Meanwhile, in London, apparently things were not so serene:
"Presbyterians and Calvinists, who have always been fatal to this country, as the past miseries clearly showed, of which the scars remain, are still studying how to rekindle the fire, working in conjunction with fanatics and other turbulent spirits whose object is to overthrow the Episcopalians and destroy the Anglican Church, although they dissimulate and play the hypocrite. "These designs being discovered by his Majesty, to prevent the disorder which might ensue, they have taken suitable measures, arresting some of the leaders in this city and the country and laying hands on a number of horses which belonged to them. In this way they hope to preserve the peace of this sorely tried country. "The entry of the ambassador extraordinary of Sweden is fixed for Monday. ..."
FROM 'Venice: October 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
Yes, the report is dated October 7 -- take off 10 days, and then remember Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, is reporting on events the week before, and I come up with roughly today. Charles II seems to be on top of the trouble-makers.
We may think of globalism as a recent development but its origins date back to the 15th century and beyond, when seafarers pioneered routes across the oceans with the objectives of exploration, trade and profit. And what did they seek? Exotic spices: cloves, pepper, cinnamon, ginger.
These spices brought together the European ports of Lisbon, London, Amsterdam and Venice, with Goa, Bombay, Malacca and Jakarta – and through those ports the Arab world and China.
To find out more, Dr. Sam Willis spoke with Nicholas Nugent. Nicholas spent his career as a journalist with the BBC World Service and his spare time collecting a valuable archive of original maps, developing a passion for how the growth of the spice ports helped spread the exchange of global culture between east and west. His magnificent book, The Spice Ports: Mapping the Origins of the Global Sea Trade published by the British Library is out now. For more info see: https://shop.bl.uk/products/spice…
Oooops, I forgot the citation for the October 6, 1661 report: 'Venice: October 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
The Chiecaia of the Vizier, who is deep in the minister's confidence, had said to him “We shall swallow good mouthfuls from the Germans and afterwards, if it suits our purpose, we shall make war on them just the same.”
The ambassador said nothing more to me about his proposed mediation, perhaps because he now knows rather more than at first about the difficulties, realising that he will not be able to profit thereby and that he cannot come out of it with credit.
I begged him not to allow ships of his nation to serve the Turks.
This he promised, speaking with so much vehemence that he was almost weeping.
He showed me letters in which the king [CHARLES II] addressed him as cousin and others in which the Grand Duke [JAMES???]called him Excellency. Pera of Constantinople, the 6th October, 1661. [Italian; deciphered.]
At this time the Ottomans had just received a great defeat at the hands of the Venetians, who are besieged at Candia in Crete: https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
I wonder who "the Germans" are who are trying to buy favor -- the Habsburgs maybe? Good luck with that, by the sound of it.
Sir Heneage Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea (1628-1689) must have had a hard time adjusting to life as the English ambassador at Constantinople for 8 years. Sultan Mahomet Chan IV and his cohorts didn't play by the same rules as the Courts in Europe.
In the summer of 1661 there was an outbreak of the plague, and Winchilsea took his family temporarily to Belgrade, but one of his daughters died anyways. But there was a baby born ... Winchilsea invited the Venetian "Grand Chancellor" (a Roman Catholic) to be a Godfather which caused a report to the Doge and Senate: https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
On October 6, 1661, Giovanni Battista Ballarino, Venetian Grand Chancellor at the Porte, sent this report to the Doge and Senate.
On Saturday last, at dawn, to avoid observation, I went to assist at the function, as desired by the English ambassador. I was received ceremoniously by his Excellency and we all arrived together at his villa of Gerlichioi about noon. After an exchange of compliments I was entertained at a rich banquet. I was then taken to see the new born child and paid my respects to Madame. I was asked to name the child and it was arranged that it should be called Charles Mark. The christening took place in the apartment; after which I was conducted back.
With respect to public affairs the ambassador told me that a consultation had been held about the admittance of an ambassador of Portugal to the Porte, after which he had an intimation from the First Vizier that if an ambassador or other representative of that crown comes, he will be well received. His Excellency remarked that this is not sufficient, and it is necessary to have such a declaration in writing, with the catscerif of the Grand Turk and with the capitulation which should be granted for trade and other occurrences. To obtain these he proposed to go in person to Adrianople to have something more definite and formal, on which he could build. Before setting out he was awaiting a ship from London with instructions and supplies of money, without which nothing effective can be done, indeed it will be necessary to dive pretty deep, because he is very apprehensive of the obstacles which the imperial resident will put in his way, with the help of a most important fund of gold.
Venice led the fight against the Ottoman Empire expansion. The Ottoman–Venetian wars lasted from 1396 until 1718. In 1661 the Venetians have been defending Crete since 1645, and are surrounded at Candia, by which it is called later in the Diary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre…
Yes, you can search for Diary entries, but they will be spoilers if you are at the start of the Diary.
This letter explains why the Venetians fight was important to everyone in Europe, and their requests for aid reasonable.
58. To the Resident in England. FROM THE VENETIAN DOGE AND SENATE October 1, 1661:
Have to inform him of a success which has attended the forces of the state in an engagement with the common enemy on 27th August last [1661], the Captain General having made a junction with the Maltese galleys and scattered the Turkish fleet. (fn. 1) 1. At Scios. Kingdom's Intelligencer Aug. 26–Sept. 2.
1,600 slaves have been freed and about 3,000 of the enemy slain, and accordingly the very considerable succours which the Turks were trying to introduce into Canea were turned away.
He may impart this happy event to his Majesty [CHARLES II] and the principal ministers, with suitable remarks to make them realise the steadfastness of the republic in defending itself and in inflicting the heaviest losses on the enemy of the Christian name. Ayes, 113. Noes, 0. Neutral, 1. [Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: October 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
Back to the Mediterranean Policy being played out by Charles II and Sandwich:
40. Giovanni Cornaro, Venetian Ambassador in Spain, to the Doge and Senate.
Twenty Dutch ships are at Cadiz. The commander, Ruiter, has offered his squadron to the duke of Medina Celi to protect the [Plate] fleet.
Duke Antonio Juan de la Cerda y Toledo (1607 – 1671), 7th Duque de Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain, and Capt. Gen. of Valencia in 1641. He was married at 17 to Ana Francisca Luisa Enriquez de Ribera y Portocarrero, who was 13 on November 28, 1625, in Dos Hermanas, province of Sevilla. Ana Francisca Luisa Enríquez de Ribera y Portocarrero (1613 - 1645) was later granted the title of hereditary 5th Duquesa de Alcalá de los Gazules, as daughter of Pedro Enríquez Girón de Ribera, a Knight of the Military Order of Santiago. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duk… De Ruyter https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The duke writes expressing his mortification at seeing things reduced to this pass; but the fleet is expected to sail free from alarm, the English being diverted against the corsairs.
