Lady Catherine Goring Scott, of Scott’s Hall, Kent is first mentioned by John Evelyn on 12 July, 1649 when they both crossed the Channel to join the Royalists in exile in Paris. She was the daughter of the Earl of Norwich and sister of Gen. George, Lord Goring.
They must have become friends as he always mentions her with notes like "that very pleasant lady".
In 1663 Evelyn repeats the speculation that Sir Thomas Scott who married Caroline Carteret was the son of Prince Rupert. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
However, in the "Memorials of the family of Scott, of Scot's-hall, in the county of Kent. With an appendix of illustrative documents" it pointa out that Lady Catherine and her husband Sir Edward Scott, KB, lived apart for 12 years as their political views differed, and the rumor only emerged shortly before he filed for divorce.
He died on May 22, 1663 shortly after their proceedings, which had been instituted by him in the Ecclesiastical Courts for a divorce, but were withdrawn before his death, and in his Will the allegation were also withdrawn, so they went unchallenged.
Possibly knowing he was dying, Sir Edward acknowledged his son, Thomas, and left him heir to his estate.
Lady Catherine Goring Scott survived her husband by many years, and died in 1686.
There are a couple of other notes which inicate she was well-liked and a fun person:
"On the occasion of the marriage of the Princess Royal, Her Royal Highness gave Miss Catherine Scott a diamond ring, engraved with the Prince of Wales' feathers encircling the letter C."
And on a letter to her mother-in-law, Catherine added this P.S.: "I beseech your Ladyship to present my humble service and best affection to Mr. Scott. I hope your Ladyship will not think that I am run away with your money."
'"Pulcinella was a much more charming character and had a way with the ladies. Punch is a serial killer basically and the violence came with the Brits. If you think about when Punch and Judy would have first appeared over here, we had things like bear baiting in the streets and life was far more evidently violent. People might say the same now, but the violence came with Punch’s introduction to Britain where he became more and more deranged.
'You could see Punch as a kind of Lord of Misrule, who in the Tudor period would usually be a lowly peasant put in charge of festivities at the Lord’s house at Christmas time. This tradition had its origins in the Roman festival of Saturnalia, where the normal laws were overturned and the fool became a king for the day.'
In Henry VI Part II, Jack Cade uses the metaphor of ‘slavery’ to highlight the oppression of peasants living under the tyranny of a self-serving nobility (Henry VI, Part II, IV. Viii).
The term also appears in Henry VIII – thought to have been a collaboration between Shakespeare and John Fletcher – in Act II, scene 2 (a section believed to have been written by Shakespeare). Here the author employed the metaphor in the context of subjection to a Catholic ruler – the Duke of Suffolk hopes to be freed from his ‘slavery’ to the French king.
The final appearance is in Sonnet 133, where the themes are those of a painful and tortuous relationship, in which the speaker is berating a cruel lover. Here the absolute and arbitrary nature of the power at work is suggested using other terms including ‘pent up’ and ‘engross’d’, which not only imply that the poet is in the exclusive possession of the subject, but that the possession is unjust and damaging.
Engrossing, which involved buying up goods wholesale to sell on at a profit, was at that time a punishable offence.
As noted earlier, there is no ‘slavery’ in any of Shakespeare’s Roman plays. This did not mean there were no ‘slaves’ – Roman society was known to have participated in the purchase and sale of people as commodities.
But the meaning of ‘slavery’ as it appears in Shakespeare went beyond this, and as a signal of arbitrary and absolute power it prefigures the 18th-century rhetoric that would drive abolition.
That meaning also postdates the institutions of chattelhood that existed before the ‘slave’ and ‘slavery’ were linguistic descriptors.
Dr. Spicksley concludes that slavery, understood as an institution rather than as a condition, was in the throes of development during Shakespeare's ifetime.
Robert Crowley used the term ‘slavery’ in the context of the mid-century rebellions that rocked the English state, to challenge those in power to root out the rack renting landlords who were oppressing their tenants. His 'Way to Wealth' incorporated into this critique the religious and political systems of Catholic rule in Europe – by not addressing the issue of tyranny at home English men would risk being ‘brought to the lyke slauery that the french men are in’. (The Way to Wealth Wherein is Plainly Taught a most Present Remedy for Sedicion, 1550). Europe underwent a major fracturing of religious and political authority in the early modern period, and the challenges this presented provided the perfect breeding ground for the language of slavery.
Extending the ‘slave’ to a condition of ‘slavery’ gave voice to several social concerns as religious allegiances changed, the balance of power shifted, and the role and duty of rulers to their subjects came under intense scrutiny. ‘Slavery’, which raised the specter of tyranny, oppression, forced labor and unjust subjection, had huge imaginative potential.
As a result, the term became a metaphor for any form of absolute and arbitrary power, establishing the character of the power it defined on the one hand, while critiquing it on the other.
Looking at the five contexts in which ‘slavery’ appears in Shakespeare’s works, we see how the Bard uses the term to invoke notions of arbitrary and absolute subjection over which the subject has neither control nor power to change. Notably, its core purpose is to provide a critique of power.
Perhaps we get closest to the institution of slavery as we know it in Othello, in which the eponymous hero is taken captive by the ‘insolent foe’ and sold into ‘slavery’ (Othello I. iii).
As the sale of people as commodities was condemned in the Old and New Testaments, she takes this use of ‘insolent’ to indicate that the foe was contemptuous of rightful authority, making the seizure arbitrary and unjust (Amos 3:6; Revelation 18:13).
