Wednesday 22 February 1664/65
Lay last night alone, my wife after her bathing lying alone in another bed. So cold all night. Up and to the office, where busy all the morning. At noon at the ’Change, busy; where great talk of a Dutch ship in the North put on shore, and taken by a troop of horse. Home to dinner and Creed with me. Thence to Gresham College, where very noble discourse, and thence home busy till past 12 at night, and then home to supper and to bed. Mrs. Bland come this night to take leave of me and my wife, going to Tangier.
22 Annotations
First Reading
Terry Foreman • Link
On behalf of Dirk, who shares the following:
On 22 February, reacting to the goings-on in Africa, the Dutch issue a declaration that they will retaliate against British shipping. Conveniently the British interpret this as a Declaration of War.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe…
***SPOILER?***
The English had been looking for an excuse to declare war themselves.
(See 17 Feb - http://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1… )
Technically they are now free to do just that. Given the communications delays of the 17th c, we'll have to wait 10 days: 4 March. If you want to look this up in other than British sources, you may have to search for 14 March (continental - Gregorian - calendar!)
***END OF SPOILER?***
Another technicality: the "act of war" (casus belli) the Dutch referred to to justify their retaliation was the attack by the British admiral Thomas Allin on the Dutch return fleet near Cadiz on 29 December 1664.
See also (unfortunately in Dutch only):
http://www.marine.nl/historie/mar…
Pedro • Link
"the attack by the British admiral Thomas Allin on the Dutch return fleet near Cadiz on 29 December 1664."
Or 19th of December English calendar!
Terry Foreman • Link
Yes, Pedro: as the Dutch saw it, the first genuine act of war. Between Babel Fish and me, a quick (uncertain) translation of more of the Dutch:
"The end of the first English war (1652-1654) formed the beginning of a period of unprecedented economic prosperity for the Republic of the United Netherlands. The Republic itself emerged as the greatest commercial nation in the world.
"In England Dutch economic growth became regarded with envy. Initially it seemed that, with the death of Oliver Cromwell and the accession to the throne of King Charles II (1630-1685) in 1660, an era of friendly relations between the two major powers would come about. But in overseas areas English and Dutch interests regularly clashed. Important British persons insisted in the parliament and to the King that Dutch trade influences be repelled. This resulted in the conquest of Dutch property on the west coast of Africa by an English squadron in the summer of 1664, which was countered by a secret operation under command of Vice-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter. The actual war hostilities were begun by the English on 29 December 1664, when an English fleet under the command of Admiral Thomas Allin (1612 -?) near Cadiz undertook an attack on a Dutch fleet returning from the Mediterranean Sea. An official war declaration followed on 14 March 1665. The second English war (1665-1667) on was a reality. "
Patricia • Link
What's this? Now that Mrs. P is all nice & clean, she doesn't want to sleep with her (presumably) dirty husband? Wants to sleep on clean sheets and it's not washday, so she sleeps in the spare bed? I find it delightful to read of these customs now so foreign to us.
Michael Robinson • Link
"... lying alone in another bed. So cold all night. "
Good to hear that Mrs. P has some useful purpose.
Australian Susan • Link
"..so cold all night..."
Should have taken the dog to bed with him.(or was that with Elizabeth, seeing as she had deprived herself of her human hot water bottle?)
Actually, hot water bottles existed in those days: stoneware vessels filled with hot water with a bung hole on the top and just the right size to put your feet against them, one each side of the bung. Also, there is the remedy of a brick heated in the oven and wrapped in rags or a warming pan used to heat the sheets before you get in. Circular shallow copper pan with hinged lid with holes in on long wooden handle. You place hot coals in the pan, close lid and then slide into the bed and move it about until sheets warm. This could result in sheets catching fire if operator of pan careless. Finally, you can always use a maid to warm up the bed for you. But i don't think we should encourage Sam to go down that primrose path of dalliance....
dirk • Link
Susan, in this photograph you see a pan of the type you decribe on the left wall, close to the bed. This picture was taken in a 16th c display house in Antwerp, Belgium.
http://www.pelgrom.be/pelgrom/pho…
[Thanks, Terry!]
dirk • Link
A better picture of a similar pan:
A painting by Pieter de Hooch (contemporary of Pepys, living and working in Amsterdam) - Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/images/…
Terry Foreman • Link
Bed warmers
Warming pans: heating the bed with embers from the fire
Plain brass warming pan with turned wooden handle [foto image]
Hanging a warming pan near the hearth is not just a decorator's idea. The fireplace was always a sensible place for it, so it could easily be filled with glowing coals or wood embers before being taken away to warm the bed.
