"... I am sent for to the Privy Seal, and there I found a thing of my Lord Chancellor’s to be sealed this afternoon, ..."
I wonder if Pepys connects the Clarendon payment to this problem:
"Wednesday 14 August 1661 'This morning Sir W. Batten and Sir W. Pen and I waited upon the Duke of York in his chamber, to give him an account of the condition of the Navy for lack of money, and how our own very bills are offered upon the Exchange, to be sold at 20 in the 100 loss. He is much troubled at it, and will speak to the King and Council of it this morning."
Maybe James doesn't know that Charles is paying off his Chancellor right now?
Threre's a fleet of 17 ships to go to Portugal shortly. That takes funds.
"Charles II rode north to hide in the isolated Brewood Forest, at the Boscobel estate, owned by the Catholic Giffard family, one of whom, Charles Giffard, was among the party of gentlemen who accompanied the king. It was considered the safest option that Charles should travel almost alone and the party accordingly separated near Hartlebury."
I recently discovered the Catholic Gifford family had previously been involved in royal affairs, namely thwarting the Babington Plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots. A lightly edited version of the beginning of the story:
"The Chillington Estate in South Staffordshire, where the Gifford (currently spelt Giffard) family have lived since 1178, is a classic example of a gentry household – the people there were rarely the Great, but staged memorable developments none the less.
"The best-known incident in the history of the Chillington Estate, the day Charles II spent in the oak tree at Boscobel on the estate escaping from defeat at the second battle of Worcester in 1651, happened through the fortunes of war.
"But the previous. significant event involving the family followed the equally momentous visit of Queen Elizabeth in 1575. When Queen Elizabeth discovered that the Gifford family defied the Reformation to remain Catholics it was a blatant insult.
"Suffering the penalties of recusancy, the family remained defiant and sent their fourth son, Gilbert, to Rome to become a Catholic priest. Gilbert Gifford then shocked them by emerging as a key player in the downfall of Mary, Queen of Scots. To this day, what he did is controversial, providing challenging historical research.
"In Rome, Gilbert Gifford refused to toe the line: while never taking rebellion to the logical conclusion of become protestant, he became involved in a feud with the all-powerful Jesuits, the shock troops of the Counter-Reformation.
"When Gilbert Gifford returned to England at the end of 1585 he secretly sealed his rebellion against Catholic orthodoxy by agreeing to work as a double agent for Sir Francis Walsingham, the Puritan diplomat who was Queen Elizabeth’s principal spy catcher, who lived and worked out of Walsingham House on Seething Lane. "And this is where the research problems begin."
It's a salt dried ham smoked in Juniper smoke, like a Virginia ham in hicory smoke. [The hostess] would have put it in a pot of water to soak ... two days [before the gathering] to rehydrate, and it's baked on the third.
In 2004 David Ross McIrvine answered the question "What was special about Westphalian Ham?"
He reported that the Prussians hung up their hams in smoking closets, and that was their secret -- which the English didn't copy until the 18th century.
"WESTPHALIA HAM: This Prussian ham was much prized in the 17th and 18th centuries for its delicate flavour, due to the fragrant woods over which it was smoked and the diet of acorns on which the pigs were fed. The cookery books of the period all give painstaking receipts for imitating Westphalian ham. (John Nott, 1726)"
Hazlitt has several mentions of Westphalia ham in his *Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine*, and cites a late 17th century English receipt for making pork taste like Westphalian ham. The Hazlitt is available on-line, courtesy of Project Gutenberg https://archive.org/stream/oldcoo…
August 21. Wednesday. In the afternoon I set sail bound for Tetuan with the 3 other great ships, and the 2 men of war ketches, leaving the Colchester and Augustine to convoy to Lisbon 2 small merchant pinks and our own small ketches. In the evening we met 3 sail of Englishmen bound for Malaga, the Olive Branch one, whose master came on board and told me that he came from London the 3 of August and out of the Downs the 6 of August, where were 16 sail of the King's ships said to be bound for Lisbon. He said that Major Holmes was come into the river of Thames from Gambia. He said he met a ketch and 2 vessles with horses off the Burlings that were bound for Lisbon.