Moreover, the context draws on a major element in the semantic framing of the ‘slave’ – as a commodity that was to be bought and sold.
By this time the activities of John Hawkins, one of the earliest documented English traders in humans as items of commerce, were already available in print – Hawkins is on record as having seized Africans for no other reason than to sell them for profit in the Americas.
A second case of ‘slavery’ that also has biblical connections, appears in 'The Tempest'. Here it is the absolute power wielded by the sorcerer Prospero that is under discussion. The shipwrecked Ferdinand, ordered by Prospero to pile up logs, describes the task as his ‘wooden slavery’, a classic biblical reference to the Gibeonites, who were reduced to ‘hewers of wood and drawers of water’ in punishment for their deceit (Tempest, III.i; Joshua 9).
The research forms part of her broader reassessment of the terms ‘slave’ and ‘slavery’ as descriptors for a wide range of institutional systems of subjection that allowed people to be treated as alienable chattel. Although the use of the term ‘slavery’ continues to provoke debate, there is general acceptance that institutions supporting the reduction of people to chattel had ancient origins, and existed in almost every society at some point in the past.
But the language of slavery is relatively new. Derived in Europe from the medieval Latin term 'sclavus', which entered a number of European vernaculars from the 13th century, the English ‘slave’ first appears at the end of that century.
The first uses of the term ‘slavery’ do not emerge until the 16th century. The earliest example she had found at the time of writing dates to 1542 in a pamphlet by the Protestant reformer, Thomas Becon ('A comfortable epistle, too Goddes faythfull people in Englande').
In this figurative rather than literal usage, Becon added ‘ery’ to the root ‘slave’ to create the base state or condition in which the ‘slave’ existed. His aim was to demonstrate the absolute power of the Lord, who could transform the various negative condition of people’s lives into their positive counterparts – sorrow into joy, darkness into light, death into life, and ‘slavery’ into honor.
The use of the term ‘slavery’ in a pejorative manner is also visible in Ralphe Robinson’s 1551 translation of Thomas More’s 'Utopia' (A fruteful, and pleasaunt worke of the beste state of a publyque weale, and of the newe yle called Vtopia). Here it takes on a more familiar literal meaning, but as a condition of labor, rather than an institution.
For Robinson, ‘slavery’ represents a type of noxious and miserable work – ‘all vyle seruice all slauerie and drudgerye, with all laboursome toyle and busines’ – fit only for those of the lowest social condition.
If ‘slavery’ was associated with drudgery, it was more commonly employed as a critique of unjust power.
Edmund Gest’s A treatise againste the preuee masse (1548), talked of the delivery of the Israelites from the ‘slavery’ of Pharaoh, for example.
During the XOCID lockdowns, Dr. Judith Spicksley had a virtual fellowship at the Folger Shakespeare Library, which she used to examined the language of slavery in early modern England, and more specifically, the use of that language in the works of William Shakespeare.
She found 163 references to ‘slave’ and 3 to ‘bondslave’ in Shakespeare’s plays and poems, but there were only 5 places in all of his works in which he used the term ‘slavery’, although 4 of his plays were set in Ancient Rome. This confirmed her suspicions that the meaning of ‘slavery’ amongst Shakespeare and his contemporaries needed further investigation.
John Evelyn was later sworn in as a Founding Fellow of the Philosophic Society, referred to as the Royal Society for the rest of the Diary = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
"Success has many fathers, but failure is an orphan" -- Altair. Great minds think alike. Birds of a feather flock together. For every time there is a season. The time was right for these successful thinking birds.
After the Great Fire, there "was now a refugee crisis: thousands of homeless Londoners were living in tents on Lincolns Inn Fields, Hatton Gardens and the piazza at Covent Garden: the design for the new metropolis would be governed by urgent and pragmatic compromises."
After the Great Fire, there "was now a refugee crisis: thousands of homeless Londoners were living in tents on Lincolns Inn Fields, Hatton Gardens and the piazza at Covent Garden: the design for the new metropolis would be governed by urgent and pragmatic compromises."
7th June, 1659. To London, to take leave of my brother, and see the foundations now laying for a long street and buildings in Hatton Garden, designed for a little town, lately an ample garden.
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John Evelyn had an older brother, Richard, and a younger one named George. He gives no hint of which one he visited. My guess is George, since Richard seems to love Wotton House near Epsom.
I wonder if the Republicans planned for the jewelers to take over Hatton Gardens? If so, it took a while:
Hatton House [the former Ely Palace] became the site of Hatton Gardens and Ely Place, from Faithorne and Newcourt’s Exact Delineation published 1658. Sir Christopher, Lord Hatton became a founder member of the Royal Society, and one of his other projects was to start the redevelopment of his London house as Hatton Garden. https://thegardenstrust.blog/2015…
After the Great Fire, there "was now a refugee crisis: thousands of homeless Londoners were living in tents on Lincolns Inn Fields, Hatton Gardens and the piazza at Covent Garden: the design for the new metropolis would be governed by urgent and pragmatic compromises." Read more at https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/be…
Robert Boyle's doctor was Edmund King, not then Sir Edmund and the King's Physician, but a London practitioner of repute, living in Hatton Gardens; a year or two younger than Boyle; a member of the Royal Society; a friend of Willis and Petty, and a great man for dissections and experiments. This was the Dr. Edmund King who was so interested in the first transfusion experiments on human subjects, and who, "with my best microscope," noticed the appearance of living organisms in "things left in water." ... It was not until some years later that the same Dr. Edmund King gained celebrity by his prompt action in bleeding Charles II after his apoplectic seizure. He had a lancet in his pocket, and no other doctor was at hand. https://www.archive.org/stream/cu…
6th December, 1658. Now was published my "French Gardener," the first and best of the kind that introduced the use of the olitory garden to any purpose.
