Coleman Street was much better known as a hub of nonconformist workship.
Thomas Blood visited the Dutch Republic in 1664-5, before returning to London. Thereafter he was reported to be engaged in several intrigues against the regime, from organizing meetings in Coleman Street (a notorious den of nonconformity, both religious and political) to outwitting the government's ‘trepanners’, trying to stay one jump ahead of the authorities and, in 1665, the plague.
Thomas Blood's Oxford Dictionary of National Biography is shorter than sending you to the book!
According to the account that James Tanner later gave to the authorities, it was Thomas Blood's scheme that the Irish conspirators had intended to use in their attempt to seize both Dublin Castle, the seat of government, and the Lord Lt. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, in May 1663.
Plotters disguised as ‘handicraft’ men waving petitions were initially to enter the castle to seize the duke. A raid on the castle was to follow while the guards would be distracted by a cartful of bread overturned at the castle gates; Blood and 100 men would rush the place.
The scheme was betrayed by the government's paid informers, among them Philip Alden, one of the main conspirators. Thomas Blood allegedly urged that the plan should go ahead regardless. In the event, those not arrested promptly fled, Blood among them.
Thomas Blood was said to have tried to rescue some of his captured friends, including his brother-in-law, a Mr. Lackie, from the scaffold, an attempt which put a price on his head, and cost him his home.
Blood saw his subsequent escape from capture in miraculous terms as a blessing from God, and thereafter he tended to take all his daring escapades in this light: as assurance of God's providence in his life.
At some point in the 1660s Thomas Blood wrote down all these 'deliverances' in a pocket book (Bodl. Oxf., MS Rawl. A. 185) that was taken from him upon his capture in 1671; the copy that came into the hands of Samuel Pepys provides a valuable source into both Blood's exploits and his mentality. [THANK YOU, PEPYS, FOR KEEPING YOUR LIBRARY.]
After fleeing from Dublin in 1663, Thomas Blood had various adventures and many close calls in the Irish countryside before he could escape to England. Of his arrogant courage there is little doubt: returning to Dublin to visit his wife, Mary Holcroft Blood, he dared to leave 'at the gates at noonday & through the streets' (Bodl. Oxf., MS Rawl. A. 185, fol. 473).
In England a secret meeting with his mother-in-law, Lady Holcroft, in Lancashire nearly resulted in Thomas Blood’s capture; getting away, he wandered the north country, still in a state of disruption following the failure of the equally abortive autumn 1663 Northern Plot. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Thomas Blood gradually made his way to London where he met up with other conspirators — some drawn from the nonconformist community, others former Cromwellians, republicans, and rogues — who collectively and somewhat clumsily opposed the government of Charles II.
..."bad news from Ireland of an insurrection of the Catholiques there..."
An Irishman well known to English schoolchildren, Thomas Blood, was alienated in the early 1660s by the Restoration settlement of Ireland: the 'hard usage' that he received at the hands of the Court of Claims, some of his lands being taken away from him, reinforced the dissatisfaction of an Irish Protestant and former parliamentarian with the policies of the new regime.
In 1663 Col. Thomas Blood was said to have possessed a small house and to have £100 a year in Dunboyne, which was of 'ancient inheritance', but all his lands were lost to him for his rebellious actions in that year (CSP Ire., 1663–5, 133).
By 1662 Thomas Blood had begun his life as a conspirator, heavily involved in the plot that came to light in Dublin in May 1663 by acting as go-between and recruiter for the plot in Ireland. Those involved had connections with conspirators across the Irish Sea who were active in the north of England.
[The details of this plot will have to wait a few months ... just know the Irish are very unhappy, and the Lord Lt. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, living in Dublin Castle, is doing his best to keep the lid on things. But don't necessarily blame the Catholics -- as stated above, Blood was a Protestant.]
I wonder if Pedro is copying from a different year in his book? Once again I have nothing in my book of Sandwich's sea logs to match his 2007 posting -- and Sandwich would mention meeting de Ruyter's secretary. SEE https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
An interesting sidelight from "List of British Consular Officials in the Ottoman Empire and its former territories, from the sixteenth century to about 1860" by David Wilson, July 2011:
Morocco [never part of the Ottoman Empire but associated with the Barbary States] -- Tetuan: Giles Penn apptd C [at Sallee] 30 Dec 1627 [a bankrupt merchant from Bristol [Laamiri]] d. ca 1641; father of Admiral Sir William Penn, and grandfather of William Penn (1644-1718), the founder of Pennsylvania – see ODNB
For some reason when I put in the link, it goes nowhere -- because it's a PDF??? -- but if you want to see the original note, you must search on the whole title.
