"The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. Originally, apothecaries, or pharmacists, were members of the Grocers' Company. The apothecaries separated from the Grocers in 1617, when they were granted a Royal Charter, and during the rest of the 17th century its members (including Nicholas Culpeper) challenged the monopoly of the College of Physicians." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci…
"the debate between the followers of Galen and those who believe in 'chymistry'.
This was also an asymmetrical struggle for prestige between upstart members of The Royal College of Physicians (chartered 1518) and members of a livery Company, The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London (chartered 1617), who followed an older practice.
"Under the Galenical system, the way to increase the power of a remedy was to add more and more plants that had the opposite action from the humor that was supposedly causing the illness. Thus, a remedy for someone ill with a fever or an excess of choler--that is, the warm-dry humor--would be a mixture of plants [regarded as]...cooling and moist in quality. No other characteristics of the illness or the remedies were as important as the fever. The medical alchemists rejected that logic and proposed instead that diseases were uniquely different and required specific remedies....Slowly the concept that each disease should be treated with a specific remedy was beginning to contradict the old notions....But the demise of the four Aristotelian elements for most chemists was not to come until later in the 17th century when Robert Boyle published *The Sceptical Chymist* in 1661 in which he argued convincingly that both Aristotle and Paracelsus were wrong." http://molinterv.aspetjournals.or…
"Philip IV (Felipe IV), (April 8, 1605 - September 17, 1665) was King of Spain [, Naples, and Sicily]...1621 to 1665 and [as Philip III,] also King of Portugal until 1640. The eldest son of Philip III and his wife Margarita of Austria, Philip IV was born at Valladolid. He was known as the Planet King, after the Sun, the fourth planet in the astronomy of the time./ His reign, after a few years of inconclusive successes, was characterized by political and military decay and adversity. He has been held responsible for the decline of Spain....His political opinions were those he had inherited from his father and grandfather. He thought it his duty to support the House of Habsburg and the cause of the Roman Catholic Church against the Protestants, to assert his sovereignty over the Dutch, and to extend the dominions of his family. The utter exhaustion of his people in the course of perpetual war, against the Netherlands, France and Great Britain, was seen by him with sympathy but he considered it an unavoidable misfortune, since he could not have been expected to renounce his legitimate rights, or to desert what he viewed as the cause of God, the Church and the House of Hapsburg./ He was idealised by his contemporaries as the model of Baroque kingship." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil…
L&M note we can wait until next February 15 for the Duke to wear one; Pepys first sees the King wear one next April 18. They don't say when he began to wear it. Does anyone know?
"The Quince Cydonia oblonga is the sole member of the genus Cydonia and native to warm-temperate southwest Asia in the Caucasus region....Four other species previously included in the genus Cydonia are now treated in separate genera. These are the Chinese Quince Pseudocydonia sinensis, a native of China, and the three flowering quinces of eastern Asia in the genus Chaenomeles. Another unrelated fruit, the Bael, is sometimes called the 'Bengal Quince'....Most varieties of quince are too hard, astringent and sour to eat raw unless 'bletted' (softened by frost). They are used to make jam, jelly and quince pudding, or they may be peeled, then roasted, baked or stewed. The fruit turns to reddish orange color once it has cooked. The seeds are poisonous and should not be consumed. The very strong perfume means they can be added in small quantities to apple pies and jam to enhance the flavour. Adding a diced quince to applesauce will enhance the taste of the applesauce with the chunks of firmer tarter quince. The term 'marmalade', originally meaning a quince jam, derives from the Portuguese word for this fruit marmelo (Wilson 1999). The fruit, like so many others, can be used to make a type of wine." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quin…
Maths are heady stuffs. Off-topic: Interesting how abbreviatiobs have evolved differently, as well as how word were spelt/spelled 95 years from now (1663) when Noah Webster, the American lexicographer was born (1758) - though he introduced the Americanizations to his published "Spellers" slowly. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah…
Mixed at least to his Diary (us). There were Samuel's concern to regain *control* of Elizabeth after the dancing lessons, and his recent writing that she left the house with her mayds by his *permission*; BUT at the same time there was his design to introduce her to some mathematiques "so she (Elizabeth) can study (Samuel's)(not her)admirable globes". (Robert, you outed me! or was it....?
"Oh...No, I must not.")
But perhaps he means to reign her in by distraction?
