions
Appendix: Some London underwriters active 1690-1717
Bibliography
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