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Latin olitorius, holitorius, from olitor, holitor vegetable gardener, from olus, holus potherb
This books must not have been Evelyn's best: he never mentions it, before or afterwards, in his Diary.
Full title, "The French gardiner: instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees, and herbs for the garden ... Written originally in French [by Nicolas de Bonnefons], and now transplanted into English, by John Evelyn ... Illustrated with sculptures. Whereunto is annexed, The English vineyard vindicated by John Rose [or rather, compiled by Evelyn from material supplied by Rose] ... with a tract of the making and ordering of wines in France" [signed: J. Evelyn]. https://www.google.com/books/edit…
On 22 October, 1658 John Evelyn -- no friend to Cromwell -- nevertheless witnessed Oliver's funeral procession and observed that he was decked out like a king.
I wonder if he saw what he wanted to see: "In this equipage, they proceeded to Westminster: but it was the most joyful funeral I ever saw; for there were none that cried but dogs, which the soldiers hooted away with a barbarous noise, drinking and taking tobacco in the streets as they went." https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
20 August, 1663. I dined at the Comptroller's [of the Household] with the Earl of Oxford and Mr. Ashburnham; it was said it should be the last of the public diets, or tables, at Court, it being determined to put down the old hospitality, at which was great murmuring, considering his Majesty's vast revenue and the plenty of the nation.
Hence, I went to sit in a Committee, to consider about the regulation of the Mint at the Tower; in which some small progress was made.
Mint at the Tower of London A paper, “NOTES ON SIMON'S PATTERN (PETITION) CROWN OF CHARLES II” by MARVIN LESSEN which mentions both Pepys and Evelyn, and the design and manufacturing of the new Charles II coins using French technology during an “EXCITING numismatic time” is at https://www.britnumsoc.org/public… Presumably Evelyn’s Commission had to recommend or approve the use of this new technology, quantity, design and value of coins, etc.
27 November, 1662. Went to London to see the entrance of the Russian Ambassador, whom his Majesty ordered to be received with much state, the Emperor not only having been kind to his Majesty in his distress, but banishing all commerce with our nation during the Rebellion.
First, the city companies and trained bands were all in their stations: his Majesty's army and guards in great order. His Excellency came in a very rich coach, with some of his chief attendants; many of the rest on horseback, clad in their vests, after the Eastern manner, rich furs, caps, and carrying the presents, some carrying hawks, furs, teeth, bows, etc. It was a very magnificent show.
I dined with the Master of the Mint, where was old Sir Ralph Freeman;[74] passing my evening at the Queen-Mother's Court;
at night, saw acted "The Committee," a ridiculous play of Sir R. Howard, where the mimic, Lacy, acted the Irish footman to admiration.
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Pepys also attended the Russian Ambassadors' [arade. Evelyn’s description is better. Terry Foreman’s first annotation gives additional info. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
The Committee, or the Faithful Irishman; a Comedy produced at the King's Theatre in Drury-Lane, by Sir Robert Howard, Pepys first saw this play on June 12, 1663 = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
2 December, 1664. We delivered the Privy Council's letters to the Governors of St. Thomas's Hospital, in Southwark, that a moiety of the house should be reserved for such sick and wounded as should from time to time be sent from the fleet during the war.
This being delivered at their Court, the President and several Aldermen, Governors of that Hospital, invited us to a great feast in Fishmongers' Hall.
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We = The Commissioners for taking Care of Sick and Wounded Seamen and for the Care and Treatment of Prisoners of War = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
27 October, 1664. Being casually in the privy gallery at Whitehall, his Majesty gave me thanks before divers lords and noblemen for my book of "Architecture," and again for my "Sylva" saying they were the best designed and useful for the matter and subject, the best printed and designed (meaning the taille-douces of the Parallel of Architecture) that he had seen.
He then caused me to follow him alone to one of the windows, and asked me if I had any paper about me unwritten, and a crayon; I presented him with both, and then laying it on the window-stool, he with his own hands designed to me the plot for the future building of Whitehall, together with the rooms of state, and other particulars. After this, he talked with me of several matters, asking my advice, in which I find his Majesty had an extraordinary talent becoming a magnificent prince.
The same day at Council, there being Commissioners to be made to take care of such sick and wounded and prisoners of war, as might be expected upon occasion of a succeeding war and action at sea, war being already declared against the Hollanders, his Majesty was pleased to nominate me to be one, with three other gentlemen, Parliament men, viz, Sir William D’oily, Knt. and Bart., Sir Thomas Clifford, and Bullein Rheymes, Esq.; with a salary of 1,200/. a year among us, besides extraordinaries for our care and attention in time of station, each of us being appointed to a particular district, mine falling out to be Kent and Sussex, with power to constitute officers, physicians, chirurgeons, provost-marshals, and to dispose of half of the hospitals through England.
After the Council, we kissed his Majesty's hand.
At this Council I heard Mr. Solicitor Finch plead most elegantly for the merchants trading to the Canaries, praying for a new Charter.
In the autumn of 1664 John Evelyn published his translation of “A Parallel of the antient architecture” from the French written by Roland Fréart de Chambray.