It is reported that after the last engagement off Algiers, Mons. Polo joined with French ships and a certain number of Dutch ones, those nations being determined to reduce within limits that barbarous piracy which has infested the seas and troubled trade. Mons. Polo with French ships???????????
But this union of English and Dutch ships is a motive for jealousy. They [THE SPANISH?] fear there may be understandings, of which there are rumours, and such concerted action of the Dutch, English and French, although against pirates would not please them because it would be an indication of a correspondence which they [THE SPANISH] do not desire. Madrid, the 28th August, 1661. [Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
So the English think the Dutch and the Portuguese are up to something. Spain thinks the English and the Dutch are conspiring to take their Plate fleet. Venice is holding the Ottomans at bay in Crete. The French don't have a fleet that can sail yet, but some ships are sailing with the French and Dutch. And all the Europeans hate and fear the Barbary Pirates. I wish we had the Portuguese and Dutch points-of-view on this. Why didn't the Portuguese correspond with Charles II? Why did it take so long for Catherine of Braganza to leave home? Were they having trouble getting her dowry cash together?
By the last letters from the fleet they have learned with great regret of the serious illness of General Montagu. This obliged him to land at Alicante to recover, where the Spanish ministers received him with every mark of esteem, indicating the desire of the Catholic to cherish the most friendly and sincere relations with England. Great regret is felt over this unexpected accident as it may hold up their plans against Algiers, which admit of no delay, in view of the overweening arrogance of those pirates, whose audacity alarms and troubles all Christian princes and threatens great disorders, if God does not provide a remedy before they take firmer root.
General Monck also has fallen sick here, and as it is serious the whole court is distressed.
The king is preparing for his journey through the kingdom, the delay in perforating it being due solely to the lack of cash. Good sums are now entering the royal exchequer every day arising from the voluntary grant, made by every one in fulfilment of the last act of parliament. This comes in time to supply the needs of this journey and for all the other things required to perform it in a fitting manner. London, the 26th August, 1661. [Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
Letter 46 is written in Seotember 1661, reflecting on past events.
This is the letter Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Secretary in England, wrote to the Doge and Senate today:
The ambassadors extraordinary [Angelo Correr and Michiel Morosini] left for home a week ago and I have heard since that they crossed the sea safely. It was much calmer than when they came from Dunkirk, when they spent several days and nights in the passage.
The news from Lisbon about the treaty tarries. The delay must needs cause suspicion of the Portuguese proceedings, and some at the Court here are becoming suspicious about the fulfilment. For the rest such delay is irritating and inopportune in a matter of such consequence. The arrangement made between Holland and Portugal also serves to increase suspicion, seeing that the treaty excludes the English from any pretensions they might have in Brazil and in the trade in those parts. This is entirely contrary to what was agreed between the Portuguese and this crown, to which they granted full liberty of trade to the Indies, Brazil being specifically mentioned. This gives further cause for doubting the good faith of Portugal, the more because they promise other advantages to the Dutch which were already granted to the English. So the outcome of this masquerading cannot fail to excite general curiosity. Thus the Resident Douning, besides complaining of the form of the agreement, has also protested against it, and he is at present considering how he can put things straight. But no conclusions can be drawn before the replies come from Lisbon, about the agreement with England and the adjustment with Holland alike. Douning = Sir George Downing, envoy extraordinary to the Dutch Republic 1661-5 https://www.historyofparliamenton… I imagine Charles II is fuming!
Meanwhile it is greatly to be feared that these recent unfriendly proceedings of the Dutch, which have made a very bad impression here, to which other considerations have contributed, may move the English to a quarrel and a rupture. Time will show; but there is no doubt that these evil humours are greatly invigorated by the traders here, as in addition to their old animosity and rancour against the Dutch, they are the ones who are most deeply affected by the above named resolutions, which touch their pockets.
Though the parliament of England is ended those of Scotland and Ireland still go on, passing resolutions and laws for the benefit of the people, and for the utter destruction of the unquiet spirits who might remain after the late commotions there.
Thank you Guy! L&M were not infallible, but I was surprised to see your comment about their generation's struggles with Greek and Latin. That was counter-intuitive for me, because they were both highly educated.
At the last sittings of the Lower House it was proposed to make search for those who circulate scandalous prints, many of which are in private houses. But the peers, in view of their privileges, refused to submit their houses to search, and as the commons wished the search to be general, the bill remains in suspense. (fn. 9) FOOTNOTE 9. The bill for regulating unlicensed and disorderly printing passed its third reading on 27 July. The Lords inserted an amendment exempting the houses of peers from search for such papers. The Commons refused to accept the amendment, and the Houses were unable to agree after two conferences. Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. viii., pp. 314–5. Journals of the House of Lords, Vol. xi., pp. 326–7. The matter stood over until the following year.
The point seems to concern the king more than any one else and some one remarked to him in jest that parliament was composed of beardless members, inferring that they ought to be changed. But the king, who has it completely at his beck and call (che lo ha tullo da se dipendente) and wishes it to continue, replied, no less wittily, that if they had no beards it was necessary to give them time to grow, showing that there are still turbulent men who are also very audacious.
The Secretary of State has just sent us a note from the chancellor earnestly desiring your Serenity to direct that the promises repeatedly made to Galileo concerning the payment of his credits, may have effect.
[This must refer to Thomas Galilee, Capt. of the Relief. In a letter of 6/16 April, 1661, the Amb. to the Ottoman Empire 1660-9, Heneage Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea, says he has obtained the release of 3 slaves, but clearly Galilee was not one of them. Hist. MSS. Comm. Finch Papers Vol. i, page 110. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… ]
Further the merchants here, who trade in the Levant ask that it may be notified to your Serenity that as the currant trade keeps decreasing, it would be for the public interest to encourage it by taking care that in addition to the public duties, it be not crushed by other burdens, which have hitherto greatly interfered with it, and more than ever at this time. We mention this as in duty bound. London, 21 August, 1661. [Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
The king went in state to parliament only on Tuesday last. He examined all the bills presented to him and thought fit to approve most of them in a well weighed speech. One act of importance in his favour was passed touching the army which for the future is to depend absolutely on him, for the selection of officers and for its increase or diminution.