Having spent a little time in Jersey, I can attest that this is true of some of the locals there:
“There are people … who find islands somehow irresistible. The mere knowledge that they are on an island, a little world surrounded by the sea, fills them with an indescribable intoxication.” -- Lawrence Durrell wrote this in "Reflections on a Marine Venus", describing a condition known as Islomania, an obsessional enthusiasm for islands.
Tarifa, Spain After the Christian conquest, Tarifa was for a border town, first with the Kingdom of Granada and, after the fall of the Nazari kingdom, as the fortress which defended the coast against Berber pirates and, in the 18th century, as a military enclave against the English occupation of Gibraltar. It is in the Province of Cadiz. https://theculturetrip.com/europe…
Kedge anchor The Royal Navy’s 1904 seamanship manual describes kedging as a means for maneuvering large, engineless ships in and out of tight harbors and tidal river entrances. Strapping young lads would row the longboat with one of the ship’s smaller anchors in the direction they wanted to move the ship. When they ran out of cable they would then drop the anchor, return to the ship, and on the capstan pull the ship up to the anchor, usually 600 ft. or so at a time. It was a slow, hard process, but it was the only option, and they made it work. https://www.sailmagazine.com/crui…
Newfoundland The initial establishment of an English population in Newfoundland began in the early 17th century, particularly by the planting of a colony at Cupers Cove (Cupids, Conception Bay) by the London and Bristol Company in 1610, and the southern Avalon plantation. Throughout the 17th century the population was augmented by fishermen and their families from the English fishing fleets engaged in the migratory cod fishery. The settlers, or planters, were individuals who oluntarily chose to stay in Newfoundland, at least for a few years, rather than return to England. ... By the 1670s there was at least one family in each of the 30 settlements on the east coast of Newfoundland between Trepassey in the south and Salvage to the north. St. John's had about 30 resident families and Bonavista, the second largest place, about 15. Life in these settlements was burdensome and unstable, and lacked the support of community institutions or civil government. Legal authority rested with fishing admirals, captains of the first arriving migratory fishing ships in the different harbors. ... The planters depended on fishing and trading ships for basic food staples, clothing, fishing equipment and supplies, and to market their cod, cod oil and produce. The lifelines of 17th century Newfoundland planters were usually connected to the fishing ships of the West of England, English sack (cargo) vessels and New England traders. English ships furnished food such as bread and flour, manufactured goods and fishing equipment, but also brought Irish produce such as butter, salted beef and pork, and clothing materials. New Englanders brought livestock, bread and flour, but especially tobacco, and lots of West Indian rum and molasses. Much more at https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articl…
These 2 ships must be bringing dried cod to the Med. cities.
August 28. Wednesday. Wind E.S.E. At noon Tangier bore from us S. and by E. About evening it fell calm, the current setting into the Straights, and being about 3 leagues off Trafalgar and by S. from Tarifa we came to an anchor in 84 fathom, foul ground and great overfalls, having at one cast of the lead 80 fathom, next 50, next 60, and then 84. I sent the Lieutenant in a boat to sound in towards Tarifa and he found it shoaler and worse of the same kind. It was our kedge anchor we let fall with 2 hawsers bent, and about an hour after sunset a gale fresh sprung up eastwardly, so we weighed and our anchor when he came up brought up a rock of 400 weight. This evening we spoke with 2 small ships from Newfoundland, the first we heard of this year.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Cape Trafalgar, Spain is a headland in the Province of Cádiz in the southwest of Spain. The 1805 naval Battle of Trafalgar, in which the Royal Navy commanded by Adm. Horatio Nelson decisively defeated Napoleon's combined Spanish and French fleet, took place just off the cape.
Cape Trafalgar lies on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the Strait of Gibraltar. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the western limit of the strait and the Mediterranean Sea as a line that joins Cape Trafalgar to the north with Cape Spartel to the south.
In May 2021, 2,000-year-old Roman baths emerged from the sand dunes of Cape Trafalgar, including entire walls, windows and doors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap…
Elsewhere Alter Kacker in 2024 reported a helpful observation: I’m no sailor, but I’m just back from a trip that included Malaga, Cadiz, Tarifa, Gibraltar and a ferry crossing to Tangier. When the Levante wind is blowing, as it was two weeks ago, the Venturi effect as it passes between the Pillars of Hercules is really nasty.
The Strait of Gibraltar is the channel connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, lying between southernmost Spain and northwesternmost Africa.
It is 36 miles (58 km) long and narrows to 8 miles (13 km) in width between Point Marroquí (Spain) and Point Cires (Morocco).
