In early December, 1659, Hesilrige seized Portsmouth and Lord Ashley was involved in an attempt to seize the Tower of London. Although the attempt failed, the support of the fleet brought down the military junta and the Rump Parliament was restored a second time.
In 1660, with public opinion favouring the return of the monarchy, Lord Ashley began to distance himself from his former republican allies. After Monck's arrival in London in February 1660, Lord Ashley was foremost among those who urged him to restore the MPs excluded at Pride's Purge in 1648. With the return of the "secluded" Members, most of whom were Presbyterian in sympathy, the Long Parliament voted for its own dissolution in March 1660 and the pro-Royalist Convention Parliament was elected the following month. Although Lord Ashley had rejected approaches by Royalists during the Commonwealth and Protectorate, he emerged as a firm supporter of the Restoration in 1660 and accompanied Charles II on his triumphal return to England.
Lord Ashley became a major figure in Restoration politics. He opposed the Earl of Clarendon and was a member of the so-called Cabal ministry that succeeded Clarendon's administration.
In 1672, Anthony Ashley-Cooper was created 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and appointed Lord Chancellor. However, he fell from favour over his opposition to the prospect of a Catholic succession.
Associated with the early Whigs and plots against Charles II, Shaftesbury was charged with treason in 1681 but acquitted by a sympathetic jury. He fled to the Netherlands in 1682 and died at Amsterdam early in 1683.
He was buried at Wimborne St. Giles and succeeded as 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury by his son, also named Anthony Ashley-Cooper, who was born during his second marriage, to Lady Frances Cecil (d. 1652).
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st East of Shaftesbury's third wife, Margaret Spencer, outlived him and died in 1693. http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
After receiving a formal pardon from Parliament for his support of King Charles, Lord Ashley sat in the Nominated Assembly (Barebones Parliament) in July 1653 as representative for Wiltshire and was appointed to the Council of State in the same month. He sat on a number of important committees in the Assembly, including the committee for legal reform that continued the work of the Hale Commission. As a member of the moderate faction, Lord Ashley opposed the proposal to abolish tithes and joined those who voted for the Assembly's dissolution in December 1653.
With the establishment of Cromwell's Protectorate, Lord Ashley was appointed to the Protector's Council. He was elected MP for Wiltshire in the First Protectorate Parliament and supported a proposal that Cromwell should accept the title of King in December 1654. When the proposal was withdrawn, Lord Ashley moved into opposition on the grounds that the Protectorate government was unconstitutional and thereafter remained an uncompromising opponent of the Cromwellian régime. When Richard Cromwell was forced to resign and recall the Rump Parliament, Lord Ashley was re-appointed to the Council of State in May 1659. Republicans suspected him of having Royalist sympathies and he was arrested in August when his friend Sir George Booth led an uprising in Cheshire, but the Council found him not guilty of any involvement in the conspiracy.
In October 1659, Army leaders expelled the Rump Parliament and replaced the Council of State with a Committee of Safety. Lord Ashley joined with the republicans Thomas Scot, Sir Arthur Hesilrige and 6 others who continued to meet in secret as the rightful Council of State. They wrote to General Monck in November granting him a commission as commander-in-chief of all military units in England and Scotland and empowering him to take military action against the enemies of Parliament if necessary.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, 1621-83 Changed sides during the first Civil War, then rose to prominence under the Commonwealth and Protectorate and became a major figure in Restoration politics.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper was born at Wimborne St. Giles, Dorset, in July 1621, the eldest son of Sir John Cooper (d.1631) and his wife Anne Ashley (d.1628). His parents' marriage in 1616 brought together 2 wealthy gentry families with extensive estates in Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire but when Sir John died in 1631, Anthony was a minor and the estate was taken over by the Court of Wards. A substantial part of his inheritance was lost through the machinations of the Court and the sale of lands to meet his father's debts. Anthony attended Exeter College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn.
In February 1639, Anthony Ashley-Cooper married Margaret Coventry, daughter of Lord Coventry and lived with his wife's family in London.
On the outbreak of the first Civil War, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, known as Lord Ashley was reluctant to take sides and it was not until the spring of 1643 that he declared for King Charles. He raised a regiment of foot and a troop of horse and joined the Marquis of Hertford in the West Country. He accompanied the Earl of Carnarvon to the siege of Dorchester in August 1643 and was appointed governor of Weymouth and Portland. Prince Maurice disputed the appointment and Cooper was obliged to resign, but he was compensated by being appointed sheriff of Dorset and president of the King's council of war for the county.