Meanwhile as the monthly revenue of about a million francs, or 500,000 of our Venetian ducats here, assigned to the king for all expenses, public and private, including the fleet and the garrisons of Dunkirk and Mardyke, do not suffice, as shown by the notes delivered to the treasurer, who at the end of the year reports a deficit of three millions, and as parliament cannot appoint other funds to meet them, it again has recourse to a benevolence to be given to his Majesty next month. From the nobles individually this is not to exceed 400l. or 200l. from others, and this is already being promptly paid. The Lord Treasurer was Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Today the two Ambassadors Extraordinary, Angelo Correr and Michiel Morosini, write again to the Doge and Senate.
Before taking leave of the king we repeatedly met the foreign ministers here, except Florence, who did not show himself on account of his youth and extreme inexperience. He is the son of the late Resident Salvetti, born here, and he has never left the country to learn other tongues or customs.
We had occasion to speak with the Spanish ambassador, but have nothing further to add about him. The Spanish Ambassador to London, Carlos, Baron de Watteville AKA de Batteville, or Vatteville https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The French ambassador assured us of his king's determination to assist the common cause, and as he depended much on the late Cardinal Mazarini, would fain persuade us that after the establishment of peace his sole object will be to seek glory by some great undertaking against the Turks, of whom the Cardinal made particular mention in his will. We replied suitably, referring to the great hopes you had ever placed in the Most Christian Crown. French Ambassador Godefroy, Comte d'Estrades https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… The Most Catholic Majesty was the King of Spain. The Most Christian Majesty was the King of France.
With the Dutch ambassadors, with whom we were charged to make overtures for resuming the ancient correspondence, we had two long and very confidential interviews. They showed great cordiality and spoke of the desire of the States to renew correspondence. They gave several reasons for this and declared they were ready to do all that was becoming. We assured them on our side of the uninterrupted regard of the Senate which was always ready to renew relations. One of the ambassadors, not favouring the interchange of embassies, permitted himself to say that they would be the first to fulfil their duty, but he would not commit himself farther. Hence we infer that what we did not ratify will be confirmed by your Excellencies, in the certainty of receiving entire satisfaction. ... The Dutch Ambassadors -- I have no idea who followed Willem Nieupoort. Help anyone?
It is considered certain that the Dutch have come to this accommodation to see what the Portuguese are in a position to do, since it is impossible for them to keep their promises to both, and they will have to break their word to one, unless the information, which comes from a good source, is wrong. The English resident at the Hague, Douning, is much annoyed at this procedure and they are not pleased here, but time alone can disclose the result.
They have heard that the squadron under General Montagu is at the Strait of Gibraltar, passing into the Mediterreanean to humble the pride of the pirates of Algiers who have become more cruel from the ease with which they have carried on their depredations, making themselves a nuisance to all the nations of Christendom. Your Serenity will have better news of this by a shorter way. I only hope that the result will turn to the advantage of my country.
The duchess of York who went to drink certain health-giving waters such as rise in several places of this kingdom from underground springs returned to London the day before yesterday. She seems to have derived harm rather than good from these, and it cannot be said that she is enjoying perfect health at present.
Anne Hyde, Duchess if York might have had the crud that was going around London at the time. Apparently the Court did not go with her: https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The ambassadors handed to me the ducali of the 29th ult. which reached them this week and I will inform the merchants of what the Senate states concerning the appeal of Edward Wyld, and I will also follow out the instructions concerning Count Strozzi on his arrival.
Perhaps we will learn about Edward Wyld later? Count Peter Strozzi (1626–1664), was an Austrian general, but that they refer to Peter is my guess: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str…
Signor Alvise Contarini, son of Pietro, fell sick in France and could not cross with their Excellencies. Being somewhat better he came over alone but was not sufficiently recovered to accompany them when they left. He is staying here in your Serenity's house, and I hope soon to see him entirely recovered from his serious illness. He is a charming gentleman of the highest promise and deserts. The Contarini family https://www.britannica.com/topic/…
Sig. Girolamo Cornaro, son of Andrea, has also come to this Court to gain experience for the service of his country, and is living with great splendour and taking note of all the most remarkable things. Cornaro family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor…
As usual, Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, clarifies things in his weekly report to the Doge and Senate:
After suspending my communications for some time, during the stay here of the ambassadors extraordinary, who appeared at incredible expense with unequalled splendour, amid the admiration of the whole city, I resume the thread of my service this evening with the scanty news supplied by this barren season.
The meeting of parliament is broken off, from which came the little there was to report, and the Court is about to start on its journey through the kingdom.
After performing all their functions the ambassadors could not get away from London until the day before yesterday, as they had to await the despatches of the Court, which was away from the city the whole week, and the king could only give them Wednesday morning, when he returned.
[So Charles did get a week out of town; not enough time to get to Worcester and back. Anyone know where the Court went? There was a lot of cleaning and rush changing to be done at Whitehall.]
After leaving Court, as reported, the Ambassador Mello was detained for several weeks in the Isle of Wight, owing to contrary winds, and he has only recently got away, so it is supposed that he cannot be at Lisbon yet. News is eagerly awaited to see what that government will decide about the things arranged by him at this Court. They hope to hear soon, especially because it appears that before the ambassador returns he will be preceded by his secretary with the final ratification of the articles.
Fanscio, who was to go as resident to Lisbon, has not yet started. As he is to go by the fleet now fitting out, it is probable that he may be delayed for some days yet, as the work on these ships is seen to have slowed down, several obstacles standing in the way of the despatch desired by the king, chiefly the shortage of money, which could not be greater, and for this same reason many other things are languishing which call for speedy despatch.
Authentic news comes from The Hague this week of the adjustment between the States of Holland and Portugal, which was first said to be concluded and then seemed uncertain, in spite of two of the Provinces standing aside and protesting against the procedure of the others. (fn. 8) FOOTNOTE 8. Gelderland and Zeeland.
The treaties have been signed by the Portuguese ambassador, after which he was about to set out for Lisbon to get his master's ratification, for which 3 months are granted and no more. From this conclusion something of consequence should ensue, since the Portuguese have been liberal in their promises, as they were here over the marriage, and as it is said that many of the same things which have been granted to the British king have been offered to the Batavians as well, it will be interesting to see what will happen.
