References
Chart showing the number of references in each month of the diary’s entries.
1665
- Oct
Toulon, France
Map
The overlays that highlight 17th century London features are approximate and derived from Wenceslaus Hollar’s maps:
- Built-up London – London before the Fire
- City of London wall and Great Fire damage – London after the Fire
Open location in Google Maps: 43.125161, 5.931112
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2 Annotations
First Reading
Terry Foreman • Link
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large harbor on the Mediterranean coast.
In 1486 Provence became part of France. Soon afterwards, in 1494, Charles VIII of France, with the intention of making France a sea power on the Mediterranean, and to support his military campaign in Italy, began constructing a military port on the rade of Toulon. His Italian campaign failed, and 1497, the rulers of Genoa, who controlled commerce on that part of the Mediterranean, blockaded the new port.
In 1524, as part of his longtime battle against Emperor Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire, King Francis I of France completed a powerful new fort, the Tour Royale, Toulon, at the entrance of the harbour. However, a few months later the commander of the new fort sold it to the commander of an Army of the Holy Roman Empire, and Toulon surrendered.
In 1543, Francis I found a surprising new ally in his battle against the Holy Roman Empire. He invited the fleet of Ottoman Admiral Barbarossa to Toulon as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance. The residents were forced to leave, and the Ottoman sailors occupied the town for the winter.
King Louis XIV was determined to make France a major sea power. In 1660, his Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert ordered Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban to build a new arsenal and to fortify the town. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toul…
Third Reading
San Diego Sarah • Link
After the fall of the Roman Empire Toulon suffered numerous invasions and it was attacked and plundered by the Arabs between the 8th and 12th centuries.
It was a possession of the Viscounts of Marseilles, and then Charles of Anjou (1226-1285) and his successors, until it passed to France in 1481.
Since 1514, when Louis XII (1462-1515) built a huge tower in the city to defend the port, Toulon became the main base of the French fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, and the most advanced position in defence of Provence, with the Faron ('Lighthouse' or 'look-out') used as a watch tower for the sightings of possible enemies.
The city defences around Toulon were further improved by Henri IV (1553-1610) and again under Louis XIV (1638-1715) who entrusted Vauban (1633-1707) with the task of building an arsenal and strengthening their defences.
It was then equipped with large shipyards, and it reached its greatest power in the 18th century.
https://www.francethisway.com/pla…