It appeared around the same time as his “Sylva, or A Discourse of forest trees”, the two volumes on architecture and gardening being received at court as a complementary pair.
For more on Evelyn and Early Modern thinking about the relationship between architecture and gardening, see “John Evelyn as modern architect and ancient gardener: 'lessons of perpetual practice' Book or Report Section Accepted Version Bullard, P. (2016) In: Bullard, P. and Tadié, A. (eds.) Ancients and moderns in Europe: comparative perspectives. Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment. Voltaire Foundation. University of Oxford, Oxford, pp. 171-188. ISBN 9780729411776 Available at https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/658… and his thesis at https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/658…
"The original Fishmongers’ Hall was the first of 54 Livery Halls lost to the flames during the Great Fire of London in 1666. Following the devastation, the Company auctioned off its silver collection to fund the rebuilding and subsequent expansion of Fishmongers’ Hall, which was completed in 1671."
Peter Heylyn loved learning from his youth; but his belief in the value of discipline can hardly have exceeded his craving for publicity.
Heylyn began his career as a historical writer in 1621 with the publication of his Geography, a subject on which, as connected with history, he had lectured at Oxford in his 18th year, and which, with the aid of some experience of travel, he afterwards developed into that of his Cosmography.
Dr. Heylyn was King Charles’ chaplain for many years, as well as a prebendary of Westminster, when his personal troubles began with the downfall of Archbishop William Laud, whose ecclesiastical policy he supported;
Dr. Heylyn was brought before the Commons as having helped to get up the case against the author of Histriomastix.
After the first civil war broke out, Dr. Peter Heylyn was commissioned to keep a record of public occurrences in Mercurius Aulicus; but he speedily lost his benefice (he was rector of Old Alresford and South Warnborough) with his house and library; it until 1656 he could again venture to the front.
In 1659, Dr. Peter Heylyn published his Examen Criticum, the first part of which adversely criticized Fuller’s Church History, but the pair managed to make friends.
Dr. Peter Heylyn’s next controversy was with Richard Baxter.
When the Restoration came, Dr. Heylyn returned into residence at Westminster, and the brief remainder of his life was spent in tranquility.
Dr. Peter Heylyn’s pen continued active to the end.
In 1661, he brought out his chief work, Ecclesia Restaurata, or The History of the Reformation, which passed through several editions. This book is the history of the church of England from the accession of Edward VI to the Elizabethan settlement (1566), is notable as an attempt to view the changes effected by the reformation with as much of impartiality as was to be expected from a prelatist opposed to reunion with Rome.
Among Dr. Peter Heylyn’s writings published posthumously are:
Cyprianus Anglicus, or The History of the Life and Death of Archbishop Laud (1668), defending him against William Prynne MP’s elaborate invective, and described by Creighton as “the chief authority for Laud’s personal character and private life”;
and Aerius Redivivus, or The History of Presbyterianism (1670), which traces back to Calvin the origin of Puritanism, here described as the source of England’s internal troubles.
Dr. Peter Heylyn was no bigot, and was capable of looking on things as a historian rather than as a professional apologist; but controversy was irresistible to him.
FROM: The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21). Volume VII. Cavalier and Puritan. https://www.bartleby.com/217/0906…
In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Parsons Green like this:
PARSONS GREEN, a hamlet in Fulham parish, Middlesex; on the river Thames, ½ a mile E of Fulham. Sir T. Bodley resided here in 1605-9; Lord Bacon, at Vaughan's, in 1621; Richardson, at Pitt's Place; and Addison, at Sandy-End.
Parsons Green through time: Parsons Green is now part of Hammersmith and Fulham district.
NOTE: The Google Librarian says there are many PARSONS, and the GREEN doesn't belong to any one of them.
Comments
Second Reading
About Lady Catherine Scott
San Diego Sarah • Link
Lady Catherine Goring Scott, of Scott’s Hall, Kent is first mentioned by John Evelyn on 12 July, 1649 when they both crossed the Channel to join the Royalists in exile in Paris. She was the daughter of the Earl of Norwich and sister of Gen. George, Lord Goring.
They must have become friends as he always mentions her with notes like "that very pleasant lady".
In 1663 Evelyn repeats the speculation that Sir Thomas Scott who married Caroline Carteret was the son of Prince Rupert.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
However, in the "Memorials of the family of Scott, of Scot's-hall, in the county of Kent. With an appendix of illustrative documents" it pointa out that Lady Catherine and her husband Sir Edward Scott, KB, lived apart for 12 years as their political views differed, and the rumor only emerged shortly before he filed for divorce.
He died on May 22, 1663 shortly after their proceedings, which had been instituted by him in the Ecclesiastical Courts for a divorce, but were withdrawn before his death, and in his Will the allegation were also withdrawn, so they went unchallenged.
Possibly knowing he was dying, Sir Edward acknowledged his son, Thomas, and left him heir to his estate.
Lady Catherine Goring Scott survived her husband by many years, and died in 1686.
There are a couple of other notes which inicate she was well-liked and a fun person:
"On the occasion of the marriage of the Princess Royal, Her Royal Highness gave Miss Catherine Scott a diamond ring, engraved with the Prince of Wales' feathers encircling the letter C."
And on a letter to her mother-in-law, Catherine added this P.S.:
"I beseech your Ladyship to present my humble service and best affection to Mr. Scott.
I hope your Ladyship will not think that I am run away with your money."