The wind was all this day as it had been ever since I came into Fuengirola Bay, about W.S.W.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
In 2017 eileen d. found this article on a site for collectors of mourning jewelry and related artifacts.
"... Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), whose diaries show a great insight into culture at the time, have a great insight into several funerals throughout his lifetime and the impact fashion and cost had in his life. Pepys' Aunt Fenner died on August 1661 and Pepys' father carried out funeral arrangements. As his father was a tailor, the family could not afford to purchase mourning for relatives, but instead tailored it themselves. The sentiment he wrote was ‘all in mourning, doing him the greatest honour, the world believing that he did give us it.’ ..."
She directed us to The Art of Mourning website, which has a wealth of information about British traditions over the centuries https://artofmourning.com/2014/11…
"Sandwich found the Portuguese garrison under constant attack from fanatical Moorish tribes, under their powerful leader Gayland. The Portuguese asked for his assistance, and he put 300 men ashore"
We know from the previous postings of Sandwich's logs and letters that this annotation is wrong -- the link is dead, so I can't see why Pedro believed this. Perhaps it happened during a different visit????
August 20. Tuesday. De Ruyter set sail about 2 in the morning and met with 3 sail of his fleet, whereof they said 9 were at Cadiz and 4 at Malaga. De Ruyter's fleet in all are 17 sail and one ship of masts.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
"This “thing” was probably one of those large grants which Clarendon quietly, or, as he himself says, “without noise or scandal,” procured from the king."
In Breda and The Hague, Charles II and Edward Hyde had argued back and forth about Hyde's reward for his years of hardship and devotion in exile. Charles wanted him to be a Duke along with Monck, but Hyde said he couldn't afford to be a Duke (these titles come with obligations and responsibilities). Charles promised Hyde that he would make him rich, as he did Monck. I imagine that was one reason Hyde wasn't elevated to being the Earl of Clarendon until April 20, 1661 (part of the Coronation Honors) was that their debate wasn't settled before Anne Hyde's pregnancy was obvious, and they thought waiting until she was married and the child no longer an issue would be prudent. But cash is cash, and Hyde is taking his rewards whenever he could.
It would be interesting to know when Albermarle received his equally generous rewards. And I think Sandwich and Lawson deserved more -- but they are in the Med. about the nation's business -- and out of sight, out of mind.
I can't find an L&M bio for Adm. Michel Adrianzoon de Ruyter; there are several pages of small type describing the 3 Anglo-Dutch wars with the Dutch Republic, in which he gets frequent mentions.
This article was written and fact-checked by the editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica:
Michiel de Ruyter (born March 24, 1607, Vlissingen, United Provinces —died April 29, 1676, Syracuse, Sicily) was a Dutch seaman and one of his country’s greatest admirals. His brilliant naval victories in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars enabled the United Provinces to maintain a balance of power with England.
Employed at sea at 9, de Ruyter by 1635 had become a merchant captain. After serving as rear admiral of a Dutch fleet assisting Portugal against Spain in 1641, he returned to the merchant service for the next 10 years, fighting against the Barbary pirates off the north African coast.
With the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54), he accepted a naval command, serving with distinction under Maarten Tromp and attaining the rank of Vice Admiral in 1653 after his victory off Texel.
De Ruyter’s successes in battle have been attributed to his development of an effective combat order, stressing fleet discipline.
In 1659 de Ruyter supported Denmark against Sweden in the Baltic in the First Northern War (1655–60). He fought against the English (1664–65) off the Guinea Coast of Africa, helping to restore the Dutch West India Company’s commercial dominance in the area, but he was unsuccessful in subsequent campaigns against the English in the West Indies.
