Hooke's 'Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses'

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Micrographia
Title page of Micrographia
AuthorRobert Hooke
Original titleMicrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon
LanguageEnglish
GenreMicroscopy
PublisherThe Royal Society
Publication date
January 1665
Publication placeGreat Britain

Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses. It was the first book to include illustrations of insects and plants as seen through microscopes.

Published in January 1665, the first major publication of the Royal Society, it became the first scientific best-seller, inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of microscopy.[1] The book originated the biological term cell.

Observations

Hooke most famously describes a fly's eye and a plant cell (where he coined that term because plant cells, which are walled, reminded him of the cells in a honeycomb[2]). Known for its spectacular copperplate of the miniature world, particularly its fold-out plates of insects, the text itself reinforces the tremendous power of the new microscope. The plates of insects fold out to be larger than the large folio itself, the engraving of the louse in particular folding out to four times the size of the book. Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope, Micrographia also describes distant planetary bodies, the wave theory of light, the organic origin of fossils, and other philosophical and scientific interests of its author.

Hooke also selected several objects of human origin; among these objects were the jagged edge of a honed razor and the point of a needle, seeming blunt under the microscope. His goal may well have been to contrast the flawed products of mankind with the perfection of nature (and hence, in the spirit of the times, of biblical creation).[3]

  • Gallery
  • Microscope manufactured by Christopher White of London for Robert Hooke. Hooke is believed to have used this microscope for the observations that formed the basis of Micrographia. (M-030 00276) Courtesy - Billings Microscope Collection, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Maryland.
    Microscope manufactured by Christopher White of London for Robert Hooke. Hooke is believed to have used this microscope for the observations that formed the basis of Micrographia. (M-030 00276) Courtesy - Billings Microscope Collection, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Maryland.
  • Hooke's drawing of a louse
    Hooke's drawing of a louse
  • Hooke's drawing of a flea
    Hooke's drawing of a flea
  • Hooke's microscope
    Hooke's microscope
  • Hooke was the first to apply the word "cell" to biological objects: Cork.
    Hooke was the first to apply the word "cell" to biological objects: Cork.
  • Hooke's drawing of a gnat
    Hooke's drawing of a gnat
  • Hooke's drawing of a grey dronefly
    Hooke's drawing of a grey dronefly
  • Hooke's drawing of a blue fly
    Hooke's drawing of a blue fly

Reception

Published under the aegis of the Royal Society, the popularity of the book helped further the society's image and mission of being England's leading scientific organization. Micrographia's illustrations of the miniature world captured the public's imagination in a radically new way; Samuel Pepys called it "the most ingenious book that ever I read in my life".[4]

Methods

In 2007, Janice Neri, a professor of art history and visual culture, studied Hooke's artistic influences and processes with the help of some newly rediscovered notes and drawings that appear to show some of his work leading up to Micrographia.[5] She observes, "Hooke's use of the term "schema" to identify his plates indicates that he approached his images in a diagrammatic manner and implies the study or visual dissection of the objects portrayed." Identifying Hooke's schema as 'organization tools,' she emphasizes:[6]

Hooke built up his images from numerous observations made from multiple vantage points, under varying lighting conditions, and with lenses of differing powers. Similarly his specimens required a great deal of manipulation and preparation in order to make them visible through the microscope.

Additionally: "Hooke often enclosed the objects he presented within a round frame, thus offering viewers an evocation of the experience of looking through the lens of a microscope."[6]

Bibliography

  • Robert Hooke. Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses. London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1665. (first edition).

References

  1. ^ Falkowski, Paul G. (2015). Life's Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable. Princeton University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4008-6572-7. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  2. ^ "... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular [..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . ." – Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork. Robert Hooke
  3. ^ Fara P (June 2009). "A microscopic reality tale". Nature. 459 (4 June 2009): 642–644. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..642F. doi:10.1038/459642a. PMID 19494897. S2CID 4382037.
  4. ^ "Samuel Pepys Diary, 21 January 1665". Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  5. ^ Sample, Ian (8 February 2006). "Eureka! Lost manuscript found in cupboard". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  6. ^ a b Neri, Janice (2008). "Between Observation and Image: Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke's Micrographia". In O'Malley, Therese; Meyers, Amy R. W. (eds.). The Art of Natural History. National Gallery of Art. pp. 83–107. ISBN 978-0-300-16024-6.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hooke's Micrographia Diagrams from the National Library of Wales.

1893 text

“Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by Magnifying Glasses. London, 1665,” a very remarkable work with elaborate plates, some of which have been used for lecture illustrations almost to our own day. On November 23rd, 1664, the President of the Royal Society was “desired to sign a licence for printing of Mr. Hooke’s microscopical book.” At this time the book was mostly printed, but it was delayed, much to Hooke’s disgust, by the examination of several Fellows of the Society. In spite of this examination the council were anxious that the author should make it clear that he alone was responsible for any theory put forward, and they gave him notice to that effect. Hooke made this clear in his dedication (see Birch’s “History,” vol. i., pp. 490-491)

This text comes from a footnote on a diary entry in the 1893 edition edited by Henry B. Wheatley.

4 Annotations

First Reading

Michael Robinson  •  Link

Hooke, Robert, 1635-1703.
Micrographia: or Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses. With observations and inquiries thereupon. By R. Hooke, Fellow of the Royal Society.
London : printed by Jo. Martyn, and Ja. Allestry, printers to the Royal Society, and are to be sold at their shop at the Bell in S. Paul’s Church-yard, MDCLXV. [1665]
[36], 246, [10] p., I-XV, XVII-XXXVIII leaves of plates (some folded) ;
2⁰. Title page in red and black with a preliminary order to print and ten final contents leaves.
Wing (CD-ROM, 1996), H2620

Pepys' copy now PL 2116. A full description of the binding was published in Howard Nixon's catalog of the bindings in the Pepys' Library. L&M note "Pepys later had it embellished with an index and marginal notes in the hand of an amanuensis."

The edition was reprinted in 1667.

Michael Robinson  •  Link

National Library of Medicine (US) copy viewable with 'Turning the Pages' software; alas the plates larger than a single sheet have not been unfolded.

http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/t…

Second Reading

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References

Chart showing the number of references in each month of the diary’s entries.

1665