We could not pay our respects to the duchess of York because she was taking the waters at a great distance from this city (fn. 6); FOOTNOTE: 6. Anne Hyde, Duchess if York, was at Tunbridge Wells. Rugge's Diary Brit Mus. Add. MSS. 10116, f. 223.
but on taking leave of his Highness [JAMES] we spoke of the king's goodwill to the cause, at which he expressed pleasure and said frankly that he would forward it as he was eager to be on board a fleet against the infidel; all his life had been passed in arms and he disliked private ease, and he could not go forth with greater satisfaction as High Admiral than on so great and just an occasion. We expressed the hope that the opportunity might arise. He then offered us the use of ships for our passage and sent us the necessary orders. We shall make use of them as soon as possible for living in England has become so dear as to be impossible for private purses, and we shall feel the effects for long, though we are glad to serve the state.
We shall try to take the most convenient road and having no occasion to stop anywhere we feel sure we shall be excused if no more letters are received from us. We must add that we have profited greatly by the exertions of the Resident Giavarina, who has punctually performed the functions of his charge with universal praise and to the king's particular satisfaction.
In the act of departing we told his Majesty that Sig. Mocenigo would hold himself in readiness to act as ambassador in ordinary so soon as his Majesty should have acknowledged his acceptance to your Excellencies, whereupon the king said that he should be pleased to see him and would reply suitably to your Serenity. London, the 11th August, 1661. [Italian.]
They also talked about activities in Transylvania being conducted by Gen. Raimondo Montecuccoli, which Count [PETER?] Strozzi would explain soon. Again the Strozzi family was clearly important, but no bio exists. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str… Raimondo Montecuccoli (born Feb. 21, 1609, Castle Montecuccolo, near Modena, Duchy of Modena — died Oct. 16, 1680, Linz, Austria) was a field marshal and military reformer, a master of the warfare based on fortifications and maneuver, who led Austrian armies to victory against enemies of the House of Habsburg for half a century. https://www.britannica.com/biogra…
See the whole report at 'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
The king thanked us and we then began to speak about the ships which had been searched by Algerian pirates and had discharged at Algiers, to the great injury of this mart, with the fraudulent consent of the captains. We had no difficulty in making his Majesty understand the importance of this affair and its consequences, as he condemned the action and told us he had sent his fleet into the Mediterranean on purpose to make such arrangements as would prevent the repetition of such conduct, and on the return of the captains he said he would make the most severe example of their treachery, especially as he had recent news of other ships being similarly treated.
[Charles must have been aware of the problems with the rules governing freight, because Sandwich's first proposal when he contacted the local Governor was to rewrite the agreement. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… ]
With this opening we thought well to repeat our desire for the punishment of the captains and also that the parties injured might be indemnified. The king assured us of his gracious intent and asked us to deliver our memorial to the secretary. He repeated this twice and we acted at once on his advice. The Resident Giavarina is fully informed, he has the papers and by persevering he may reap the desired advantage.
When the opportunity offered we went to General Monck and tried to enlist his help. He received us amiably but rather as a soldier than a courtier, answering in general terms, indicating his small share in the king's resolves. This we believe to be the case because his Majesty depends exclusively on the chancellor and because this man's influence depends solely on his past services although on their account he is much spoken of by many. As he only speaks English we had to employ the interpreter, and we must confess that little or no benefit was derived from this visit, nor is it his custom to return any.
On taking leave of the king and thanking him for the honours received, especially the coaches, we told him we had made a faithful report of all to your Serenity, at which he seemed gratified and told us above all to mention his good intentions of acting against the enemy whenever he may be able to effect any great undertaking. It is our duty to state that this prince, who is exceedingly courteous, generally extends his offers, we will not say beyond his intentions of performance, but he sometimes is not careful about embarking on certain affairs from which he is easily diverted by his councillors and particularly by the chancellor, who is devoted exclusively to internal affairs, though it is true that he told us frankly how matters were not yet very stable, and the state may reflect upon this caution, which is very remarkable.
Angelo Correr and Michiel Morosini, Venetian Ambassadors extraordinary in England, were back at Whitehall today, and wrote a lengthy report to the Doge and Senate. I'm copying about half.
Being very readily admitted by the king to private audience we began by telling him how much the Senate appreciated the generous action of his ambassador at Constantinople in resisting the efforts of the Turks to use the ships of this nation.
The king seemed gratified and scarcely giving us time to conclude told us that he fully approved of the conduct of his ambassador, whom he had charged to persist on every occasion in preventing the aggrandisement of the Turks by means of the ships of Christian princes.
He added that the most serene republic had long been embarrassed by a grievous war, unaided save by God and her own courage. The miracle of her resistance was great, but even greater the shame of the princes of Christendom, who do not unite for her need. He had spoken to this effect in France, Spain and Holland during the time of his troubles, and he was equally ready now to do his utmost for so great a cause.
[REMEMBER THESE WORDS!] The grievous war was the Ottoman–Venetian wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice 1396 - 1718. In 1661 they have been defending Crete since 1645. It’s called the Battle of Candia later in the Diary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre… Later in the same audience, Charles walked back his enthusiasm for war with the Turks:
The king seemed pleased and repeated several times with energy that it was a shame the princes of Christendom should not endeavour to secure the republic and themselves for ever. He would have done his utmost to show his good will and regretted his inability to do as he wished, saying frankly: 'You see Sirs, I am not yet well re-established, but I will surely do all I can.' We could only respond to such confidence, expressed so frankly, which touched a point perhaps only too true by saying that his cause was so just and so supported by his prudence and valour that no doubt could be entertained of his entire and glorious establishment.
Giovanni Cornaro, Venetian Ambassador in Spain, to the Doge and Senate.
Their [SPAIN'S] misgivings about England hinder the coming of the troops from Flanders. They suspect that the English mean to maintain the garrisons of Dunkirk and Mardich with the contributions of the neighbouring country [FRANCE] and that quarter will never be free from apprehension. Madrid, the 10th August, 1661. [Italian.]
Comments
Third Reading
About Tuesday 24 September 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Meanwhile, in London, apparently things were not so serene:
"Presbyterians and Calvinists, who have always been fatal to this country, as the past miseries clearly showed, of which the scars remain, are still studying how to rekindle the fire, working in conjunction with fanatics and other turbulent spirits whose object is to overthrow the Episcopalians and destroy the Anglican Church, although they dissimulate and play the hypocrite.
"These designs being discovered by his Majesty, to prevent the disorder which might ensue, they have taken suitable measures, arresting some of the leaders in this city and the country and laying hands on a number of horses which belonged to them. In this way they hope to preserve the peace of this sorely tried country.
"The entry of the ambassador extraordinary of Sweden is fixed for Monday. ..."