The strait’s western extreme is 27 miles (43 km) wide between the capes of Trafalgar (north) and Spartel (south), and the eastern extreme is 14 miles (23 km) wide between the Pillars of Heracles — which have been identified as the Rock of Gibraltar to the north and one of two peaks to the south: Mount Hacho (held by Spain), near the city of Ceuta, a Spanish exclave in Morocco; or Jebel Moussa (Musa), in Morocco.
The strait is an important gap, averaging 1,200 feet (365 metres) in depth in the arc formed by the Atlas Mountains of North Africa and the high plateau of Spain.
The winds in the strait tend to be either easterly or westerly. Shallow cold-air masses, invading the western Mediterranean from the north, often stream through as a low-level, high-speed easterly wind, known locally as a levanter. There is also a significant exchange of water through the strait. A surface current flows eastward through the centre of the channel, except when affected by easterly winds. This surface movement exceeds a westward flow of heavier, colder, and more saline water, which takes place below a depth of about 400 feet (120 metres). Thus, only the existence of the strait prevents the Mediterranean from becoming a shrinking salt lake.
water glass on white background. (drink; clear; clean water; liquid)
The Pillars of Heracles marked the western end of the Classical world.
Of great strategic and economic importance, the strait was used by many early Atlantic voyagers and has continued to be vital to southern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia as a shipping route. Much of the area’s history involved rivalry over control of the Rock of Gibraltar.
August 27, Tuesday. I set sail about noon out of the road of Tetuan bound for Lisbon, having instructed the Hampshire to touch at Sallye to bring me the best news he could there learn and so come to Lisbon.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
The Consul ... I found this interesting but confused entry at "List of British Consular Officials in the Ottoman Empire and its former territories, from the sixteenth century to about 1860" chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibp… : Morocco [never part of the Ottoman Empire but associated with the Barbary States] -- Tetuan: Giles Penn apptd C [at Sallee] 30 Dec 1627 [a bankrupt merchant from Bristol [Laamiri]] d. ca 1641; father of Admiral Sir William Penn, and grandfather of William Penn (1644-1718), the founder of Pennsylvania – see ODNB and http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~rsteph… > Nathaniel Luke apptd C at Tetuan 1657 “to assist our merchants at the ports of Salle, Arsilla, Tetuan, Safia, Santa Cruz (Agadir) on the coasts of Africa” [Laamiri] [C at Tangier 19 Feb 1661 [Bodleian Library, MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 508]] [an Order in Council of 10 Feb 1656/7 agrees that there should not be an official C at Tetuán, but that Nathaniel Luke should reside there in the nature of a Providore [Senate House Library, University of London, GB 0096 MS 200]; [CalSPDom, 1656-1657, p. 275]]
Then it says nothing further until 1717, and Nathaniel Luke couldn't have lived that long.
The Governor -- In the 17th century, the city was governed by the wealthy al-Naksis family. At the end of the century, the city was taken by the Alawi sultan Moulay Ismail who encountered fierce resistance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His…
August 25. Sunday. We came to an anchor in the road of Tetuan on the Barbery coast. I proffered the Governor to confirm the ancient articles, but he desired assurance in the articles that their goods and persons should be free although taken in any man of war of Algiers.
I agreed their persons should be free, if they were only passengers and not serving as mariners or soldiers; but as to their goods I utterly refused any article of that kind, fearing inconvenience by fraud of their owning the Algiers and so eluding that war. Yet I offered them to give direction to the ships in those seas, that when they met with such a case wherein they were concerned and no supicion of fraud was, to use them friendly and to return them. Whereupon the Governor would not firm any peace, but signified to the Consul that he might stay as formally and all such English vessels as should enter the river he would secure and protect from harm, but for those that should be at an anchor at sea he would not. I directed the Consul to stay there and to hold on as fair as he could be and to expect further directions, and wished that the Governor might know that I went away with intentions of friendship and good correspondence as before, although he would not sign any new peace.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
"In the summer of 1661 he went to Salisbury, and, soon after his return, was attacked by a fever. It was probably typhus (Bailey, p. 689); he was bled profusely; and died at his lodgings in Covent Garden 16 Aug. 1661, crying out, as one account says, ‘for his pen and ink to the last.’ He was buried next day in the church at Cranford." https://www.apuritansmind.com/pur…
So it seems to be a well-established "gossip" (all History is really gossip, some more factual than others*) that Thomas Fuller died of typhus. An unusual strain may have been the epidemic going around London in 1661?