Returning to the United Provinces in 1665, de Ruyter was named Lieutenant Admiral of Holland * and worked closely with Johan de Witt to strengthen the Dutch navy. In the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), his greatest victories were in the Four Days’ Battle (June 1666) and in the raid on the Medway (June 1667), in which much of the English fleet was destroyed; the latter victory accelerated the Anglo-Dutch peace negotiations that had begun at Breda in April 1667. De Ruyter’s blaming Adm. Cornelis Tromp for the defeat in the St. James’s Day battle in August 1666 resulted in the withdrawal of Tromp’s commission and his resignation from the navy until 1673, when the 2 distinguished commanders were reconciled.
De Ruyter’s performance in the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74) has been considered his greatest achievement: his victories over larger Anglo-French forces off Solebay (1672) and Ostend and Kijkduin (1673) prevented an invasion of the Dutch Republic from the sea.
NOTE: Holland is one province in the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic. The sea provinces each had their own Navy; when they sailed as a fleet, this was a draw-back as there were too many commanders.
August 19. Monday. [SEE PEDRO ABOVE FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE ENTRY]. It continues:
De Ruyter sent his Judge Advocate on board me in compliment. He informed me that off the Northern Cape (2) on the 10/20 July he fell in company with 3 English men-of-war, the Assistance, Capt. Wye commander, who wore a flag in the main top (and they suppose might have the Portuguese Ambassador on board), the Adventure, Capt. Hugh Hide commander, and another small frigate, and 4 merchant ships which I think were loaded with horses upon the Portugal's account. They say they sailed on in company to the Burlings, and they judge the ships arrived at Lisbon the 15/25 July certainly.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
(1) from Pedro's part -- Fuengirola bay -- between Malaga and Marbella.
"loaded with horses upon the Portugal's account" -- George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, had enabled the English to improve the stock of, shall we call them "ceremonial horses" which we also know of as race horses, or at least hunters -- but not the horses Pepys was riding, not the cart horses, and not the stocky traditional breeds we still see on the moorlands of the British Isles.
The 1st Buckingham acquired his initial breeding stock in France and Spain. Portugal has been at war with Spain for years now, so they must have been unable to access fine Spanish horses.
Later we will see letters authorizing the shipment of many horses from Charles II to Louis XIV, so my guess is that English "ceremonial horses" were highly sought-after premium exports and gifts in the 1660s.
"FROM 1615 TO 1625, George Villiers was the favorite and “sweet wife” of King James. Villiers parlayed his homosexuality — not to mention his other talents, including a outstanding gift for horsemanship — into vast wealth and political power. An accomplished rider, he was involved in several colorful incidents, notably a struggle for ownership of a famous breed of racehorse, the Sheffield Barb."
This is a story about how Villiers, a country boy, used horses to become the most powerful courtier in England, as told in The Horseman in King James I By PATRICIA NELL WARREN https://glreview.org/article/arti…
Barbe horses were also brought back from Spain by Prince Charles and George Villiers in 1623 when they went a-courting.
"The farewell presents, too numerous to be fully recited, were magnificent. Among them were, given to Prince Charles by King Phillip, 18 Spanish jennets, 6 Barbary horses, 6 mares, and 20 foals. These superb animals were covered with cloths of crimson velvet, guarded with gold lace; one of them being distinguished by a saddle of fine lamb-skin, the other “furniture” being set with rich pearl; among a number of cross-bows which were given, those used by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Ossunia, in the wars, were peculiarly valuable to the Prince. "To Buckingham’s share, among others, were several Spanish jennets, and Barbary or Arabian horses, and a splendid diamond girdle, worth 30,000 crowns. "The Queen presented the young Prince with linen, and skins of ambar and of kids, their scent and perfume amounting in value to many thousand crowns."
Fortunately, Prince Charles left the Infanta behind.
from LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS. FROM ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES. BY MRS. THOMSON, IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS, 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. 1860. LONDON: PRINTED BY R. BORN, GLOUCESTER STREET, REGENT’S PARK. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5…
"FROM 1615 TO 1625, George Villiers was the favorite and “sweet wife” of King James. Villiers parlayed his homosexuality — not to mention his other talents, including a outstanding gift for horsemanship — into vast wealth and political power. An accomplished rider, he was involved in several colorful incidents, notably a struggle for ownership of a famous breed of racehorse, the Sheffield Barb."