FROM 'Venice: October 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
Yes, the report is dated October 7 -- take off 10 days, and then remember Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, is reporting on events the week before, and I come up with roughly today. Charles II seems to be on top of the trouble-makers.
About East India Company (English)
San Diego Sarah • Link
We may think of globalism as a recent development but its origins date back to the 15th century and beyond, when seafarers pioneered routes across the oceans with the objectives of exploration, trade and profit. And what did they seek? Exotic spices: cloves, pepper, cinnamon, ginger.
These spices brought together the European ports of Lisbon, London, Amsterdam and Venice, with Goa, Bombay, Malacca and Jakarta – and through those ports the Arab world and China.
To find out more, Dr. Sam Willis spoke with Nicholas Nugent. Nicholas spent his career as a journalist with the BBC World Service and his spare time collecting a valuable archive of original maps, developing a passion for how the growth of the spice ports helped spread the exchange of global culture between east and west. His magnificent book, The Spice Ports: Mapping the Origins of the Global Sea Trade published by the British Library is out now. For more info see: https://shop.bl.uk/products/spice…
The Age of Sail podcasts can be found at
https://snr.org.uk/podcast-catego…
About Heneage Finch (2nd Earl of Winchilsea)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Oooops, I forgot the citation for the October 6, 1661 report:
'Venice: October 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Heneage Finch (2nd Earl of Winchilsea)
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
The Chiecaia of the Vizier, who is deep in the minister's confidence, had said to him “We shall swallow good mouthfuls from the Germans and afterwards, if it suits our purpose, we shall make war on them just the same.”
The ambassador said nothing more to me about his proposed mediation, perhaps because he now knows rather more than at first about the difficulties, realising that he will not be able to profit thereby and that he cannot come out of it with credit.
I begged him not to allow ships of his nation to serve the Turks.
This he promised, speaking with so much vehemence that he was almost weeping.
He showed me letters in which the king [CHARLES II] addressed him as cousin and others in which the Grand Duke [JAMES???]called him Excellency.
Pera of Constantinople, the 6th October, 1661.
[Italian; deciphered.]
At this time the Ottomans had just received a great defeat at the hands of the Venetians, who are besieged at Candia in Crete:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
I wonder who "the Germans" are who are trying to buy favor -- the Habsburgs maybe? Good luck with that, by the sound of it.
About Heneage Finch (2nd Earl of Winchilsea)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Sir Heneage Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea (1628-1689) must have had a hard time adjusting to life as the English ambassador at Constantinople for 8 years.
Sultan Mahomet Chan IV and his cohorts didn't play by the same rules as the Courts in Europe.
In the summer of 1661 there was an outbreak of the plague, and Winchilsea took his family temporarily to Belgrade, but one of his daughters died anyways. But there was a baby born ... Winchilsea invited the Venetian "Grand Chancellor" (a Roman Catholic) to be a Godfather which caused a report to the Doge and Senate:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
On October 6, 1661, Giovanni Battista Ballarino, Venetian Grand Chancellor at the Porte, sent this report to the Doge and Senate.
On Saturday last, at dawn, to avoid observation, I went to assist at the function, as desired by the English ambassador.
I was received ceremoniously by his Excellency and we all arrived together at his villa of Gerlichioi about noon.
After an exchange of compliments I was entertained at a rich banquet. I was then taken to see the new born child and paid my respects to Madame. I was asked to name the child and it was arranged that it should be called Charles Mark.
The christening took place in the apartment; after which I was conducted back.
With respect to public affairs the ambassador told me that a consultation had been held about the admittance of an ambassador of Portugal to the Porte, after which he had an intimation from the First Vizier that if an ambassador or other representative of that crown comes, he will be well received.
His Excellency remarked that this is not sufficient, and it is necessary to have such a declaration in writing, with the catscerif of the Grand Turk and with the capitulation which should be granted for trade and other occurrences.
To obtain these he proposed to go in person to Adrianople to have something more definite and formal, on which he could build. Before setting out he was awaiting a ship from London with instructions and supplies of money, without which nothing effective can be done, indeed it will be necessary to dive pretty deep, because he is very apprehensive of the obstacles which the imperial resident will put in his way, with the help of a most important fund of gold.
About Ottoman Empire
San Diego Sarah • Link
Venice led the fight against the Ottoman Empire expansion.
The Ottoman–Venetian wars lasted from 1396 until 1718. In 1661 the Venetians have been defending Crete since 1645, and are surrounded at Candia, by which it is called later in the Diary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre…
Yes, you can search for Diary entries, but they will be spoilers if you are at the start of the Diary.
This letter explains why the Venetians fight was important to everyone in Europe, and their requests for aid reasonable.
58. To the Resident in England. FROM THE VENETIAN DOGE AND SENATE
October 1, 1661:
Have to inform him of a success which has attended the forces of the state in an engagement with the common enemy on 27th August last [1661], the Captain General having made a junction with the Maltese galleys and scattered the Turkish fleet. (fn. 1)
1. At Scios. Kingdom's Intelligencer Aug. 26–Sept. 2.
1,600 slaves have been freed and about 3,000 of the enemy slain, and accordingly the very considerable succours which the Turks were trying to introduce into Canea were turned away.
He may impart this happy event to his Majesty [CHARLES II] and the principal ministers, with suitable remarks to make them realise the steadfastness of the republic in defending itself and in inflicting the heaviest losses on the enemy of the Christian name.
Ayes, 113. Noes, 0. Neutral, 1.
[Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: October 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Wednesday 28 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Back to the Mediterranean Policy being played out by Charles II and Sandwich:
40. Giovanni Cornaro, Venetian Ambassador in Spain, to the Doge and Senate.
Twenty Dutch ships are at Cadiz. The commander, Ruiter, has offered his squadron to the duke of Medina Celi to protect the [Plate] fleet.
Duke Antonio Juan de la Cerda y Toledo (1607 – 1671), 7th Duque de Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain, and Capt. Gen. of Valencia in 1641. He was married at 17 to Ana Francisca Luisa Enriquez de Ribera y Portocarrero, who was 13 on November 28, 1625, in Dos Hermanas, province of Sevilla. Ana Francisca Luisa Enríquez de Ribera y Portocarrero (1613 - 1645) was later granted the title of hereditary 5th Duquesa de Alcalá de los Gazules, as daughter of Pedro Enríquez Girón de Ribera, a Knight of the Military Order of Santiago. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duk…
De Ruyter https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The duke writes expressing his mortification at seeing things reduced to this pass; but the fleet is expected to sail free from alarm, the English being diverted against the corsairs.