As of Matthew Nicholas, "He was made canon of Westminster in 1642, but was deprived after the outbreak of the First English Civil War; and canon and dean of St. Paul's in 1660. He died on 15 August 1661, and was buried at Winterbourne Earls. Wiltshire." https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/e…
"He died on 15 Aug. 1661, and was buried at Winterbourne Earls, Wiltshire, having married in February 1626–7, Elizabeth, daughter of William Fookes, by whom he had 2 sons, George and John (Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Le Neve, Fasti Eccl. Angl.)" -- from the Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 40, Nicholas, Edward by William Arthur Shaw
* "Gossip is charming! History is merely gossip. But scandal is gossip made tedious by morality." -- Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) And Oscar Wilde should know.
Here's what they say Mary Moders Carlton was doing during the Diary years: "Mary then visited the continent, where she polished her languages. In Cologne she made a new identity when mistaken for another woman. Decking herself in jewels and finery and passing as Maria de Wolway, she came to London as a noble German lady forced to flee an unwanted marriage. Her appearance of wealth was aided by false letters from the continent attesting to estates. "An innkeeper named King alerted his father-in-law, Carleton, to the prize. Carleton's son John, a lawyer's clerk of 18, assumed fine clothes that rivalled Mary's, won her consent, and married her in April 1663. "Mary's supposed wealth never materialized and the Carletons received a letter from Canterbury disclosing Mary's past. She was dragged to prison where she was visited as a curiosity by, among others, Samuel Pepys (29 May 1663). "The Carletons bungled the trial for bigamy at the Old Bailey, producing only one witness to the earlier marriages, James Knot. Steadman failed to appear, apparently unable to afford the fare to London from Dover — the Carletons asserted that Mary had threatened to haunt him if she were hanged. She stuck to her story, insisting on her nobility but declaring her wealth an invention of the greedy Carletons. She was acquitted, and the public was jubilant. "The furore was exploited in a wooden play, 'A Witty Combat, or, The Female Victor', possibly by Thomas Porter, which presented Mary as a calculating heroine. In 1664 she played herself at the Duke's Theatre. Pepys was unimpressed: 'saw The German Princess acted — by the woman herself … the whole play … is very simple, unless here and there a witty sprankle or two' (15 April 1664; Pepys, Diary, 5.124).
"For the next 7 years Mary Carleton used her sexual attractions to gain lovers and her strategic abilities to fool them, sometimes two at a time. She created new identities backed by supporting documents." ...
Agreed, Martin VT -- the Stuart courtiers all wanted their property back, and to be rewarded for their impoverished years in exile. The begging letters and petitions from widows, orphans, the disabled, the dispossessed and the needy poured into Whitehall every day. Meanwhile Pepys needed a fortune to finish paying off the fleet and furnishing 17 respectable ships to go to Lisbon to pick up Catherine of Braganza. Pepys' job sealing all the approved orders gave him some insight into where the money is going. But Ned Pickering had an idea of what didn't earn a seal. The amount of need was overwhelming.
Bill excerpted some of Arlington's letter to Buckingham in 2016.
Buckingham is still chasing malcontents in Yorkshire. More about this letter at https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… ... or a review of The Northern Rising AKA Farnley Wood Plot AKA The Derwentdale Plot AKA The Rymer and Oates Conspiracy from Buckingham's point-of-view on the spot at https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
L&M: William, 1st Earl of Craven, was the lifelong champion and benefactor of Elizabeth, 'Winter-Queen' of Bohemia. From the time of her arrival in England in May 1661 until shortly before her death the following February, she lived as his guest at his house in Drury Lane. The story that they were secretly married is unfounded.
"The Lost Queen: The Surprising Life of Catherine of Braganza, Britain’s Forgotten Monarch" [2024] by Sophie Shorland, who returns the Queen Consort to her rightful place in Restoration history. https://www.historytoday.com/arch…
Comments
Third Reading
About Coleman Street
San Diego Sarah • Link
Coleman Street was much better known as a hub of nonconformist workship.
Thomas Blood visited the Dutch Republic in 1664-5, before returning to London.
Thereafter he was reported to be engaged in several intrigues against the regime, from organizing meetings in Coleman Street (a notorious den of nonconformity, both religious and political) to outwitting the government's ‘trepanners’, trying to stay one jump ahead of the authorities and, in 1665, the plague.
Sadly ODNB does require a subscription
https://www.oxforddnb.com/display…
We'll learn more of Col. Thomas Blood's saga later.
About Monday 1 June 1663
San Diego Sarah • Link
Thomas Blood's Oxford Dictionary of National Biography is shorter than sending you to the book!
According to the account that James Tanner later gave to the authorities, it was Thomas Blood's scheme that the Irish conspirators had intended to use in their attempt to seize both Dublin Castle, the seat of government, and the Lord Lt. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, in May 1663.