"Kudos to Sam to offer Elizabeth the chance to learn something"
Anyone else get a whiff of a modern, companionate marriage? - despite his concern that she know who's in charge and clearly the pupil? I took Sir R. Gertz' suggestion whe might take it into her head that she could indeed do his (Samuel's) job to be at least half-serious (esp. with his [Robert's] own wife looking over his shoulder). After all, the point of this is so she (Elizabeth) can study his (Samuel's)(not her) admirable globes.
"Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640 - May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria....In 1655 he was chosen king of Hungary and in 1656 king of Bohemia,1657 king of Croatia and in July 1658, more than a year after his father's death, he was elected emperor at Frankfurt in spite of the intrigues of Jules Cardinal Mazarin, who wished to place on the imperial throne Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria or some other prince whose elevation would break the Habsburg succession....Leopold's long reign covers one of the most important periods of European history; for nearly the whole of its forty-seven years he was pitted against Louis XIV of France, whose dominant personality completely overshadowed Leopold. The emperor was not himself a man of war, and never led his troops in person; yet the greater part of his public life was spent in arranging and directing wars. The first was with Sweden, whose king Charles X found a useful ally in the prince of Transylvania, György II Rákóczi, a rebellious vassal of the Hungarian crown....The Ottoman Empire interfered in the affairs of Transylvania, always an unruly district, and this interference brought on a war with the Holy Roman Empire, which after some desultory operations really began in 1663. By a personal appeal to the diet at Regensburg Leopold induced the princes to send assistance for the campaign; troops were also sent by France, and in August 1664 the great imperialist general, Raimondo Montecuccoli, gained a notable victory at Saint Gotthard. By the Peace of Vasvár the emperor made a twenty years' truce with the sultan, granting more generous terms than his recent victory seemed to render necessary." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leop…
"The Anglo-Saxon invasions of the 5th and 6th centuries AD pushed the native Celts north and westward in Britain, to present-day Wales and northern England, taking the festival of All Hallows Eve with them. All Saints Day (All Hallows Day) became fixed on the 1st of November in 835, and All Souls Day on the 2nd of November circa 998. On All Souls Eve, families sat up, and little 'soul cakes' were eaten by everyone. At the stroke of midnight there was silence with candles burning in every room to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes and a glass of wine on the table to refresh them. The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door 'souling' for cakes or money, by singing a song. The English Reformation in the 16th century de-emphasised holidays like All Hallows Day and its associated eve. With the rise of Guy Fawkes Night celebrations in 17th century England, many Halloween traditions, especially the building of bonfires, were transferred to 5 November." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall…
"It was about the beginning of September, 1664, that I, among the rest of my neighbours, heard in ordinary discourse that the plague was returned again in Holland; for it had been very violent there, and particularly at Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, whither, they say, it was brought, some said from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods which were brought home by their Turkey fleet; others said it was brought from Candia; others from Cyprus. It mattered not from whence it came; but all agreed it was come into Holland again." http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37…
So begins Defoe's account; alas, we will see him again, and - as Jeannine says - "in the not so distant future"; but Defoe says the future is now - so this isn't really a spoiler.
L&M bring us to the highly irregular end of the end of it -
"But cannot yet come to shit well, being so costive, that for this month almost..."
So, failing what he regards as a natural outcome, SP regularly uses laxatives. One gastroenterology source contemporary to us finds, it seems, there is no danger from this. http://www.aboutconstipation.org/… , though some of the physicians among us may have another view -- certainly Samuel Pepys does.
Recently he's using carriages to get around - perhaps, like the perruque, a status thing, when he's not "carrying" Elizabeth (and it costs a few pence each time!) - whereas, if he were to walk, now that he is well, as someone observed, it would be good for his GI tract. Was this connection made in Pepys's time?
"by coach [!!] with my wife to the New Exchange, and there bought and paid for several things...and so to my brother's, and to buy a pair of boddice for her, and so home, and to....a little discourse with my wife upon arithmetique"
A little of this 'n' that to create "the wonderful quietness of oil on agitated water" - Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg, 1773. http://www.chem.brown.edu/chem12/… .