One look at this file will show you why I haven't gleaned more from it; it's on the to do list:
https://archive.org/stream/memori…
About Punch and Judy
San Diego Sarah • Link
'"Pulcinella was a much more charming character and had a way with the ladies. Punch is a serial killer basically and the violence came with the Brits. If you think about when Punch and Judy would have first appeared over here, we had things like bear baiting in the streets and life was far more evidently violent. People might say the same now, but the violence came with Punch’s introduction to Britain where he became more and more deranged.
'You could see Punch as a kind of Lord of Misrule, who in the Tudor period would usually be a lowly peasant put in charge of festivities at the Lord’s house at Christmas time. This tradition had its origins in the Roman festival of Saturnalia, where the normal laws were overturned and the fool became a king for the day.'
Wonderful pictures plus Pepys mentions:
https://museumcrush.org/lords-of-…
About William Shakespeare
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 4
The other three uses are all figurative examples:
In Henry VI Part II, Jack Cade uses the metaphor of ‘slavery’ to highlight the oppression of peasants living under the tyranny of a self-serving nobility (Henry VI, Part II, IV. Viii).
The term also appears in Henry VIII – thought to have been a collaboration between Shakespeare and John Fletcher – in Act II, scene 2 (a section believed to have been written by Shakespeare). Here the author employed the metaphor in the context of subjection to a Catholic ruler – the Duke of Suffolk hopes to be freed from his ‘slavery’ to the French king.
The final appearance is in Sonnet 133, where the themes are those of a painful and tortuous relationship, in which the speaker is berating a cruel lover. Here the absolute and arbitrary nature of the power at work is suggested using other terms including ‘pent up’ and ‘engross’d’, which not only imply that the poet is in the exclusive possession of the subject, but that the possession is unjust and damaging.
Engrossing, which involved buying up goods wholesale to sell on at a profit, was at that time a punishable offence.
As noted earlier, there is no ‘slavery’ in any of Shakespeare’s Roman plays. This did not mean there were no ‘slaves’ – Roman society was known to have participated in the purchase and sale of people as commodities.
But the meaning of ‘slavery’ as it appears in Shakespeare went beyond this, and as a signal of arbitrary and absolute power it prefigures the 18th-century rhetoric that would drive abolition.
That meaning also postdates the institutions of chattelhood that existed before the ‘slave’ and ‘slavery’ were linguistic descriptors.
Dr. Spicksley concludes that slavery, understood as an institution rather than as a condition, was in the throes of development during Shakespeare's ifetime.
https://shakespeareandbeyond.folg…
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I'm referring to the COVID lockdown in part 1!!! I'm sure you guessed that.
About William Shakespeare
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 3
Robert Crowley used the term ‘slavery’ in the context of the mid-century rebellions that rocked the English state, to challenge those in power to root out the rack renting landlords who were oppressing their tenants.
His 'Way to Wealth' incorporated into this critique the religious and political systems of Catholic rule in Europe – by not addressing the issue of tyranny at home English men would risk being ‘brought to the lyke slauery that the french men are in’. (The Way to Wealth Wherein is Plainly Taught a most Present Remedy for Sedicion, 1550).
Europe underwent a major fracturing of religious and political authority in the early modern period, and the challenges this presented provided the perfect breeding ground for the language of slavery.
Extending the ‘slave’ to a condition of ‘slavery’ gave voice to several social concerns as religious allegiances changed, the balance of power shifted, and the role and duty of rulers to their subjects came under intense scrutiny.
‘Slavery’, which raised the specter of tyranny, oppression, forced labor and unjust subjection, had huge imaginative potential.
As a result, the term became a metaphor for any form of absolute and arbitrary power, establishing the character of the power it defined on the one hand, while critiquing it on the other.
Looking at the five contexts in which ‘slavery’ appears in Shakespeare’s works, we see how the Bard uses the term to invoke notions of arbitrary and absolute subjection over which the subject has neither control nor power to change.
Notably, its core purpose is to provide a critique of power.
Perhaps we get closest to the institution of slavery as we know it in Othello, in which the eponymous hero is taken captive by the ‘insolent foe’ and sold into ‘slavery’ (Othello I. iii).
As the sale of people as commodities was condemned in the Old and New Testaments, she takes this use of ‘insolent’ to indicate that the foe was contemptuous of rightful authority, making the seizure arbitrary and unjust (Amos 3:6; Revelation 18:13).
Moreover, the context draws on a major element in the semantic framing of the ‘slave’ – as a commodity that was to be bought and sold.
By this time the activities of John Hawkins, one of the earliest documented English traders in humans as items of commerce, were already available in print – Hawkins is on record as having seized Africans for no other reason than to sell them for profit in the Americas.
A second case of ‘slavery’ that also has biblical connections, appears in 'The Tempest'. Here it is the absolute power wielded by the sorcerer Prospero that is under discussion. The shipwrecked Ferdinand, ordered by Prospero to pile up logs, describes the task as his ‘wooden slavery’, a classic biblical reference to the Gibeonites, who were reduced to ‘hewers of wood and drawers of water’ in punishment for their deceit (Tempest, III.i; Joshua 9).
About William Shakespeare
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
The research forms part of her broader reassessment of the terms ‘slave’ and ‘slavery’ as descriptors for a wide range of institutional systems of subjection that allowed people to be treated as alienable chattel. Although the use of the term ‘slavery’ continues to provoke debate, there is general acceptance that institutions supporting the reduction of people to chattel had ancient origins, and existed in almost every society at some point in the past.