Early in 1644, Lord Ashley unexpectedly changed sides and declared for Parliament. When examined before the Committee for Both Kingdoms in London, he claimed the increasing Roman Catholic influence over the Royalist cause had prompted his defection. He became a member of the committee for Dorset and commanded a brigade of horse and foot in the county. He was active in the capture of several Royalist towns and garrisons and assisted at the relief of Col. Blake's garrison at Taunton in December 1644. Although he continued in an administrative role, ill-health brought Cooper's military service to an end in 1645.
During the next 7 years, Lord Ashley occupied himself with administrative affairs and his private commercial interests, which included extensive investment in sugar plantations on Barbados. He served as a Justice of the Peace in the West Country and was appointed to the committee headed by Sir Matthew Hale for reform of the law in January 1652.
"... I paid him all that I owe my father to this day." "Once again, it appears that SP is hiding from his father."
The other day John Pepys Snr. gave (loaned? sold?) 5/. of pewter to Pepys, who probably needs it for entertaining at the new house. Pepys probably owes some money for his new suits. And Dad and Elizabeth have been out shopping for a couple of days -- maybe she owes him something for those purchases.
Dad sent the young legs over to pick up the cash -- Thomas is much better able to defend himself from the cut-purses, plus Senior probably likes to sleep in on Sundays. This could be a sizeable sum, and young Samuel has the cash, so why not.
I don't think this Wardrobe thing is very serious -- Samuel will avoid being alone with his Dad for a while, until the idea blows over. Father has his own business -- better Pepys keeps him busy with projects or new patrons so he can pay his bills.
Meanwhile, at the Palace of Whitehall, a conflict which had recently boiled over has come to a conclusion:
L&M: On 5 January, Gen. John, Earl of Middleton was forced to resign from the captain-generalship and the keepership of Edinburgh Castle -- the Earl of Rothes, the Secretary of State for Scotland John Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale's agent, succeeding him in both offices.
Lauderdale, Secretary to the Scottish Privy Council, was now supreme, after a rivalry which had been fierce and open since the Restoration.
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At the Restoration in 1660, Lauderdale was released, and went to meet Charles II in Holland. He was appointed Secretary of State for Scotland, based in Whitehall, London, whilst John, Lord Middleton, who had spent the years of exile with Charles was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament in Scotland – i.e. Viceroy.
In 1663 Middleton attempted to exclude Lauderdale from all offices, but failed and was appointed Governor of Tangier – as far away as the King could send him. Lauderdale was appointed Lord High Commissioner in his place. https://clanmaitland.uk/history/c…
As Governor of Tangier, Pepys will become very familiar with Lord Middleton.
Under the Danby administration, some of Orrery’s claims on the Government were settled. He was again summoned to Westminster for the spring session of 1675, listed as a court dependant; he did not arrive until the prorogation. According to his own account, he told Charles II that if, during the recess, "some things were not effectually done to satisfy his subjects in point of religion and property, all measures which would be taken would prove ineffectual. I took also the confidence to add that too many Parliament men had observed to me that we had a set of principles when the Parliament was near, and another set when they were prorogued."
He also had several nocturnal interviews in which he strove to persuade the lord treasurer that the non-resisting test would never pass the Lower House. He urged the wisdom of a ‘moderate indulgence’ for the nonconformists, the natural allies against Popery, and in order to satisfy the Anglicans and obtain a supply, he proposed that a money bill containing guarantees of liberty and property should be brought forward early in the session. To it would be tacked provisions that the Penal Laws against Roman Catholics should be suspended ‘for some years’ for those who registered as such and refrained from all public employment and appearance at Court, and that dissenters should be allowed to meet for worship subject to certain safeguards, including disqualification from office. Such an omnibus bill, he felt, would satisfy all except the extremists.
Sir Richard Wiseman MP noted him as absent from the autumn session.
He left England for good in August 1676, although Shaftesbury marked him doubly vile in 1677, and the Opposition included him in their ‘unanimous club’ of the court party.
An invalid after an unsuccessful operation on his foot, he wrote his most substantial literary work, A Treatise of the Art of War.
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl ofr Orrery, died of gout on 16 Oct. 1679 and was buried at Youghal.
Despite Orrery’s increasing infirmity he attended the next session, supporting union with Scotland and speaking in favour of the comprehension measure designed by Robert Atkyns ‘to enlarge the Church on good terms’. Andrew Marvell saw Orrery and John Trevor MP as replacing the crypto-Catholic members of ‘the governing cabal’, and in June 1670 Orrery secured against a revival of the impeachment proceedings by suing out a general pardon.