Plotters disguised as ‘handicraft’ men waving petitions were initially to enter the castle to seize the duke. A raid on the castle was to follow while the guards would be distracted by a cartful of bread overturned at the castle gates; Blood and 100 men would rush the place.
The scheme was betrayed by the government's paid informers, among them Philip Alden, one of the main conspirators. Thomas Blood allegedly urged that the plan should go ahead regardless. In the event, those not arrested promptly fled, Blood among them.
Thomas Blood was said to have tried to rescue some of his captured friends, including his brother-in-law, a Mr. Lackie, from the scaffold, an attempt which put a price on his head, and cost him his home.
Blood saw his subsequent escape from capture in miraculous terms as a blessing from God, and thereafter he tended to take all his daring escapades in this light: as assurance of God's providence in his life.
At some point in the 1660s Thomas Blood wrote down all these 'deliverances' in a pocket book (Bodl. Oxf., MS Rawl. A. 185) that was taken from him upon his capture in 1671; the copy that came into the hands of Samuel Pepys provides a valuable source into both Blood's exploits and his mentality. [THANK YOU, PEPYS, FOR KEEPING YOUR LIBRARY.]
After fleeing from Dublin in 1663, Thomas Blood had various adventures and many close calls in the Irish countryside before he could escape to England. Of his arrogant courage there is little doubt: returning to Dublin to visit his wife, Mary Holcroft Blood, he dared to leave 'at the gates at noonday & through the streets' (Bodl. Oxf., MS Rawl. A. 185, fol. 473).
In England a secret meeting with his mother-in-law, Lady Holcroft, in Lancashire nearly resulted in Thomas Blood’s capture; getting away, he wandered the north country, still in a state of disruption following the failure of the equally abortive autumn 1663 Northern Plot.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Thomas Blood gradually made his way to London where he met up with other conspirators — some drawn from the nonconformist community, others former Cromwellians, republicans, and rogues — who collectively and somewhat clumsily opposed the government of Charles II.
Sadly ODNB does require a subscription
https://www.oxforddnb.com/display…
We'll learn more of Col. Thomas Blood's saga later.
About Friday 3 April 1663
San Diego Sarah • Link
..."bad news from Ireland of an insurrection of the Catholiques there..."
An Irishman well known to English schoolchildren, Thomas Blood, was alienated in the early 1660s by the Restoration settlement of Ireland: the 'hard usage' that he received at the hands of the Court of Claims, some of his lands being taken away from him, reinforced the dissatisfaction of an Irish Protestant and former parliamentarian with the policies of the new regime.
In 1663 Col. Thomas Blood was said to have possessed a small house and to have £100 a year in Dunboyne, which was of 'ancient inheritance', but all his lands were lost to him for his rebellious actions in that year (CSP Ire., 1663–5, 133).
By 1662 Thomas Blood had begun his life as a conspirator, heavily involved in the plot that came to light in Dublin in May 1663 by acting as go-between and recruiter for the plot in Ireland. Those involved had connections with conspirators across the Irish Sea who were active in the north of England.
[The details of this plot will have to wait a few months ... just know the Irish are very unhappy, and the Lord Lt. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, living in Dublin Castle, is doing his best to keep the lid on things. But don't necessarily blame the Catholics -- as stated above, Blood was a Protestant.]
Thomas Blood's bio at the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography requires a subscription:
https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10…
About Wednesday 21 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
It's fine to read ahead, Awanthi Vardaraj, but why spoil the story for people reading the posts as a Diary by sharing details like this?
About Thursday 29 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
I wonder if Pedro is copying from a different year in his book?
Once again I have nothing in my book of Sandwich's sea logs to match his 2007 posting -- and Sandwich would mention meeting de Ruyter's secretary.
SEE https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Admiral William Penn
San Diego Sarah • Link
An interesting sidelight from "List of British Consular Officials in the Ottoman Empire and its former territories, from the sixteenth century to about 1860" by David Wilson, July 2011:
Morocco [never part of the Ottoman Empire but associated with the Barbary States] -- Tetuan:
Giles Penn apptd C [at Sallee] 30 Dec 1627 [a bankrupt merchant from Bristol [Laamiri]] d. ca 1641; father of Admiral Sir William Penn, and grandfather of William Penn (1644-1718), the founder of Pennsylvania – see ODNB
For some reason when I put in the link, it goes nowhere -- because it's a PDF??? -- but if you want to see the original note, you must search on the whole title.