This is a story about how Villiers, a country boy, used horses to become the most powerful courtier in England, as told in The Horseman in King James I By PATRICIA NELL WARREN https://glreview.org/article/arti…
Barbe horses were also brought back from Spain by Prince Charles and George Villiers in 1623 when they went a-courting.
"The farewell presents, too numerous to be fully recited, were magnificent. Among them were, given to Prince Charles by King Phillip, 18 Spanish jennets, 6 Barbary horses, 6 mares, and 20 foals. These superb animals were covered with cloths of crimson velvet, guarded with gold lace; one of them being distinguished by a saddle of fine lamb-skin, the other “furniture” being set with rich pearl; among a number of cross-bows which were given, those used by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Ossunia, in the wars, were peculiarly valuable to the Prince. "To Buckingham’s share, among others, were several Spanish jennets, and Barbary or Arabian horses, and a splendid diamond girdle, worth 30,000 crowns. "The Queen presented the young Prince with linen, and skins of ambar and of kids, their scent and perfume amounting in value to many thousand crowns."
Fortunately, Prince Charles left the Infanta behind.
from LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS. FROM ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES. BY MRS. THOMSON, IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. II. LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS, 13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. 1860. LONDON: PRINTED BY R. BORN, GLOUCESTER STREET, REGENT’S PARK. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5…
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Cape de Gata -- The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park (Spanish: Parque natural del Cabo de Gata-Níjar) is a natural park located in Almería, Spain. It is the largest protected coastal area in Andalusia, featuring a rugged landscape. The park is located on the southeastern coast of Spain, the only region in Europe with a hot desert climate.
The eponymous mountain range of the Sierra del Cabo de Gata forms a volcanic rock formation with sharp peaks and crags. The highest peak on this mountain range is El Fraile (Sierra del Cabo de Gata). It falls steeply to the Mediterranean Sea, creating jagged 100-metre (330 ft.) high cliffs divided by gullies, creating numerous small coves and white-sand beaches.
There are numerous small rocky islands and coral reefs in the area.
Comments
Third Reading
About Monday 19 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... I am sent for to the Privy Seal, and there I found a thing of my Lord Chancellor’s to be sealed this afternoon, ..."
I wonder if Pepys connects the Clarendon payment to this problem:
"Wednesday 14 August 1661
'This morning Sir W. Batten and Sir W. Pen and I waited upon the Duke of York in his chamber, to give him an account of the condition of the Navy for lack of money, and how our own very bills are offered upon the Exchange, to be sold at 20 in the 100 loss. He is much troubled at it, and will speak to the King and Council of it this morning."
Maybe James doesn't know that Charles is paying off his Chancellor right now?
Threre's a fleet of 17 ships to go to Portugal shortly. That takes funds.
About George Gifford
San Diego Sarah • Link
George Gifford, c.1624-1686, Rector, St. Dunstans-in-the-East, London, 1656, and 1661-1686.
About Battle of Worcester
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Charles II rode north to hide in the isolated Brewood Forest, at the Boscobel estate, owned by the Catholic Giffard family, one of whom, Charles Giffard, was among the party of gentlemen who accompanied the king. It was considered the safest option that Charles should travel almost alone and the party accordingly separated near Hartlebury."
I recently discovered the Catholic Gifford family had previously been involved in royal affairs, namely thwarting the Babington Plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots. A lightly edited version of the beginning of the story:
"The Chillington Estate in South Staffordshire, where the Gifford (currently spelt Giffard) family have lived since 1178, is a classic example of a gentry household – the people there were rarely the Great, but staged memorable developments none the less.
"The best-known incident in the history of the Chillington Estate, the day Charles II spent in the oak tree at Boscobel on the estate escaping from defeat at the second battle of Worcester in 1651, happened through the fortunes of war.