The resignation of Berkeley and his replacement by Arlington’s candidate, the Earl of Essex, was a death-blow to Orrery’s independent jurisdiction in Munster. Arlington wrote to him by Charles II’s command ‘to moderate his zeal’ against the Roman Catholics, and, even more unkindly, ‘to forebear harassing the militia by unnecessary duty’.
On 30 June, 1672 the presidency of Munster was abolished. But Arlington’s star was also on the wane, and in Jan 1673 Orrery received a letter from Charles II ‘written in his own hand’ urging him to attend the next session. He was too ill to comply, but he gave way to renewed pressure in October, and it was even reported that he was to be Danby’s candidate to succeed Arlington as secretary of state.
He was also present in 1674 and sent regular reports of parliamentary proceedings to Lord Lt. Essex. On 27 Jan. Orrery spoke in favour of peace with the Dutch, and in Feb., during a debate on the farming of the Irish revenue by his nephew, Richard Jones, Lord Ranelagh he was urged to speak. He refused to do so until the contract had been examined regularly in committee and reported to the House.
He remained on good terms with both Clarendon and Arlington, although the former condemned his squandering of forfeited Irish lands on English courtiers, and the latter became his bitterest enemy. ‘A deceitful and vain man, who loved to appear in business, [Orrery] dealt so much underhand that he had not much credit with any side.’
The need to provide marriage portions for his 5 daughters and to finance his extensive building operations made the Government’s failure to satisfy his claims irksome. Lord Lt. Ormonde resented his virtually independent authority in Munster, and deplored his ‘vanity, ostentation and itch to popularity’, as well as his peevish, malicious jealousy; but he admitted that Orrery’s ‘industry, ability and ambition’ made him a dangerous enemy.
Writing on Clarendon’s fall to his friend Lord Conway, Orrery declared himself ‘too much a country gentleman to understand the causes of things at Court’.
In view of the marriage between Orrery's niece and Clarendon’s son, Laurence Hyde, Charles II felt it necessary to send him a reassuring letter. However, the change of ministry in England weakened Ormonde’s position in Ireland. Orrery still maintained an effusive correspondence with Ormonde, but in 1669, acting with the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, he secured Ormonde's dismissal.
In Burnet’s account, he described Orrery as one who "pretended to knowledge, but was very ignorant; to wit, but it was very luscious; to eloquence, but had the worst style in the world; to religion, but was thought a very fickle and false man, and was vain to the pitch of the Earl of Shaftesbury."
Orrery’s frequent audiences at Court made him vulnerable in Parliament, and at Charles II’s instance he formed ‘a strict friendship’ with Lord Keeper Bridgeman and, probably, Sir Thomas Clifford, of which Arlington was kept in ignorance.
When Parliament met in the autumn, charges were brought against Orrery which would amount to treason if proved, although most were only allegations of maladministration. A week later, seated because of the gout, he demolished every allegation in masterly fashion. A motion to name a day for hearing witnesses failed by 3 votes, Ormonde’s and Arlington’s friends joining with independent Members avid for juicy revelations of government scandals, but the House resolved unanimously to leave the complainants to the remedy of the law. But on 10 Dec. Sir Robert Carr MP reopened discussion of the charges. A motion was passed to seek permission for the witnesses to come over from Ireland, but on the following day Parliament was prorogued, and no more was heard.
Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill’s father, who came from a cadet branch of a Herefordshire family, migrated to Ireland in 1588 and built up a vast estate, sufficient to endow peerages for Broghill and 3 of his brothers, and became the 1st Earl of Cork. [His youngest brother was Robert Boyle, FRS, who always refused a title.]
The whole Boyle family took an part in resistance to the Irish rebellion; but Broghill alone was prepared to serve Parliament, and later the Commonwealth, in defence of the Protestant interest. Highly successful in the field, he always saw himself as a soldier.
He married on 27 Jan. 1641 (with £5,000), Lady Margaret Howard (bur. 24 Aug. 1689), daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. They had 2 sons (1 d.v.p.) and 5 daughters.
Under the Protector he became the first of the family to sit at Westminster, and served briefly as a popular governor of Scotland. But Ireland always took first place in his concerns. As one of Oliver’s ‘kitchen cabinet’ he was chiefly responsible for offering him the crown in 1657.