Using a hot stone or brick heated at the fireside is one way of carrying warmth from the hearth into bed. By the 16th century people were also taking pans filled with smouldering fuel from the fire itself. The well-known brass or copper warming pan on a handle was not the only way of doing this. There were also wooden frames designed to hold pots of fuel inside the bedclothes.
http://www.oldandinteresting.com/…
Firenze • Link
I well remember stoneware jars for taking to bed at my grandparents. When I was grown up, and moved to another country, I would get strange looks from flatmates, when I would say, clutching conventional rubber hot-water bottle, that I was taking a jar to bed.
The insights into 17thC hygiene are fascinating: it seems that a bath is such a rare event that you have to lie down quietly to recover from it, as if it were an illness.
Robert Gertz • Link
Interesting...Sam seems to try hard to avoid violence with Bess, apart from the occasional angry strike which she returns with hair pulls, clawing, and slaps. He's not inclined to force himself on her when she wants to be alone...The violent side of his sexuality seems increasingly focused on poor Mrs. Bagwell.
JWB • Link
Stereotypes
Eliz.1st said to have bathed once a month("whether she needed to or not" usually included in accounts but primary source never given), while Louis XIV said to have gone all the way but twice in his long life.
Mary • Link
and, of course........
Napoleon's alleged injunction to Josephine,"Ne te baigne point avant que je revienne." [Do *not* take a bath before I get back.]
Australian Susan • Link
In the lovely (2nd) picture which dirk has found which shows a warming pan, it also shows a woman combing someone's hair for nits, which is another Pepysian domestic action. And I think the object on the right in the picture is a close-stool. This is a beautiful painting, a very intimate domestic scene.
Australian Susan • Link
Washing/not washing and sex.
And who can forget Kevin Kline in "A Fish called Wanda".
dirk • Link
Susan, I take it this is the scene you're referring to? (Some viewers, not used to European cinema, might find this offensive - be warned. I just think it's hilarious.)
http://nl.youtube.com/watch?v=F3w…
Ruben • Link
bed-warmer
In Dirk's intimate picture (thank you Dirk) the bed warmer is hanging near the bed, not the fire.
I remember seeing a bed like this in Maarken, near Amsterdam (in those days an island, i.e. less tourists), in 1960.
The one in the picture has curtains, the one I saw had wooden doors, so it kept the cold outside.
In any case the best warming solution was the one found by King David, but who can afford that kind of treatment?
Australian Susan • Link
Dutch beds
When my father was in the Netherlands during the war (June 1944), he, as an officer, was billeted in a Dutch house and was intrigued to sleep in a bed in a sort of cupboard behind doors. He was rather thrown, however, by discovering that there was a lavatory in the corner of the room and people came in and out of the room to use it (both sexes) without bothering to find out if he was in the bed or not.
There is also a description of such a bed in the opening of Wuthering Heights, but this bed is built against a window. (W.H. Ch.3) ".. a large oak case, with squares cut out near the top resembling coach windows.....I...perceived it to be a singular sort of couch...it formed a little closet, and the ledge of a window, which it enclosed, served as a table. I slid back the pannelled sides, got in with my light, pulled them together again and felt secure..."
Terry Foreman • Link
The Royal Society today at Gresham College from the Hooke Folio Online
Feb: 22. 1664/5. (comet of cutts). [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John… ]
There was tryd an expt. wth a comon seald weatherglasse [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aner… ] placed in the condensing engine wth. a gage in it and the air being considerably compressed the liquor in the thermometer was not found to rise sensibly. another expt. was made to try what strength was requisite to force the air into the bones of small pipes filld with water or how much of the pressure of the air is taken off by its ingresse into smaller & smaller holes and it was found that the smaller holes did require the greater force to driue in the air and to force out the water.
There was also made an Expt. wth niter put in an earthen crys crusible vpon the fire, & sulphur being cast on the top of it, it gaue a very bright viuid flame (Sorbiers discourse about comet) plant nisi pesented) new optick glasses of Campani)
mr. Hooke gaue an account of a Dog that dyed after his spleen had been taken out, affirming that he had seen a kind of glandule grown on to a peice of the spleen that was Left. and that the liuer & cawle were altogether putrifyed (It was orderd that another dog by Dr Charlt & Dr Clark.)