"But the previous. significant event involving the family followed the equally momentous visit of Queen Elizabeth in 1575. When Queen Elizabeth discovered that the Gifford family defied the Reformation to remain Catholics it was a blatant insult.
"Suffering the penalties of recusancy, the family remained defiant and sent their fourth son, Gilbert, to Rome to become a Catholic priest.
Gilbert Gifford then shocked them by emerging as a key player in the downfall of Mary, Queen of Scots. To this day, what he did is controversial, providing challenging historical research.
"In Rome, Gilbert Gifford refused to toe the line: while never taking rebellion to the logical conclusion of become protestant, he became involved in a feud with the all-powerful Jesuits, the shock troops of the Counter-Reformation.
"When Gilbert Gifford returned to England at the end of 1585 he secretly sealed his rebellion against Catholic orthodoxy by agreeing to work as a double agent for Sir Francis Walsingham, the Puritan diplomat who was Queen Elizabeth’s principal spy catcher, who lived and worked out of Walsingham House on Seething Lane.
"And this is where the research problems begin."
To read about Gilbert Gifford and the Babbington Plot, see
https://trevorfisherhistorian.com…
About Friday 23 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the Med.:
August 23. Friday. In the evening we fell with the point eastward of the bay of Targa [1] (as we suppose)..
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
An inlet in Tetuan Bay, S.E. from Tetuan, Morocco.
https://www.britannica.com/place/…
About Thursday 22 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the Med.:
August 22. Thursday. The wind sprung up at N.E., a fine gale.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
About Ham
San Diego Sarah • Link
JWB also in 2004 said this about Westphalia hams:
It's a salt dried ham smoked in Juniper smoke, like a Virginia ham in hicory smoke.
[The hostess] would have put it in a pot of water to soak ... two days [before the gathering] to rehydrate, and it's baked on the third.
About Ham
San Diego Sarah • Link
In 2004 David Ross McIrvine answered the question "What was special about Westphalian Ham?"
He reported that the Prussians hung up their hams in smoking closets, and that was their secret -- which the English didn't copy until the 18th century.
"WESTPHALIA HAM: This Prussian ham was much prized in the 17th and 18th centuries for its delicate flavour, due to the fragrant woods over which it was smoked and the diet of acorns on which the pigs were fed. The cookery books of the period all give painstaking receipts for imitating Westphalian ham. (John Nott, 1726)"
Hazlitt has several mentions of Westphalia ham in his *Old Cookery Books and Ancient Cuisine*, and cites a late 17th century English receipt for making pork taste like Westphalian ham.
The Hazlitt is available on-line, courtesy of Project Gutenberg
https://archive.org/stream/oldcoo…
About Wednesday 21 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, near Malaga:
August 21. Wednesday. In the afternoon I set sail bound for Tetuan with the 3 other great ships, and the 2 men of war ketches, leaving the Colchester and Augustine to convoy to Lisbon 2 small merchant pinks and our own small ketches.
In the evening we met 3 sail of Englishmen bound for Malaga, the Olive Branch one, whose master came on board and told me that he came from London the 3 of August and out of the Downs the 6 of August, where were 16 sail of the King's ships said to be bound for Lisbon.
He said that Major Holmes was come into the river of Thames from Gambia.
He said he met a ketch and 2 vessles with horses off the Burlings that were bound for Lisbon.
The wind was all this day as it had been ever since I came into Fuengirola Bay, about W.S.W.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Tetuan, Morocco
https://www.britannica.com/place/…
Lisbon
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Malaga
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Downs
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Major Holmes -- the highlights of Capt. Robert Holmes' trip to Gambia
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Burlings
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
For the export of horses by Charles II
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Fuengirola Bay is located between Malaga and Marbella.
About Funerals
San Diego Sarah • Link
In 2017 eileen d. found this article on a site for collectors of mourning jewelry and related artifacts.
"... Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), whose diaries show a great insight into culture at the time, have a great insight into several funerals throughout his lifetime and the impact fashion and cost had in his life. Pepys' Aunt Fenner died on August 1661 and Pepys' father carried out funeral arrangements. As his father was a tailor, the family could not afford to purchase mourning for relatives, but instead tailored it themselves. The sentiment he wrote was ‘all in mourning, doing him the greatest honour, the world believing that he did give us it.’ ..."
She directed us to The Art of Mourning website, which has a wealth of information about British traditions over the centuries
https://artofmourning.com/2014/11…
About Monday 12 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Sandwich found the Portuguese garrison under constant attack from fanatical Moorish tribes, under their powerful leader Gayland. The Portuguese asked for his assistance, and he put 300 men ashore"
We know from the previous postings of Sandwich's logs and letters that this annotation is wrong -- the link is dead, so I can't see why Pedro believed this.
Perhaps it happened during a different visit????
About Tuesday 20 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, near Malaga:
August 20. Tuesday. De Ruyter set sail about 2 in the morning and met with 3 sail of his fleet, whereof they said 9 were at Cadiz and 4 at Malaga. De Ruyter's fleet in all are 17 sail and one ship of masts.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Adm. Michel Adrianzoon de Ruyter
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Cadiz https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Malaga https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Monday 19 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"This “thing” was probably one of those large grants which Clarendon quietly, or, as he himself says, “without noise or scandal,” procured from the king."
In Breda and The Hague, Charles II and Edward Hyde had argued back and forth about Hyde's reward for his years of hardship and devotion in exile. Charles wanted him to be a Duke along with Monck, but Hyde said he couldn't afford to be a Duke (these titles come with obligations and responsibilities). Charles promised Hyde that he would make him rich, as he did Monck.
I imagine that was one reason Hyde wasn't elevated to being the Earl of Clarendon until April 20, 1661 (part of the Coronation Honors) was that their debate wasn't settled before Anne Hyde's pregnancy was obvious, and they thought waiting until she was married and the child no longer an issue would be prudent.
But cash is cash, and Hyde is taking his rewards whenever he could.
It would be interesting to know when Albermarle received his equally generous rewards.
And I think Sandwich and Lawson deserved more -- but they are in the Med. about the nation's business -- and out of sight, out of mind.
About Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruyter
San Diego Sarah • Link
I can't find an L&M bio for Adm. Michel Adrianzoon de Ruyter; there are several pages of small type describing the 3 Anglo-Dutch wars with the Dutch Republic, in which he gets frequent mentions.
This article was written and fact-checked by the editors of the Encyclopedia Britannica:
Michiel de Ruyter (born March 24, 1607, Vlissingen, United Provinces —died April 29, 1676, Syracuse, Sicily) was a Dutch seaman and one of his country’s greatest admirals.
His brilliant naval victories in the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch wars enabled the United Provinces to maintain a balance of power with England.
Employed at sea at 9, de Ruyter by 1635 had become a merchant captain.
After serving as rear admiral of a Dutch fleet assisting Portugal against Spain in 1641, he returned to the merchant service for the next 10 years, fighting against the Barbary pirates off the north African coast.
With the outbreak of the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54), he accepted a naval command, serving with distinction under Maarten Tromp and attaining the rank of Vice Admiral in 1653 after his victory off Texel.
De Ruyter’s successes in battle have been attributed to his development of an effective combat order, stressing fleet discipline.
In 1659 de Ruyter supported Denmark against Sweden in the Baltic in the First Northern War (1655–60).
He fought against the English (1664–65) off the Guinea Coast of Africa, helping to restore the Dutch West India Company’s commercial dominance in the area, but he was unsuccessful in subsequent campaigns against the English in the West Indies.
Returning to the United Provinces in 1665, de Ruyter was named Lieutenant Admiral of Holland * and worked closely with Johan de Witt to strengthen the Dutch navy.