"Veal is a meat produced from calves....Veal bones are used to make veal stock, a base for many sauces and soups found in French cuisine, including demi-glace....The origin of veal is principally as a by-product of dairy production. Dairy cows must regularly produce offspring in order to produce milk. Although the female calf may be kept to be raised into a dairy cow, male calves have no commercial use except as veal." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal
"Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, synonym C. zeylanicum) is a small evergreen tree 10-15 m tall, belonging to the family Lauraceae, native to Sri Lanka and Southern India. The bark is widely used as a spice....The name cinnamon comes from Greek kinnámōmon, from Phoenician and akin to Hebrew qinnâmôn, itself ultimately from a Malaysian language, cf. Malay and Indonesian kayu manis "sweet wood"....Portuguese traders finally discovered Ceylon (Sri Lanka) at the end of the fifteenth century, and restructured the traditional production of cinnamon by the salagama caste....Dutch traders finally dislodged the Portuguese by allying with the inland Ceylon kingdom of Kandy. They established a trading post in 1638, took control of the factories by 1640, and expelled all remaining Portuguese by 1658." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn…
"Guinea" in its various linguistic permutations was the name used in early modern Europe for sub-Saharan coastal Africa, from what is now Senegal to Ivory Coast. "The modern state of Guinea [shown on the Google map, above] did not come into existence until 1898 but the history of the area stretches back much further. West Africa saw many empires rise and fall in the period before European intervention and Guinea fell within many of them....The slave trade came to the coastal region of Guinea with European adventurers in the 16th century. Slavery had always been part of every day life but the scale increased as slaves were exported to work elsewhere in the triangular trade." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist…
IMAGE "Areas being part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation around 1630 [approx. its greatest extent]. Showing modern European state borders." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imag…
Comments
First Reading
About Tuesday 3 November 1663
Terry F • Link
"The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London. Originally, apothecaries, or pharmacists, were members of the Grocers' Company. The apothecaries separated from the Grocers in 1617, when they were granted a Royal Charter, and during the rest of the 17th century its members (including Nicholas Culpeper) challenged the monopoly of the College of Physicians." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci…
About Tuesday 3 November 1663
Terry F • Link
The histories of the College and the Society
http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/colleg…
http://pmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/re…
About Tuesday 3 November 1663
Terry F • Link
"the debate between the followers of Galen and those who believe in 'chymistry'.
This was also an asymmetrical struggle for prestige between upstart members of The Royal College of Physicians (chartered 1518) and members of a livery Company, The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London (chartered 1617), who followed an older practice.
About Galenical medicine
Terry F • Link
"Under the Galenical system, the way to increase the power of a remedy was to add more and more plants that had the opposite action from the humor that was supposedly causing the illness. Thus, a remedy for someone ill with a fever or an excess of choler--that is, the warm-dry humor--would be a mixture of plants [regarded as]...cooling and moist in quality. No other characteristics of the illness or the remedies were as important as the fever. The medical alchemists rejected that logic and proposed instead that diseases were uniquely different and required specific remedies....Slowly the concept that each disease should be treated with a specific remedy was beginning to contradict the old notions....But the demise of the four Aristotelian elements for most chemists was not to come until later in the 17th century when Robert Boyle published *The Sceptical Chymist* in 1661 in which he argued convincingly that both Aristotle and Paracelsus were wrong." http://molinterv.aspetjournals.or…
About Philip IV (King of Spain, 1621-1665)
Terry F • Link
"Philip IV (Felipe IV), (April 8, 1605 - September 17, 1665) was King of Spain [, Naples, and Sicily]...1621 to 1665 and [as Philip III,] also King of Portugal until 1640. The eldest son of Philip III and his wife Margarita of Austria, Philip IV was born at Valladolid. He was known as the Planet King, after the Sun, the fourth planet in the astronomy of the time./ His reign, after a few years of inconclusive successes, was characterized by political and military decay and adversity. He has been held responsible for the decline of Spain....His political opinions were those he had inherited from his father and grandfather. He thought it his duty to support the House of Habsburg and the cause of the Roman Catholic Church against the Protestants, to assert his sovereignty over the Dutch, and to extend the dominions of his family. The utter exhaustion of his people in the course of perpetual war, against the Netherlands, France and Great Britain, was seen by him with sympathy but he considered it an unavoidable misfortune, since he could not have been expected to renounce his legitimate rights, or to desert what he viewed as the cause of God, the Church and the House of Hapsburg./ He was idealised by his contemporaries as the model of Baroque kingship." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil…
About Monday 2 November 1663
Terry F • Link
When do the Duke and King first wear wigs?
L&M note we can wait until next February 15 for the Duke to wear one; Pepys first sees the King wear one next April 18. They don't say when he began to wear it. Does anyone know?