mr. boyle propounds expts.chymicall in exhausted Recr:)
mr. Hooke produced a new small quadrant by himself contrived to make by the meanes thereof bothe Celestiall & terrestriall obseruations wth more exactnesse then by the Largest Instruments, that haue hitherto been publiquely known
this quadrant is only of 17 inches Radius being by the contriuance of a small rowler that moueth vpon the limb of it made soe accurate that each Degree is actually distinguisht into 60 minutes each of wch. minutes being about 1/3 of an inch Long is actually Diuided into 6 parts denoting euery 10 seconds in a minute. the sights are likewise soe contriued though but short as to be noe Lesse curious in Distinguishing the parts of a minute in the visible Object. the perpendicular also of the quadrant is soe contriued that though it exceed not much 3 foot in Length yet it can be adjusted by the meanes of an index soe exactly as if it were 60 foot Long. -
http://webapps.qmul.ac.uk/cell/Ho…
Second Reading
Terry Foreman • Link
"At noon at the ‘Change, busy; where great talk of a Dutch ship in the North put on shore, and taken by a troop of horse."
Many canards of this sort began to gain currency at this time. (L&M note)
Third Reading
San Diego Sarah • Link
Meanwhile, at Westminster, the Privy Council met with Charles II, James -- and Buckingham:
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham assisted at the Privy Council meeting,1 where the Declaration of War with the Dutch Republic was drafted. He had instantly volunteered for active service, and requested the command of a ship.
1 22 Feb., 1665.
All nominations were in the gift of the Duke of York, who never missed an occasion to mortify Buckingham. Buckingham's petition was consequently rejected; James refused to entrust a man-o'-war to a gentleman who, however distinguished by birth, had no experience of naval matters — a doctrine of undeniable soundness, although somewhat opposed to the practice of the 17th century.
Buckingham determined "to go as a volunteer, and put himself on board a flagship, the captain of which owed him a favor. Once there, he desired that in respect to his quality and his being a Privy Councilor, he might be present in all Councils of War.”
James, Duke of York replied that he did not consider this reasonable, and that he would not make a fresh precedent in his favor. Buckingham had frequently amused Charles II by mimicking members of the Privy Council at Whitehall, which probably strengthened James' resolution to exclude Buckingham from the Naval Board.
1 “Life of Clarendon," 1727 ed., vol. ii. p. 356.
James was determined not to be made ridiculous, and welcomed the opportunity to wipe out the long score of grievances which he and his father-in-law, Chancellor Clarendon, held against waggish Buckingham.
2 Clarendon, p. 342.
James was so unpopular that public opinion would quickly have supported Buckingham, had he maintained a calm and dignified attitude. Even Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough, a staunch partisan of James, Duke of York, was inclined to think Buckingham ill-used.
Buckingham's friends placed his contention on a sound basis in “fixing his pretence not upon a Peerage, but his being a Privy Councilor.” 3
3 Dom. State Cal., Charles II., vol. xiv. p. 54. Letter to Lord Peterborough, 16 April, 1665.
Unfortunately, calm and patience were not amongst Buckingham's qualities. Instead of remaining at his post on the flagship, he rushed back to Whitehall to see what his persuasive tongue would effect with Charles II.
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
James had often suffered from Buckingham's personal ascendency over his facile brother and realized that if they met, his decision would probably be reversed. He took precautions accordingly, and dispatched Harry Killigrew to the Court with letters.
Killigrew made such haste that he arrived 6 hours before Buckingham, and so Charles II had ample time to weigh matters before being subjected to his favorite's influence.
Consequently, when Buckingham made his appearance, he was informed that the King thought it would be an affront to the Lord High Admiral to override his action, and that Buckingham must owe his advancement — if any — to His Royal Highness.
Buckingham's eloquence being ineffectual, he had no alternative but to return to the Fleet, where he set to work to justify what previously had seemed an unjust and harsh decision on James' part.
The Earl of Peterborough, writes: "Buckingham's fickleness and uncertainty (for those are the epithets of such as would favor him), gives scandal to every sober thing. He has quitted his ship, sent back his goods, and abandoned to shift several gentlemen (who) came with him, and because of the appearance of her strength and the goodness of her defense thrust himself aboard the Earl of Sandwich as a private volunteer to the disturbance of that ship and the dislike of everyone."1
On board the Unicorn, 20 April, 1665.
1 Dom. State Cal., Charles II., vol. xiv. p. 95.
SPOILER: On June 3, 1665, the battle of the campaign was fought off Lowestoft, but there is no record that Buckingham took any part in this great British victory.
Adapted from
George Villiers, Second Duke of Buckingham, 1628-1687: A Study in the History of the Restoration
By Baroness Winifred Anne Henrietta Christine Herbert Gardner, Lady Burghclere
https://books.google.com/books?pg…