About Jersey, Channel Islands
San Diego Sarah • Link
Having spent a little time in Jersey, I can attest that this is true of some of the locals there:
“There are people … who find islands somehow irresistible. The mere knowledge that they are on an island, a little world surrounded by the sea, fills them with an indescribable intoxication.” -- Lawrence Durrell wrote this in "Reflections on a Marine Venus", describing a condition known as Islomania, an obsessional enthusiasm for islands.
About Wednesday 28 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
Tarifa, Spain
After the Christian conquest, Tarifa was for a border town, first with the Kingdom of Granada and, after the fall of the Nazari kingdom, as the fortress which defended the coast against Berber pirates and, in the 18th century, as a military enclave against the English occupation of Gibraltar. It is in the Province of Cadiz.
https://theculturetrip.com/europe…
Kedge anchor
The Royal Navy’s 1904 seamanship manual describes kedging as a means for maneuvering large, engineless ships in and out of tight harbors and tidal river entrances.
Strapping young lads would row the longboat with one of the ship’s smaller anchors in the direction they wanted to move the ship. When they ran out of cable they would then drop the anchor, return to the ship, and on the capstan pull the ship up to the anchor, usually 600 ft. or so at a time.
It was a slow, hard process, but it was the only option, and they made it work.
https://www.sailmagazine.com/crui…
Newfoundland
The initial establishment of an English population in Newfoundland began in the early 17th century, particularly by the planting of a colony at Cupers Cove (Cupids, Conception Bay) by the London and Bristol Company in 1610, and the southern Avalon plantation.
Throughout the 17th century the population was augmented by fishermen and their families from the English fishing fleets engaged in the migratory cod fishery.
The settlers, or planters, were individuals who oluntarily chose to stay in Newfoundland, at least for a few years, rather than return to England. ...
By the 1670s there was at least one family in each of the 30 settlements on the east coast of Newfoundland between Trepassey in the south and Salvage to the north. St. John's had about 30 resident families and Bonavista, the second largest place, about 15.
Life in these settlements was burdensome and unstable, and lacked the support of community institutions or civil government. Legal authority rested with fishing admirals, captains of the first arriving migratory fishing ships in the different harbors. ...
The planters depended on fishing and trading ships for basic food staples, clothing, fishing equipment and supplies, and to market their cod, cod oil and produce.
The lifelines of 17th century Newfoundland planters were usually connected to the fishing ships of the West of England, English sack (cargo) vessels and New England traders. English ships furnished food such as bread and flour, manufactured goods and fishing equipment, but also brought Irish produce such as butter, salted beef and pork, and clothing materials.
New Englanders brought livestock, bread and flour, but especially tobacco, and lots of West Indian rum and molasses.
Much more at https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articl…
These 2 ships must be bringing dried cod to the Med. cities.
About Wednesday 28 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Tetuan
August 28. Wednesday. Wind E.S.E. At noon Tangier bore from us S. and by E.
About evening it fell calm, the current setting into the Straights, and being about 3 leagues off Trafalgar and by S. from Tarifa we came to an anchor in 84 fathom, foul ground and great overfalls, having at one cast of the lead 80 fathom, next 50, next 60, and then 84.
I sent the Lieutenant in a boat to sound in towards Tarifa and he found it shoaler and worse of the same kind.
It was our kedge anchor we let fall with 2 hawsers bent, and about an hour after sunset a gale fresh sprung up eastwardly, so we weighed and our anchor when he came up brought up a rock of 400 weight.
This evening we spoke with 2 small ships from Newfoundland, the first we heard of this year.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Tangier
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Straights of Gibraltar
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Cape Trafalgar, Spain is a headland in the Province of Cádiz in the southwest of Spain. The 1805 naval Battle of Trafalgar, in which the Royal Navy commanded by Adm. Horatio Nelson decisively defeated Napoleon's combined Spanish and French fleet, took place just off the cape.
Cape Trafalgar lies on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the Strait of Gibraltar. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the western limit of the strait and the Mediterranean Sea as a line that joins Cape Trafalgar to the north with Cape Spartel to the south.
In May 2021, 2,000-year-old Roman baths emerged from the sand dunes of Cape Trafalgar, including entire walls, windows and doors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap…
About Gibraltar
San Diego Sarah • Link
Elsewhere Alter Kacker in 2024 reported a helpful observation:
I’m no sailor, but I’m just back from a trip that included Malaga, Cadiz, Tarifa, Gibraltar and a ferry crossing to Tangier.
When the Levante wind is blowing, as it was two weeks ago, the Venturi effect as it passes between the Pillars of Hercules is really nasty.
About Gibraltar
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Strait of Gibraltar is the channel connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, lying between southernmost Spain and northwesternmost Africa.