But the language of slavery is relatively new. Derived in Europe from the medieval Latin term 'sclavus', which entered a number of European vernaculars from the 13th century, the English ‘slave’ first appears at the end of that century.
The first uses of the term ‘slavery’ do not emerge until the 16th century.
The earliest example she had found at the time of writing dates to 1542 in a pamphlet by the Protestant reformer, Thomas Becon ('A comfortable epistle, too Goddes faythfull people in Englande').
In this figurative rather than literal usage, Becon added ‘ery’ to the root ‘slave’ to create the base state or condition in which the ‘slave’ existed. His aim was to demonstrate the absolute power of the Lord, who could transform the various negative condition of people’s lives into their positive counterparts – sorrow into joy, darkness into light, death into life, and ‘slavery’ into honor.
The use of the term ‘slavery’ in a pejorative manner is also visible in Ralphe Robinson’s 1551 translation of Thomas More’s 'Utopia' (A fruteful, and pleasaunt worke of the beste state of a publyque weale, and of the newe yle called Vtopia).
Here it takes on a more familiar literal meaning, but as a condition of labor, rather than an institution.
For Robinson, ‘slavery’ represents a type of noxious and miserable work – ‘all vyle seruice all slauerie and drudgerye, with all laboursome toyle and busines’ – fit only for those of the lowest social condition.
If ‘slavery’ was associated with drudgery, it was more commonly employed as a critique of unjust power.
Edmund Gest’s A treatise againste the preuee masse (1548), talked of the delivery of the Israelites from the ‘slavery’ of Pharaoh, for example.
About William Shakespeare
San Diego Sarah • Link
During the XOCID lockdowns, Dr. Judith Spicksley had a virtual fellowship at the Folger Shakespeare Library, which she used to examined the language of slavery in early modern England, and more specifically, the use of that language in the works of William Shakespeare.
She found 163 references to ‘slave’ and 3 to ‘bondslave’ in Shakespeare’s plays and poems, but there were only 5 places in all of his works in which he used the term ‘slavery’, although 4 of his plays were set in Ancient Rome. This confirmed her suspicions that the meaning of ‘slavery’ amongst Shakespeare and his contemporaries needed further investigation.
About The Royal Society
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Evelyn's Diary – he and Mary Browne Evelyn live at Sayes Court, Deptford.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
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1 September, 1659.
I communicated to Mr. Robert Boyle, son to the Earl of Cork, my proposal for erecting a philosophic and mathematic college.
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Robert Boyle, FRS was living at Oxford at this time https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
John Evelyn was later sworn in as a Founding Fellow of the Philosophic Society, referred to as the Royal Society for the rest of the Diary = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
"Success has many fathers, but failure is an orphan" -- Altair.
Great minds think alike.
Birds of a feather flock together.
For every time there is a season.
The time was right for these successful thinking birds.
About Covent Garden
San Diego Sarah • Link
After the Great Fire, there "was now a refugee crisis: thousands of homeless Londoners were living in tents on Lincolns Inn Fields, Hatton Gardens and the piazza at Covent Garden: the design for the new metropolis would be governed by urgent and pragmatic compromises."
Read more at https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/be…
About Lincoln's Inn Fields
San Diego Sarah • Link
After the Great Fire, there "was now a refugee crisis: thousands of homeless Londoners were living in tents on Lincolns Inn Fields, Hatton Gardens and the piazza at Covent Garden: the design for the new metropolis would be governed by urgent and pragmatic compromises."
Read more at https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/be…
About Hatton Garden
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Evelyn's Diary – he and Mary Browne Evelyn live at Sayes Court, Deptford.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
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7th June, 1659.
To London, to take leave of my brother, and see the foundations now laying for a long street and buildings in Hatton Garden, designed for a little town, lately an ample garden.
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John Evelyn had an older brother, Richard, and a younger one named George. He gives no hint of which one he visited. My guess is George, since Richard seems to love Wotton House near Epsom.
I wonder if the Republicans planned for the jewelers to take over Hatton Gardens? If so, it took a while:
Hatton House [the former Ely Palace] became the site of Hatton Gardens and Ely Place, from Faithorne and Newcourt’s Exact Delineation published 1658. Sir Christopher, Lord Hatton became a founder member of the Royal Society, and one of his other projects was to start the redevelopment of his London house as Hatton Garden.
https://thegardenstrust.blog/2015…
After the Great Fire, there "was now a refugee crisis: thousands of homeless Londoners were living in tents on Lincolns Inn Fields, Hatton Gardens and the piazza at Covent Garden: the design for the new metropolis would be governed by urgent and pragmatic compromises."
Read more at https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/be…
Robert Boyle's doctor was Edmund King, not then Sir Edmund and the King's Physician, but a London practitioner of repute, living in Hatton Gardens; a year or two younger than Boyle; a member of the Royal Society; a friend of Willis and Petty, and a great man for dissections and experiments.
This was the Dr. Edmund King who was so interested in the first transfusion experiments on human subjects, and who, "with my best microscope," noticed the appearance of living organisms in "things left in water." ...
It was not until some years later that the same Dr. Edmund King gained celebrity by his prompt action in bleeding Charles II after his apoplectic seizure. He had a lancet in his pocket, and no other doctor was at hand.
https://www.archive.org/stream/cu…
About About fruit and vegetables
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Evelyn's Diary – he and Mary Browne Evelyn live at Sayes Court, Deptford.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
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6th December, 1658.