It is reported that after the last engagement off Algiers, Mons. Polo joined with French ships and a certain number of Dutch ones, those nations being determined to reduce within limits that barbarous piracy which has infested the seas and troubled trade.
Mons. Polo with French ships???????????
But this union of English and Dutch ships is a motive for jealousy. They [THE SPANISH?] fear there may be understandings, of which there are rumours, and such concerted action of the Dutch, English and French, although against pirates would not please them because it would be an indication of a correspondence which they [THE SPANISH] do not desire.
Madrid, the 28th August, 1661.
[Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
So the English think the Dutch and the Portuguese are up to something.
Spain thinks the English and the Dutch are conspiring to take their Plate fleet.
Venice is holding the Ottomans at bay in Crete.
The French don't have a fleet that can sail yet, but some ships are sailing with the French and Dutch.
And all the Europeans hate and fear the Barbary Pirates.
I wish we had the Portuguese and Dutch points-of-view on this. Why didn't the Portuguese correspond with Charles II? Why did it take so long for Catherine of Braganza to leave home? Were they having trouble getting her dowry cash together?
About Monday 26 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
By the last letters from the fleet they have learned with great regret of the serious illness of General Montagu. This obliged him to land at Alicante to recover, where the Spanish ministers received him with every mark of esteem, indicating the desire of the Catholic to cherish the most friendly and sincere relations with England.
Great regret is felt over this unexpected accident as it may hold up their plans against Algiers, which admit of no delay, in view of the overweening arrogance of those pirates, whose audacity alarms and troubles all Christian princes and threatens great disorders, if God does not provide a remedy before they take firmer root.
General Monck also has fallen sick here, and as it is serious the whole court is distressed.
The king is preparing for his journey through the kingdom, the delay in perforating it being due solely to the lack of cash.
Good sums are now entering the royal exchequer every day arising from the voluntary grant, made by every one in fulfilment of the last act of parliament. This comes in time to supply the needs of this journey and for all the other things required to perform it in a fitting manner.
London, the 26th August, 1661.
[Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
What are the Portuguese up to?
About Monday 26 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Letter 46 is written in Seotember 1661, reflecting on past events.
This is the letter Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Secretary in England, wrote to the Doge and Senate today:
The ambassadors extraordinary [Angelo Correr and Michiel Morosini] left for home a week ago and I have heard since that they crossed the sea safely. It was much calmer than when they came from Dunkirk, when they spent several days and nights in the passage.
The news from Lisbon about the treaty tarries. The delay must needs cause suspicion of the Portuguese proceedings, and some at the Court here are becoming suspicious about the fulfilment. For the rest such delay is irritating and inopportune in a matter of such consequence.
The arrangement made between Holland and Portugal also serves to increase suspicion, seeing that the treaty excludes the English from any pretensions they might have in Brazil and in the trade in those parts.
This is entirely contrary to what was agreed between the Portuguese and this crown, to which they granted full liberty of trade to the Indies, Brazil being specifically mentioned.
This gives further cause for doubting the good faith of Portugal, the more because they promise other advantages to the Dutch which were already granted to the English.
So the outcome of this masquerading cannot fail to excite general curiosity. Thus the Resident Douning, besides complaining of the form of the agreement, has also protested against it, and he is at present considering how he can put things straight.
But no conclusions can be drawn before the replies come from Lisbon, about the agreement with England and the adjustment with Holland alike.
Douning = Sir George Downing, envoy extraordinary to the Dutch Republic 1661-5 https://www.historyofparliamenton… I imagine Charles II is fuming!
Meanwhile it is greatly to be feared that these recent unfriendly proceedings of the Dutch, which have made a very bad impression here, to which other considerations have contributed, may move the English to a quarrel and a rupture.
Time will show; but there is no doubt that these evil humours are greatly invigorated by the traders here, as in addition to their old animosity and rancour against the Dutch, they are the ones who are most deeply affected by the above named resolutions, which touch their pockets.
Though the parliament of England is ended those of Scotland and Ireland still go on, passing resolutions and laws for the benefit of the people, and for the utter destruction of the unquiet spirits who might remain after the late commotions there.
About Sunday 3 May 1668
San Diego Sarah • Link
Thank you Guy! L&M were not infallible, but I was surprised to see your comment about their generation's struggles with Greek and Latin. That was counter-intuitive for me, because they were both highly educated.
About Tuesday 31 March 1668
San Diego Sarah • Link
Well done Guy! And you're right not to think L&M is unfallible.
About Wednesday 21 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
At the last sittings of the Lower House it was proposed to make search for those who circulate scandalous prints, many of which are in private houses. But the peers, in view of their privileges, refused to submit their houses to search, and as the commons wished the search to be general, the bill remains in suspense. (fn. 9)
FOOTNOTE 9. The bill for regulating unlicensed and disorderly printing passed its third reading on 27 July. The Lords inserted an amendment exempting the houses of peers from search for such papers. The Commons refused to accept the amendment, and the Houses were unable to agree after two conferences. Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. viii., pp. 314–5. Journals of the House of Lords, Vol. xi., pp. 326–7. The matter stood over until the following year.
The point seems to concern the king more than any one else and some one remarked to him in jest that parliament was composed of beardless members, inferring that they ought to be changed.
But the king, who has it completely at his beck and call (che lo ha tullo da se dipendente) and wishes it to continue, replied, no less wittily, that if they had no beards it was necessary to give them time to grow, showing that there are still turbulent men who are also very audacious.
The Secretary of State has just sent us a note from the chancellor earnestly desiring your Serenity to direct that the promises repeatedly made to Galileo concerning the payment of his credits, may have effect.
[This must refer to Thomas Galilee, Capt. of the Relief.
In a letter of 6/16 April, 1661, the Amb. to the Ottoman Empire 1660-9, Heneage Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea, says he has obtained the release of 3 slaves, but clearly Galilee was not one of them. Hist. MSS. Comm. Finch Papers Vol. i, page 110. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… ]
Further the merchants here, who trade in the Levant ask that it may be notified to your Serenity that as the currant trade keeps decreasing, it would be for the public interest to encourage it by taking care that in addition to the public duties, it be not crushed by other burdens, which have hitherto greatly interfered with it, and more than ever at this time. We mention this as in duty bound.
London, 21 August, 1661.
[Italian.]
FROM 'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Wednesday 21 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The king went in state to parliament only on Tuesday last.
He examined all the bills presented to him and thought fit to approve most of them in a well weighed speech.
One act of importance in his favour was passed touching the army which for the future is to depend absolutely on him, for the selection of officers and for its increase or diminution.