About Monday 2 November 1663
Terry F • Link
Of course the King and the Duke do not yet have wigs
which is why Pepys "this day observed that the King is mighty gray."
About Quinces
Terry F • Link
"The Quince Cydonia oblonga is the sole member of the genus Cydonia and native to warm-temperate southwest Asia in the Caucasus region....Four other species previously included in the genus Cydonia are now treated in separate genera. These are the Chinese Quince Pseudocydonia sinensis, a native of China, and the three flowering quinces of eastern Asia in the genus Chaenomeles. Another unrelated fruit, the Bael, is sometimes called the 'Bengal Quince'....Most varieties of quince are too hard, astringent and sour to eat raw unless 'bletted' (softened by frost). They are used to make jam, jelly and quince pudding, or they may be peeled, then roasted, baked or stewed. The fruit turns to reddish orange color once it has cooked. The seeds are poisonous and should not be consumed. The very strong perfume means they can be added in small quantities to apple pies and jam to enhance the flavour. Adding a diced quince to applesauce will enhance the taste of the applesauce with the chunks of firmer tarter quince. The term 'marmalade', originally meaning a quince jam, derives from the Portuguese word for this fruit marmelo (Wilson 1999). The fruit, like so many others, can be used to make a type of wine." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quin…
About Sunday 1 November 1663
Terry F • Link
math/maths
Maths are heady stuffs.
Off-topic: Interesting how abbreviatiobs have evolved differently, as well as how word were spelt/spelled 95 years from now (1663) when Noah Webster, the American lexicographer was born (1758) - though he introduced the Americanizations to his published "Spellers" slowly. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah…
About Sunday 1 November 1663
Terry F • Link
"a modern...marriage?" Mixed messages?
Mixed at least to his Diary (us). There were Samuel's concern to regain *control* of Elizabeth after the dancing lessons, and his recent writing that she left the house with her mayds by his *permission*; BUT at the same time there was his design to introduce her to some mathematiques "so she (Elizabeth) can study (Samuel's)(not her)admirable globes". (Robert, you outed me! or was it....?
"Oh...No, I must not.")
But perhaps he means to reign her in by distraction?
About Sunday 1 November 1663
Terry F • Link
"Kudos to Sam to offer Elizabeth the chance to learn something"
Anyone else get a whiff of a modern, companionate marriage? - despite his concern that she know who's in charge and clearly the pupil? I took Sir R. Gertz' suggestion whe might take it into her head that she could indeed do his (Samuel's) job to be at least half-serious (esp. with his [Robert's] own wife looking over his shoulder). After all, the point of this is so she (Elizabeth) can study his (Samuel's)(not her) admirable globes.
About Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor)
Terry F • Link
"Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640 - May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain. His maternal grandparents were Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria....In 1655 he was chosen king of Hungary and in 1656 king of Bohemia,1657 king of Croatia and in July 1658, more than a year after his father's death, he was elected emperor at Frankfurt in spite of the intrigues of Jules Cardinal Mazarin, who wished to place on the imperial throne Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria or some other prince whose elevation would break the Habsburg succession....Leopold's long reign covers one of the most important periods of European history; for nearly the whole of its forty-seven years he was pitted against Louis XIV of France, whose dominant personality completely overshadowed Leopold. The emperor was not himself a man of war, and never led his troops in person; yet the greater part of his public life was spent in arranging and directing wars. The first was with Sweden, whose king Charles X found a useful ally in the prince of Transylvania, György II Rákóczi, a rebellious vassal of the Hungarian crown....The Ottoman Empire interfered in the affairs of Transylvania, always an unruly district, and this interference brought on a war with the Holy Roman Empire, which after some desultory operations really began in 1663. By a personal appeal to the diet at Regensburg Leopold induced the princes to send assistance for the campaign; troops were also sent by France, and in August 1664 the great imperialist general, Raimondo Montecuccoli, gained a notable victory at Saint Gotthard. By the Peace of Vasvár the emperor made a twenty years' truce with the sultan, granting more generous terms than his recent victory seemed to render necessary." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leop…
About Saturday 31 October 1663
Terry F • Link
There is no notice of All-hallow-even
"The Anglo-Saxon invasions of the 5th and 6th centuries AD pushed the native Celts north and westward in Britain, to present-day Wales and northern England, taking the festival of All Hallows Eve with them. All Saints Day (All Hallows Day) became fixed on the 1st of November in 835, and All Souls Day on the 2nd of November circa 998. On All Souls Eve, families sat up, and little 'soul cakes' were eaten by everyone. At the stroke of midnight there was silence with candles burning in every room to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes and a glass of wine on the table to refresh them. The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door 'souling' for cakes or money, by singing a song. The English Reformation in the 16th century de-emphasised holidays like All Hallows Day and its associated eve. With the rise of Guy Fawkes Night celebrations in 17th century England, many Halloween traditions, especially the building of bonfires, were transferred to 5 November." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall…
We will see what befalls, if any of this.