Now was published my "French Gardener," the first and best of the kind that introduced the use of the olitory garden to any purpose.
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Latin olitorius, holitorius, from olitor, holitor vegetable gardener, from olus, holus potherb
This books must not have been Evelyn's best: he never mentions it, before or afterwards, in his Diary.
Full title, "The French gardiner: instructing how to cultivate all sorts of fruit-trees, and herbs for the garden ... Written originally in French [by Nicolas de Bonnefons], and now transplanted into English, by John Evelyn ... Illustrated with sculptures. Whereunto is annexed, The English vineyard vindicated by John Rose [or rather, compiled by Evelyn from material supplied by Rose] ... with a tract of the making and ordering of wines in France" [signed: J. Evelyn].
https://www.google.com/books/edit…
About Oliver Cromwell
San Diego Sarah • Link
On 22 October, 1658 John Evelyn -- no friend to Cromwell -- nevertheless witnessed Oliver's funeral procession and observed that he was decked out like a king.
I wonder if he saw what he wanted to see: "In this equipage, they proceeded to Westminster: but it was the most joyful funeral I ever saw; for there were none that cried but dogs, which the soldiers hooted away with a barbarous noise, drinking and taking tobacco in the streets as they went."
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
About Tower of London
San Diego Sarah • Link
20 August, 1663.
I dined at the Comptroller's [of the Household] with the Earl of Oxford and Mr. Ashburnham; it was said it should be the last of the public diets, or tables, at Court, it being determined to put down the old hospitality, at which was great murmuring, considering his Majesty's vast revenue and the plenty of the nation.
Hence, I went to sit in a Committee, to consider about the regulation of the Mint at the Tower; in which some small progress was made.
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Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
George Bowerman (AKA Boreman) MP, Comptroller's of the Household = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
John Ashburnham MP, Groom of the Bedchamber to Charles II = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
OR
William Ashburnham MP, Cofferer of the King's Household = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Mint at the Tower of London
A paper, “NOTES ON SIMON'S PATTERN (PETITION) CROWN OF CHARLES II” by MARVIN LESSEN which mentions both Pepys and Evelyn, and the design and manufacturing of the new Charles II coins using French technology during an “EXCITING numismatic time” is at https://www.britnumsoc.org/public…
Presumably Evelyn’s Commission had to recommend or approve the use of this new technology, quantity, design and value of coins, etc.
About Tower of London
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Evelyn's Diary – he and Mary Browne Evelyn live at Sayes Court, Deptford.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
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6 September, 1662.
Dined with me Sir Edward Walker, Garter King-at-Arms, Mr. Slingsby, master of the Mint, and several others.
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Henry Slingsby, co-master of the London Mint = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir Edward Walker, Garter King-at-Arms = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
---
27 November, 1662.
Went to London to see the entrance of the Russian Ambassador, whom his Majesty ordered to be received with much state, the Emperor not only having been kind to his Majesty in his distress, but banishing all commerce with our nation during the Rebellion.
First, the city companies and trained bands were all in their stations: his Majesty's army and guards in great order. His Excellency came in a very rich coach, with some of his chief attendants; many of the rest on horseback, clad in their vests, after the Eastern manner, rich furs, caps, and carrying the presents, some carrying hawks, furs, teeth, bows, etc. It was a very magnificent show.
I dined with the Master of the Mint, where was old Sir Ralph Freeman;[74]
passing my evening at the Queen-Mother's Court;
at night, saw acted "The Committee," a ridiculous play of Sir R. Howard, where the mimic, Lacy, acted the Irish footman to admiration.
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Pepys also attended the Russian Ambassadors' [arade. Evelyn’s description is better. Terry Foreman’s first annotation gives additional info. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Sir Ralph Freeman, Co-Master of the Mint = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… [Footnote 74: Of Betchworth, Surrey.]
Queen Mother Henrietta Maria -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Committee, or the Faithful Irishman; a Comedy produced at the King's Theatre in Drury-Lane, by Sir Robert Howard, Pepys first saw this play on June 12, 1663 = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
John Lacy = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About The Commission of Sick and Wounded Prisoners
San Diego Sarah • Link
2 December, 1664.
We delivered the Privy Council's letters to the Governors of St. Thomas's Hospital, in Southwark, that a moiety of the house should be reserved for such sick and wounded as should from time to time be sent from the fleet during the war.
This being delivered at their Court, the President and several Aldermen, Governors of that Hospital, invited us to a great feast in Fishmongers' Hall.
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We = The Commissioners for taking Care of Sick and Wounded Seamen and for the Care and Treatment of Prisoners of War = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
St. Thomas’s Hospital = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Fishmongers’ Hall = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About The Commission of Sick and Wounded Prisoners
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Evelyn's Diary – he and Mary Browne Evelyn live at Sayes Court, Deptford.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4…
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27 October, 1664.
Being casually in the privy gallery at Whitehall, his Majesty gave me thanks before divers lords and noblemen for my book of "Architecture," and again for my "Sylva" saying they were the best designed and useful for the matter and subject, the best printed and designed (meaning the taille-douces of the Parallel of Architecture) that he had seen.
He then caused me to follow him alone to one of the windows, and asked me if I had any paper about me unwritten, and a crayon; I presented him with both, and then laying it on the window-stool, he with his own hands designed to me the plot for the future building of Whitehall, together with the rooms of state, and other particulars. After this, he talked with me of several matters, asking my advice, in which I find his Majesty had an extraordinary talent becoming a magnificent prince.