In the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), his greatest victories were in the Four Days’ Battle (June 1666) and in the raid on the Medway (June 1667), in which much of the English fleet was destroyed; the latter victory accelerated the Anglo-Dutch peace negotiations that had begun at Breda in April 1667.
De Ruyter’s blaming Adm. Cornelis Tromp for the defeat in the St. James’s Day battle in August 1666 resulted in the withdrawal of Tromp’s commission and his resignation from the navy until 1673, when the 2 distinguished commanders were reconciled.
De Ruyter’s performance in the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–74) has been considered his greatest achievement: his victories over larger Anglo-French forces off Solebay (1672) and Ostend and Kijkduin (1673) prevented an invasion of the Dutch Republic from the sea.
In 1675–76 he fought against the French in the Mediterranean and was mortally wounded off Sicily.
https://www.britannica.com/biogra…
NOTE: Holland is one province in the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic. The sea provinces each had their own Navy; when they sailed as a fleet, this was a draw-back as there were too many commanders.
About Monday 19 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the Med.:
August 19. Monday. [SEE PEDRO ABOVE FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE ENTRY]. It continues:
De Ruyter sent his Judge Advocate on board me in compliment. He informed me that off the Northern Cape (2) on the 10/20 July he fell in company with 3 English men-of-war, the Assistance, Capt. Wye commander, who wore a flag in the main top (and they suppose might have the Portuguese Ambassador on board), the Adventure, Capt. Hugh Hide commander, and another small frigate, and 4 merchant ships which I think were loaded with horses upon the Portugal's account. They say they sailed on in company to the Burlings, and they judge the ships arrived at Lisbon the 15/25 July certainly.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
(1) from Pedro's part -- Fuengirola bay -- between Malaga and Marbella.
(2) the Northern Cape = Finisterre
IF the English Ambassador was aboard the Assistance, he was Sir Richard Fanshawe
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Burlings --
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
"loaded with horses upon the Portugal's account" -- George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, had enabled the English to improve the stock of, shall we call them "ceremonial horses" which we also know of as race horses, or at least hunters -- but not the horses Pepys was riding, not the cart horses, and not the stocky traditional breeds we still see on the moorlands of the British Isles.
The 1st Buckingham acquired his initial breeding stock in France and Spain. Portugal has been at war with Spain for years now, so they must have been unable to access fine Spanish horses.
Later we will see letters authorizing the shipment of many horses from Charles II to Louis XIV, so my guess is that English "ceremonial horses" were highly sought-after premium exports and gifts in the 1660s.
About George Villiers (1st Duke of Buckingham)
San Diego Sarah • Link
"FROM 1615 TO 1625, George Villiers was the favorite and “sweet wife” of King James. Villiers parlayed his homosexuality — not to mention his other talents, including a outstanding gift for horsemanship — into vast wealth and political power. An accomplished rider, he was involved in several colorful incidents, notably a struggle for ownership of a famous breed of racehorse, the Sheffield Barb."
This is a story about how Villiers, a country boy, used horses to become the most powerful courtier in England, as told in
The Horseman in King James I
By PATRICIA NELL WARREN
https://glreview.org/article/arti…
Barbe horses were also brought back from Spain by Prince Charles and George Villiers in 1623 when they went a-courting.
"The farewell presents, too numerous to be fully recited, were magnificent. Among them were, given to Prince Charles by King Phillip, 18 Spanish jennets, 6 Barbary horses, 6 mares, and 20 foals. These superb animals were covered with cloths of crimson velvet, guarded with gold lace; one of them being distinguished by a saddle of fine lamb-skin, the other “furniture” being set with rich pearl; among a number of cross-bows which were given, those used by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Ossunia, in the wars, were peculiarly valuable to the Prince.
"To Buckingham’s share, among others, were several Spanish jennets, and Barbary or Arabian horses, and a splendid diamond girdle, worth 30,000 crowns.
"The Queen presented the young Prince with linen, and skins of ambar and of kids, their scent and perfume amounting in value to many thousand crowns."