About Saturday 31 October 1663
Terry F • Link
"A plague outbreak in Amsterdam, Holland, kills ten thousand " http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jly…
---
A JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR By Daniel Defoe
"It was about the beginning of September, 1664, that I, among the rest of my neighbours, heard in ordinary discourse that the plague was returned again in Holland; for it had been very violent there, and particularly at Amsterdam and Rotterdam, in the year 1663, whither, they say, it was brought, some said from Italy, others from the Levant, among some goods which were brought home by their Turkey fleet; others said it was brought from Candia; others from Cyprus. It mattered not from whence it came; but all agreed it was come into Holland again." http://www.gutenberg.org/files/37…
So begins Defoe's account; alas, we will see him again, and - as Jeannine says - "in the not so distant future"; but Defoe says the future is now - so this isn't really a spoiler.
About Saturday 31 October 1663
Terry F • Link
L&M bring us to the highly irregular end of the end of it -
"But cannot yet come to shit well, being so costive, that for this month almost..."
So, failing what he regards as a natural outcome, SP regularly uses laxatives. One gastroenterology source contemporary to us finds, it seems, there is no danger from this. http://www.aboutconstipation.org/… , though some of the physicians among us may have another view -- certainly Samuel Pepys does.
Recently he's using carriages to get around - perhaps, like the perruque, a status thing, when he's not "carrying" Elizabeth (and it costs a few pence each time!) - whereas, if he were to walk, now that he is well, as someone observed, it would be good for his GI tract. Was this connection made in Pepys's time?
About Friday 30 October 1663
Terry F • Link
Calming a storm with shopping and some attention.
"by coach [!!] with my wife to the New Exchange, and there bought and paid for several things...and so to my brother's, and to buy a pair of boddice for her, and so home, and to....a little discourse with my wife upon arithmetique"
A little of this 'n' that to create "the wonderful quietness of oil on agitated water" - Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg, 1773. http://www.chem.brown.edu/chem12/…
.
About Veal
Terry F • Link
"Veal is a meat produced from calves....Veal bones are used to make veal stock, a base for many sauces and soups found in French cuisine, including demi-glace....The origin of veal is principally as a by-product of dairy production. Dairy cows must regularly produce offspring in order to produce milk. Although the female calf may be kept to be raised into a dairy cow, male calves have no commercial use except as veal." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veal
About Cinnamon
Terry F • Link
"Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, synonym C. zeylanicum) is a small evergreen tree 10-15 m tall, belonging to the family Lauraceae, native to Sri Lanka and Southern India. The bark is widely used as a spice....The name cinnamon comes from Greek kinnámōmon, from Phoenician and akin to Hebrew qinnâmôn, itself ultimately from a Malaysian language, cf. Malay and Indonesian kayu manis "sweet wood"....Portuguese traders finally discovered Ceylon (Sri Lanka) at the end of the fifteenth century, and restructured the traditional production of cinnamon by the salagama caste....Dutch traders finally dislodged the Portuguese by allying with the inland Ceylon kingdom of Kandy. They established a trading post in 1638, took control of the factories by 1640, and expelled all remaining Portuguese by 1658." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn…
About Guinea
Terry F • Link
"Guinea" in its various linguistic permutations was the name used in early modern Europe for sub-Saharan coastal Africa, from what is now Senegal to Ivory Coast. "The modern state of Guinea [shown on the Google map, above] did not come into existence until 1898 but the history of the area stretches back much further. West Africa saw many empires rise and fall in the period before European intervention and Guinea fell within many of them....The slave trade came to the coastal region of Guinea with European adventurers in the 16th century. Slavery had always been part of every day life but the scale increased as slaves were exported to work elsewhere in the triangular trade." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist…
About Holy Roman Empire
Terry F • Link
IMAGE "Areas being part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation around 1630 [approx. its greatest extent]. Showing modern European state borders." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imag…