The same day at Council, there being Commissioners to be made to take care of such sick and wounded and prisoners of war, as might be expected upon occasion of a succeeding war and action at sea, war being already declared against the Hollanders, his Majesty was pleased to nominate me to be one, with three other gentlemen, Parliament men, viz, Sir William D’oily, Knt. and Bart., Sir Thomas Clifford, and Bullein Rheymes, Esq.; with a salary of 1,200/. a year among us, besides extraordinaries for our care and attention in time of station, each of us being appointed to a particular district, mine falling out to be Kent and Sussex, with power to constitute officers, physicians, chirurgeons, provost-marshals, and to dispose of half of the hospitals through England.
After the Council, we kissed his Majesty's hand.
At this Council I heard Mr. Solicitor Finch plead most elegantly for the merchants trading to the Canaries, praying for a new Charter.
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"Architecture," and "Sylva" -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Canaries -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Commissioners for taking Care of Sick and Wounded Seamen and for the Care and Treatment of Prisoners of War = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir William D’oyly MP, Knt. and Bart., = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir Thomas Clifford MP = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Col. Bullen Reymes MP = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir Heneage Finch, becomes the Solicitor GENERAL in 1670, so he must be just a Solicitor now = https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Architecture
San Diego Sarah • Link
In the autumn of 1664 John Evelyn published his translation of “A Parallel of the antient architecture” from the French written by Roland Fréart de Chambray.
It appeared around the same time as his “Sylva, or A Discourse of forest trees”, the two volumes on architecture and gardening being received at court as a complementary pair.
For more on Evelyn and Early Modern thinking about the relationship between architecture and gardening, see “John Evelyn as modern architect and ancient gardener: 'lessons of perpetual practice' Book or Report Section Accepted Version Bullard, P. (2016) In: Bullard, P. and Tadié, A. (eds.) Ancients and moderns in Europe: comparative perspectives. Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment. Voltaire Foundation. University of Oxford, Oxford, pp. 171-188. ISBN 9780729411776
Available at https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/658…
and his thesis at https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/658…
About Fishmongers' Hall
San Diego Sarah • Link
Barry's link is dead ... I think this is the new one:
https://fishmongers.org.uk/
"The original Fishmongers’ Hall was the first of 54 Livery Halls lost to the flames during the Great Fire of London in 1666. Following the devastation, the Company auctioned off its silver collection to fund the rebuilding and subsequent expansion of Fishmongers’ Hall, which was completed in 1671."
About Peter Heylin
San Diego Sarah • Link
Peter Heylyn loved learning from his youth; but his belief in the value of discipline can hardly have exceeded his craving for publicity.
Heylyn began his career as a historical writer in 1621 with the publication of his Geography, a subject on which, as connected with history, he had lectured at Oxford in his 18th year, and which, with the aid of some experience of travel, he afterwards developed into that of his Cosmography.
Dr. Heylyn was King Charles’ chaplain for many years, as well as a prebendary of Westminster, when his personal troubles began with the downfall of Archbishop William Laud, whose ecclesiastical policy he supported;
Dr. Heylyn was brought before the Commons as having helped to get up the case against the author of Histriomastix.
After the first civil war broke out, Dr. Peter Heylyn was commissioned to keep a record of public occurrences in Mercurius Aulicus; but he speedily lost his benefice (he was rector of Old Alresford and South Warnborough) with his house and library; it until 1656 he could again venture to the front.
In 1659, Dr. Peter Heylyn published his Examen Criticum, the first part of which adversely criticized Fuller’s Church History, but the pair managed to make friends.
Dr. Peter Heylyn’s next controversy was with Richard Baxter.
When the Restoration came, Dr. Heylyn returned into residence at Westminster, and the brief remainder of his life was spent in tranquility.
Dr. Peter Heylyn’s pen continued active to the end.
In 1661, he brought out his chief work, Ecclesia Restaurata, or The History of the Reformation, which passed through several editions. This book is the history of the church of England from the accession of Edward VI to the Elizabethan settlement (1566), is notable as an attempt to view the changes effected by the reformation with as much of impartiality as was to be expected from a prelatist opposed to reunion with Rome.
Among Dr. Peter Heylyn’s writings published posthumously are:
Cyprianus Anglicus, or The History of the Life and Death of Archbishop Laud (1668), defending him against William Prynne MP’s elaborate invective, and described by Creighton as “the chief authority for Laud’s personal character and private life”;
and Aerius Redivivus, or The History of Presbyterianism (1670), which traces back to Calvin the origin of Puritanism, here described as the source of England’s internal troubles.
Dr. Peter Heylyn was no bigot, and was capable of looking on things as a historian rather than as a professional apologist; but controversy was irresistible to him.
FROM: The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21). Volume VII. Cavalier and Puritan.
https://www.bartleby.com/217/0906…
About Parson's Green, Middlesex
San Diego Sarah • Link
In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Parsons Green like this:
PARSONS GREEN, a hamlet in Fulham parish, Middlesex; on the river Thames, ½ a mile E of Fulham.
Sir T. Bodley resided here in 1605-9;
Lord Bacon, at Vaughan's, in 1621;
Richardson, at Pitt's Place;
and Addison, at Sandy-End.
Parsons Green through time:
Parsons Green is now part of Hammersmith and Fulham district.
NOTE: The Google Librarian says there are many PARSONS, and the GREEN doesn't belong to any one of them.
If you'd like to see statistics, go to
https://www.visionofbritain.org.u…