Meanwhile as the monthly revenue of about a million francs, or 500,000 of our Venetian ducats here, assigned to the king for all expenses, public and private, including the fleet and the garrisons of Dunkirk and Mardyke, do not suffice, as shown by the notes delivered to the treasurer, who at the end of the year reports a deficit of three millions, and as parliament cannot appoint other funds to meet them, it again has recourse to a benevolence to be given to his Majesty next month.
From the nobles individually this is not to exceed 400l. or 200l. from others, and this is already being promptly paid.
The Lord Treasurer was Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Wednesday 21 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Today the two Ambassadors Extraordinary, Angelo Correr and Michiel Morosini, write again to the Doge and Senate.
Before taking leave of the king we repeatedly met the foreign ministers here, except Florence, who did not show himself on account of his youth and extreme inexperience. He is the son of the late Resident Salvetti, born here, and he has never left the country to learn other tongues or customs.
We had occasion to speak with the Spanish ambassador, but have nothing further to add about him.
The Spanish Ambassador to London, Carlos, Baron de Watteville AKA de Batteville, or Vatteville https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The French ambassador assured us of his king's determination to assist the common cause, and as he depended much on the late Cardinal Mazarini, would fain persuade us that after the establishment of peace his sole object will be to seek glory by some great undertaking against the Turks, of whom the Cardinal made particular mention in his will.
We replied suitably, referring to the great hopes you had ever placed in the Most Christian Crown.
French Ambassador Godefroy, Comte d'Estrades
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Most Catholic Majesty was the King of Spain.
The Most Christian Majesty was the King of France.
With the Dutch ambassadors, with whom we were charged to make overtures for resuming the ancient correspondence, we had two long and very confidential interviews.
They showed great cordiality and spoke of the desire of the States to renew correspondence. They gave several reasons for this and declared they were ready to do all that was becoming. We assured them on our side of the uninterrupted regard of the Senate which was always ready to renew relations. One of the ambassadors, not favouring the interchange of embassies, permitted himself to say that they would be the first to fulfil their duty, but he would not commit himself farther. Hence we infer that what we did not ratify will be confirmed by your Excellencies, in the certainty of receiving entire satisfaction. ...
The Dutch Ambassadors -- I have no idea who followed Willem Nieupoort. Help anyone?
About Monday 19 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
It is considered certain that the Dutch have come to this accommodation to see what the Portuguese are in a position to do, since it is impossible for them to keep their promises to both, and they will have to break their word to one, unless the information, which comes from a good source, is wrong.
The English resident at the Hague, Douning, is much annoyed at this procedure and they are not pleased here, but time alone can disclose the result.
Douning = Sir George Downing, envoy extraordinary to the Dutch Republic 1661-5 https://www.historyofparliamenton…
They have heard that the squadron under General Montagu is at the Strait of Gibraltar, passing into the Mediterreanean to humble the pride of the pirates of Algiers who have become more cruel from the ease with which they have carried on their depredations, making themselves a nuisance to all the nations of Christendom. Your Serenity will have better news of this by a shorter way. I only hope that the result will turn to the advantage of my country.
The duchess of York who went to drink certain health-giving waters such as rise in several places of this kingdom from underground springs returned to London the day before yesterday. She seems to have derived harm rather than good from these, and it cannot be said that she is enjoying perfect health at present.
Anne Hyde, Duchess if York might have had the crud that was going around London at the time. Apparently the Court did not go with her: https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The ambassadors handed to me the ducali of the 29th ult. which reached them this week and I will inform the merchants of what the Senate states concerning the appeal of Edward Wyld, and I will also follow out the instructions concerning Count Strozzi on his arrival.
Perhaps we will learn about Edward Wyld later?
Count Peter Strozzi (1626–1664), was an Austrian general, but that they refer to Peter is my guess:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str…
Signor Alvise Contarini, son of Pietro, fell sick in France and could not cross with their Excellencies. Being somewhat better he came over alone but was not sufficiently recovered to accompany them when they left. He is staying here in your Serenity's house, and I hope soon to see him entirely recovered from his serious illness. He is a charming gentleman of the highest promise and deserts.
The Contarini family https://www.britannica.com/topic/…
Sig. Girolamo Cornaro, son of Andrea, has also come to this Court to gain experience for the service of his country, and is living with great splendour and taking note of all the most remarkable things.
Cornaro family https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor…
London, the 19th August, 1661.
[Italian.]
About Monday 19 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
As usual, Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, clarifies things in his weekly report to the Doge and Senate:
After suspending my communications for some time, during the stay here of the ambassadors extraordinary, who appeared at incredible expense with unequalled splendour, amid the admiration of the whole city, I resume the thread of my service this evening with the scanty news supplied by this barren season.
The meeting of parliament is broken off, from which came the little there was to report, and the Court is about to start on its journey through the kingdom.
After performing all their functions the ambassadors could not get away from London until the day before yesterday, as they had to await the despatches of the Court, which was away from the city the whole week, and the king could only give them Wednesday morning, when he returned.
[So Charles did get a week out of town; not enough time to get to Worcester and back. Anyone know where the Court went? There was a lot of cleaning and rush changing to be done at Whitehall.]
After leaving Court, as reported, the Ambassador Mello was detained for several weeks in the Isle of Wight, owing to contrary winds, and he has only recently got away, so it is supposed that he cannot be at Lisbon yet.
News is eagerly awaited to see what that government will decide about the things arranged by him at this Court. They hope to hear soon, especially because it appears that before the ambassador returns he will be preceded by his secretary with the final ratification of the articles.
Fanscio, who was to go as resident to Lisbon, has not yet started. As he is to go by the fleet now fitting out, it is probable that he may be delayed for some days yet, as the work on these ships is seen to have slowed down, several obstacles standing in the way of the despatch desired by the king, chiefly the shortage of money, which could not be greater, and for this same reason many other things are languishing which call for speedy despatch.
Fanscio = Sir Richard Fanshawe https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Authentic news comes from The Hague this week of the adjustment between the States of Holland and Portugal, which was first said to be concluded and then seemed uncertain, in spite of two of the Provinces standing aside and protesting against the procedure of the others. (fn. 8)
FOOTNOTE 8. Gelderland and Zeeland.
The treaties have been signed by the Portuguese ambassador, after which he was about to set out for Lisbon to get his master's ratification, for which 3 months are granted and no more.
From this conclusion something of consequence should ensue, since the Portuguese have been liberal in their promises, as they were here over the marriage, and as it is said that many of the same things which have been granted to the British king have been offered to the Batavians as well, it will be interesting to see what will happen.