It is 36 miles (58 km) long and narrows to 8 miles (13 km) in width between Point Marroquí (Spain) and Point Cires (Morocco).
The strait’s western extreme is 27 miles (43 km) wide between the capes of Trafalgar (north) and Spartel (south), and the eastern extreme is 14 miles (23 km) wide between the Pillars of Heracles — which have been identified as the Rock of Gibraltar to the north and one of two peaks to the south: Mount Hacho (held by Spain), near the city of Ceuta, a Spanish exclave in Morocco; or Jebel Moussa (Musa), in Morocco.
The strait is an important gap, averaging 1,200 feet (365 metres) in depth in the arc formed by the Atlas Mountains of North Africa and the high plateau of Spain.
The winds in the strait tend to be either easterly or westerly. Shallow cold-air masses, invading the western Mediterranean from the north, often stream through as a low-level, high-speed easterly wind, known locally as a levanter. There is also a significant exchange of water through the strait. A surface current flows eastward through the centre of the channel, except when affected by easterly winds. This surface movement exceeds a westward flow of heavier, colder, and more saline water, which takes place below a depth of about 400 feet (120 metres). Thus, only the existence of the strait prevents the Mediterranean from becoming a shrinking salt lake.
water glass on white background. (drink; clear; clean water; liquid)
The Pillars of Heracles marked the western end of the Classical world.
Of great strategic and economic importance, the strait was used by many early Atlantic voyagers and has continued to be vital to southern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia as a shipping route. Much of the area’s history involved rivalry over control of the Rock of Gibraltar.
See
https://www.britannica.com/place/…
About Tuesday 27 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Tetuan and in the Med.:
August 27, Tuesday. I set sail about noon out of the road of Tetuan bound for Lisbon, having instructed the Hampshire to touch at Sallye to bring me the best news he could there learn and so come to Lisbon.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Tetuan, Morocco.
https://www.britannica.com/place/…
The Hampshire -- I should have checked for this link before; sorry --
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Lisbon
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sallye / Sallee / Sale / Sala, Morocco
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Sunday 25 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSIONS:
The Consul ... I found this interesting but confused entry at "List of British Consular Officials in the Ottoman Empire and its former territories, from the sixteenth century to about 1860"
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibp… :
Morocco [never part of the Ottoman Empire but associated with the Barbary States] -- Tetuan:
Giles Penn apptd C [at Sallee] 30 Dec 1627 [a bankrupt merchant from Bristol [Laamiri]] d. ca 1641; father of Admiral Sir William Penn, and grandfather of William Penn (1644-1718), the founder of Pennsylvania – see ODNB and http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~rsteph… >
Nathaniel Luke apptd C at Tetuan 1657 “to assist our merchants at the ports of Salle, Arsilla, Tetuan, Safia, Santa Cruz (Agadir) on the coasts of Africa” [Laamiri] [C at Tangier 19 Feb 1661 [Bodleian Library, MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 508]] [an Order in Council of 10 Feb 1656/7 agrees that there should not be an official C at Tetuán, but that Nathaniel Luke should reside there in the nature of a Providore [Senate House Library, University of London, GB 0096 MS 200]; [CalSPDom, 1656-1657, p. 275]]
Then it says nothing further until 1717, and Nathaniel Luke couldn't have lived that long.
The Governor -- In the 17th century, the city was governed by the wealthy al-Naksis family. At the end of the century, the city was taken by the Alawi sultan Moulay Ismail who encountered fierce resistance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His…
About Sunday 25 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Tetuan:
August 25. Sunday. We came to an anchor in the road of Tetuan on the Barbery coast. I proffered the Governor to confirm the ancient articles, but he desired assurance in the articles that their goods and persons should be free although taken in any man of war of Algiers.
I agreed their persons should be free, if they were only passengers and not serving as mariners or soldiers; but as to their goods I utterly refused any article of that kind, fearing inconvenience by fraud of their owning the Algiers and so eluding that war. Yet I offered them to give direction to the ships in those seas, that when they met with such a case wherein they were concerned and no supicion of fraud was, to use them friendly and to return them.
Whereupon the Governor would not firm any peace, but signified to the Consul that he might stay as formally and all such English vessels as should enter the river he would secure and protect from harm, but for those that should be at an anchor at sea he would not.