Fortunately, Prince Charles left the Infanta behind.
from LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS.
FROM ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES.
BY MRS. THOMSON,
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS,
13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
1860.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY R. BORN, GLOUCESTER STREET,
REGENT’S PARK.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5…
About Horse racing
San Diego Sarah • Link
"FROM 1615 TO 1625, George Villiers was the favorite and “sweet wife” of King James. Villiers parlayed his homosexuality — not to mention his other talents, including a outstanding gift for horsemanship — into vast wealth and political power. An accomplished rider, he was involved in several colorful incidents, notably a struggle for ownership of a famous breed of racehorse, the Sheffield Barb."
This is a story about how Villiers, a country boy, used horses to become the most powerful courtier in England, as told in
The Horseman in King James I
By PATRICIA NELL WARREN
https://glreview.org/article/arti…
Barbe horses were also brought back from Spain by Prince Charles and George Villiers in 1623 when they went a-courting.
"The farewell presents, too numerous to be fully recited, were magnificent. Among them were, given to Prince Charles by King Phillip, 18 Spanish jennets, 6 Barbary horses, 6 mares, and 20 foals. These superb animals were covered with cloths of crimson velvet, guarded with gold lace; one of them being distinguished by a saddle of fine lamb-skin, the other “furniture” being set with rich pearl; among a number of cross-bows which were given, those used by the Dukes of Medina Sidonia and Ossunia, in the wars, were peculiarly valuable to the Prince.
"To Buckingham’s share, among others, were several Spanish jennets, and Barbary or Arabian horses, and a splendid diamond girdle, worth 30,000 crowns.
"The Queen presented the young Prince with linen, and skins of ambar and of kids, their scent and perfume amounting in value to many thousand crowns."
Fortunately, Prince Charles left the Infanta behind.
from LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORGE VILLIERS.
FROM ORIGINAL AND AUTHENTIC SOURCES.
BY MRS. THOMSON,
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
LONDON:
HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS,
13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
1860.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY R. BORN, GLOUCESTER STREET,
REGENT’S PARK.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5…
About Sunday 18 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the Med.:
August 18. Sunday. I sent the Hampshire into Malaga road with directions for the Martin frigate if she were not passed by thense.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Malaga Road --
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
He seems to have lost the Martin!!!!
About Sunday 18 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the Med.:
August 18. Sunday. I sent the Hampshire into Malaga road with directions for the Martin frigate if she were not passed by thense.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Malaga Road --
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
He seems to have lost the Martin!!!!
About Friday 16 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the Med.:
August 16. Friday. Thwart off Cape de Gata.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Cape de Gata -- The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park (Spanish: Parque natural del Cabo de Gata-Níjar) is a natural park located in Almería, Spain. It is the largest protected coastal area in Andalusia, featuring a rugged landscape. The park is located on the southeastern coast of Spain, the only region in Europe with a hot desert climate.
The eponymous mountain range of the Sierra del Cabo de Gata forms a volcanic rock formation with sharp peaks and crags. The highest peak on this mountain range is El Fraile (Sierra del Cabo de Gata). It falls steeply to the Mediterranean Sea, creating jagged 100-metre (330 ft.) high cliffs divided by gullies, creating numerous small coves and white-sand beaches.
There are numerous small rocky islands and coral reefs in the area.
Excerpted from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab…
Thwart:
verb -- prevent (someone) from accomplishing something:
"he never did anything to thwart his father"
noun -- a structural crosspiece sometimes forming a seat for a rower in a boat.
preposition -- from one side to another side of (an area); across:
archaic, literary
"a pink-tinged cloud spread thwart the shore"
adverb -- from one side to another side of an area.
archaic, literary
In this case it sounds like The Thwart is the entrance to a cove or sheltered bay ... anyone know the area?
About Friday 9 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"It be hard to be a juggling of 3 bosses: Sandwich, 2 Wills, & Sir George keeping him on his toes."
Not to mention James, Duke of York and his Navy Secretary, Mr. Coventry.