About Sunday 11 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 3
We could not pay our respects to the duchess of York because she was taking the waters at a great distance from this city (fn. 6);
FOOTNOTE: 6. Anne Hyde, Duchess if York, was at Tunbridge Wells. Rugge's Diary Brit Mus. Add. MSS. 10116, f. 223.
but on taking leave of his Highness [JAMES] we spoke of the king's goodwill to the cause, at which he expressed pleasure and said frankly that he would forward it as he was eager to be on board a fleet against the infidel; all his life had been passed in arms and he disliked private ease, and he could not go forth with greater satisfaction as High Admiral than on so great and just an occasion.
We expressed the hope that the opportunity might arise.
He then offered us the use of ships for our passage and sent us the necessary orders. We shall make use of them as soon as possible for living in England has become so dear as to be impossible for private purses, and we shall feel the effects for long, though we are glad to serve the state.
We shall try to take the most convenient road and having no occasion to stop anywhere we feel sure we shall be excused if no more letters are received from us.
We must add that we have profited greatly by the exertions of the Resident Giavarina, who has punctually performed the functions of his charge with universal praise and to the king's particular satisfaction.
In the act of departing we told his Majesty that Sig. Mocenigo would hold himself in readiness to act as ambassador in ordinary so soon as his Majesty should have acknowledged his acceptance to your Excellencies, whereupon the king said that he should be pleased to see him and would reply suitably to your Serenity.
London, the 11th August, 1661.
[Italian.]
The good Amb. Piero Mocenigo doesn't seem to have a bio. But his family was highly esteemed
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou…
They also talked about activities in Transylvania being conducted by Gen. Raimondo Montecuccoli, which Count [PETER?] Strozzi would explain soon. Again the Strozzi family was clearly important, but no bio exists.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str…
Raimondo Montecuccoli (born Feb. 21, 1609, Castle Montecuccolo, near Modena, Duchy of Modena — died Oct. 16, 1680, Linz, Austria) was a field marshal and military reformer, a master of the warfare based on fortifications and maneuver, who led Austrian armies to victory against enemies of the House of Habsburg for half a century.
https://www.britannica.com/biogra…
See the whole report at
'Venice: August 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Sunday 11 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
The king thanked us and we then began to speak about the ships which had been searched by Algerian pirates and had discharged at Algiers, to the great injury of this mart, with the fraudulent consent of the captains.
We had no difficulty in making his Majesty understand the importance of this affair and its consequences, as he condemned the action and told us he had sent his fleet into the Mediterranean on purpose to make such arrangements as would prevent the repetition of such conduct, and on the return of the captains he said he would make the most severe example of their treachery, especially as he had recent news of other ships being similarly treated.
[Charles must have been aware of the problems with the rules governing freight, because Sandwich's first proposal when he contacted the local Governor was to rewrite the agreement.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… ]
With this opening we thought well to repeat our desire for the punishment of the captains and also that the parties injured might be indemnified.
The king assured us of his gracious intent and asked us to deliver our memorial to the secretary.
He repeated this twice and we acted at once on his advice. The Resident Giavarina is fully informed, he has the papers and by persevering he may reap the desired advantage.
When the opportunity offered we went to General Monck and tried to enlist his help. He received us amiably but rather as a soldier than a courtier, answering in general terms, indicating his small share in the king's resolves.
This we believe to be the case because his Majesty depends exclusively on the chancellor and because this man's influence depends solely on his past services although on their account he is much spoken of by many.
As he only speaks English we had to employ the interpreter, and we must confess that little or no benefit was derived from this visit, nor is it his custom to return any.
[The wily Albemarle fooled them! https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… ]
On taking leave of the king and thanking him for the honours received, especially the coaches, we told him we had made a faithful report of all to your Serenity, at which he seemed gratified and told us above all to mention his good intentions of acting against the enemy whenever he may be able to effect any great undertaking.
It is our duty to state that this prince, who is exceedingly courteous, generally extends his offers, we will not say beyond his intentions of performance, but he sometimes is not careful about embarking on certain affairs from which he is easily diverted by his councillors and particularly by the chancellor, who is devoted exclusively to internal affairs, though it is true that he told us frankly how matters were not yet very stable, and the state may reflect upon this caution, which is very remarkable.
About Sunday 11 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Angelo Correr and Michiel Morosini, Venetian Ambassadors extraordinary in England, were back at Whitehall today, and wrote a lengthy report to the Doge and Senate. I'm copying about half.
Being very readily admitted by the king to private audience we began by telling him how much the Senate appreciated the generous action of his ambassador at Constantinople in resisting the efforts of the Turks to use the ships of this nation.
The king seemed gratified and scarcely giving us time to conclude told us that he fully approved of the conduct of his ambassador, whom he had charged to persist on every occasion in preventing the aggrandisement of the Turks by means of the ships of Christian princes.
He added that the most serene republic had long been embarrassed by a grievous war, unaided save by God and her own courage. The miracle of her resistance was great, but even greater the shame of the princes of Christendom, who do not unite for her need. He had spoken to this effect in France, Spain and Holland during the time of his troubles, and he was equally ready now to do his utmost for so great a cause.
[REMEMBER THESE WORDS!]
The grievous war was the Ottoman–Venetian wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice 1396 - 1718. In 1661 they have been defending Crete since 1645. It’s called the Battle of Candia later in the Diary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre…
Later in the same audience, Charles walked back his enthusiasm for war with the Turks:
The king seemed pleased and repeated several times with energy that it was a shame the princes of Christendom should not endeavour to secure the republic and themselves for ever.
He would have done his utmost to show his good will and regretted his inability to do as he wished, saying frankly: 'You see Sirs, I am not yet well re-established, but I will surely do all I can.'
We could only respond to such confidence, expressed so frankly, which touched a point perhaps only too true by saying that his cause was so just and so supported by his prudence and valour that no doubt could be entertained of his entire and glorious establishment.
About Saturday 10 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From the same website:
Giovanni Cornaro, Venetian Ambassador in Spain, to the Doge and Senate.
Their [SPAIN'S] misgivings about England hinder the coming of the troops from Flanders. They suspect that the English mean to maintain the garrisons of Dunkirk and Mardich with the contributions of the neighbouring country [FRANCE] and that quarter will never be free from apprehension.
Madrid, the 10th August, 1661.
[Italian.]
@@@
Dunkirk https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Mardyck https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Spain needs reinforcements for the retaking of Portugal, which looks likely unless England gets involved.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…