I directed the Consul to stay there and to hold on as fair as he could be and to expect further directions, and wished that the Governor might know that I went away with intentions of friendship and good correspondence as before, although he would not sign any new peace.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Tetuan, Morocco.
https://www.britannica.com/place/…
About Friday 16 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"In the summer of 1661 he went to Salisbury, and, soon after his return, was attacked by a fever. It was probably typhus (Bailey, p. 689); he was bled profusely; and died at his lodgings in Covent Garden 16 Aug. 1661, crying out, as one account says, ‘for his pen and ink to the last.’ He was buried next day in the church at Cranford."
https://www.apuritansmind.com/pur…
So it seems to be a well-established "gossip" (all History is really gossip, some more factual than others*) that Thomas Fuller died of typhus. An unusual strain may have been the epidemic going around London in 1661?
As of Matthew Nicholas,
"He was made canon of Westminster in 1642, but was deprived after the outbreak of the First English Civil War; and canon and dean of St. Paul's in 1660. He died on 15 August 1661, and was buried at Winterbourne Earls. Wiltshire."
https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/e…
"He died on 15 Aug. 1661, and was buried at Winterbourne Earls, Wiltshire, having married in February 1626–7, Elizabeth, daughter of William Fookes, by whom he had 2 sons, George and John (Foster, Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714; Le Neve, Fasti Eccl. Angl.)" -- from the Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 40, Nicholas, Edward by William Arthur Shaw
* "Gossip is charming! History is merely gossip. But scandal is gossip made tedious by morality." -- Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
And Oscar Wilde should know.
About Mary Moders
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography link is
https://www.oxforddnb.com/display…
Here's what they say Mary Moders Carlton was doing during the Diary years:
"Mary then visited the continent, where she polished her languages. In Cologne she made a new identity when mistaken for another woman. Decking herself in jewels and finery and passing as Maria de Wolway, she came to London as a noble German lady forced to flee an unwanted marriage. Her appearance of wealth was aided by false letters from the continent attesting to estates.
"An innkeeper named King alerted his father-in-law, Carleton, to the prize. Carleton's son John, a lawyer's clerk of 18, assumed fine clothes that rivalled Mary's, won her consent, and married her in April 1663.
"Mary's supposed wealth never materialized and the Carletons received a letter from Canterbury disclosing Mary's past. She was dragged to prison where she was visited as a curiosity by, among others, Samuel Pepys (29 May 1663).
"The Carletons bungled the trial for bigamy at the Old Bailey, producing only one witness to the earlier marriages, James Knot. Steadman failed to appear, apparently unable to afford the fare to London from Dover — the Carletons asserted that Mary had threatened to haunt him if she were hanged. She stuck to her story, insisting on her nobility but declaring her wealth an invention of the greedy Carletons. She was acquitted, and the public was jubilant.
"The furore was exploited in a wooden play, 'A Witty Combat, or, The Female Victor', possibly by Thomas Porter, which presented Mary as a calculating heroine.
In 1664 she played herself at the Duke's Theatre. Pepys was unimpressed: 'saw The German Princess acted — by the woman herself … the whole play … is very simple, unless here and there a witty sprankle or two' (15 April 1664; Pepys, Diary, 5.124).
"For the next 7 years Mary Carleton used her sexual attractions to gain lovers and her strategic abilities to fool them, sometimes two at a time. She created new identities backed by supporting documents." ...
About Saturday 17 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Agreed, Martin VT -- the Stuart courtiers all wanted their property back, and to be rewarded for their impoverished years in exile. The begging letters and petitions from widows, orphans, the disabled, the dispossessed and the needy poured into Whitehall every day.
Meanwhile Pepys needed a fortune to finish paying off the fleet and furnishing 17 respectable ships to go to Lisbon to pick up Catherine of Braganza.
Pepys' job sealing all the approved orders gave him some insight into where the money is going. But Ned Pickering had an idea of what didn't earn a seal. The amount of need was overwhelming.
About Saturday 17 October 1663
San Diego Sarah • Link
Bill excerpted some of Arlington's letter to Buckingham in 2016.
Buckingham is still chasing malcontents in Yorkshire. More about this letter at https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… ... or a review of The Northern Rising AKA Farnley Wood Plot AKA The Derwentdale Plot AKA The Rymer and Oates Conspiracy from Buckingham's point-of-view on the spot at https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About William Craven (1st Earl of Craven)
San Diego Sarah • Link
L&M: William, 1st Earl of Craven, was the lifelong champion and benefactor of Elizabeth, 'Winter-Queen' of Bohemia. From the time of her arrival in England in May 1661 until shortly before her death the following February, she lived as his guest at his house in Drury Lane. The story that they were secretly married is unfounded.
About Catherine of Braganza (Queen)
San Diego Sarah • Link
"The Lost Queen: The Surprising Life of Catherine of Braganza, Britain’s Forgotten Monarch" [2024] by Sophie Shorland, who returns the Queen Consort to her rightful place in Restoration history.
https://www.historytoday.com/arch…