However much he dissembled, he remained a Royalist and an Anglican at heart, and together with Sir Charles Coote persuaded the Irish army to accept the Restoration.
Broghill was unable to leave Ireland during the general election of 1660. Margaret Howard Boyle, Lady Broghill’s brother-in-law, the Earl of Northumberland, nominated him for Cockermouth (he was defeated) and for Arundel (which he won). He did not reach Westminster until June, 1660 and never became an active Member. His 5 committees in the Convention included those to consider the bills nominating commissioners for the army and restoring his enemy, Lord Inchiquin’s estates.
A court supporter, he was amply rewarded with the confirmation of the Irish lands which he had acquired during the Interregnum, and on 5 Sept. 1660 he was creatred the Earl of Orrery. He was appointed a lord justice in Ireland, and although he did not leave England until after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament, he played no further part in its proceedings.
Roger Boyle, Lord Orrery MP was re-elected in his absence at the top of the poll, but throughout the whole course of the Cavalier Parliament he was named to only 5 committees. He was absent from the corporate communion of 26 May 1661, when it was noted he was in Ireland, where he acted as Lord Lieutenant until the arrival of the Duke of Ormonde.
During visits to England, he preferred the Court and the theatre to the business of the House. His heroic dramas in the French manner, lavishly produced, won him Charles II's favour, although Pepys found them monotonous -- soporific -- a verdict endorsed by posterity.
He was listed as a court dependent in 1664, and appointed to the English Privy Council in 1665, although with his record he was never secure, despite many professions of unconditional loyalty and orthodoxy.
An active participant in Commonwealth politics, Broghill supported the establishment of Cromwell's Protectorate. In March 1655, he was appointed Lord President of the Council for Scotland in Edinburgh, where he worked energetically to reconcile the Scots to the Protectorate régime and the enforced union with England. Although he was personally popular with the Scots, his efforts on behalf of the Protectorate met with limited success. However, he found favour with Henry Cromwell, who regularly sought his advice over the government of Ireland.
Broghill was elected MP for Cork in the First Protectorate Parliament where he attempted to reconcile the republican "Commonwealthsmen" with the supporters of the Protectorate. He criticised the military government of the Major-Generals that was initiated after the failure of the First Protectorate Parliament and, as a member of the Second Protectorate Parliament, was a leader of the faction that urged Cromwell to accept the Crown in order to stabilise the constitution and government of England, Ireland and Scotland. Although he was discouraged by Cromwell's refusal, Broghill accepted a place in the controversial "Other House" appointed as a second chamber of Parliament in 1658.
Broghill supported Richard Cromwell after Oliver's death but returned to Ireland after the fall of the Protectorate. He carefully observed events during 1659 and transferred his allegiance to Charles II when the Restoration seemed certain.
Broghill was elected MP for Arundel in the Convention Parliament that preceded the Restoration. He found favour with Charles II who created him Earl of Orrery in Sept. 1660, appointed him one of the 3 Lord Justices of Ireland and made him Lord President of Munster. Orrery worked tirelessly to promote Protestant interests in Ireland and to denigrate the Catholics, often in opposition to the Lord Lt., the Duke of Ormonde. In alliance with the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Orrery succeeded in forcing Ormonde's dismissal in 1669, but he was not appointed to replace him as he hoped. Instead his political enemies attempted to impeach him for misconduct in the administration of Munster. Although the attempt failed, the presidency of Munster was abolished in 1672 and Orrery was not granted another office.
In addition to his career as a soldier, statesman and administrator, Roger Boyle, Earlc of Orrery was a noted writer. He wrote several anti-Catholic political tracts, a lengthy novel, Parthenissa, as well as a number of plays that were performed in London and Dublin.
After the execution of King Charles in Jan. 1649, Richard Boyle, now 2nd Earl of Cork, and his younger brother, Francis Boyle went into exile. Although he was expected to join them, Broghill declared his support for the new Commonwealth of England, which he regarded as offering the best hopes to Irish Protestants for regaining lands lost to the Confederates. Oliver Cromwell is said to have personally persuaded Broghill to support the Commonwealth and to join forces with the English army of invasion.
In Oct. 1649, Broghill and Col. Phayre sailed to Munster where Protestant soldiers in Inchiquin's army were threatening to defect to the Parliamentarians. By Dec., Broghill had secured the Munster ports of Cork, Kinsale, Youghal and Dungarvan. Early in 1650, he guarded the western flank of Cromwell's winter offensive into Munster and Leinster, defeating his enemy Inchiquin near Mallow, County Cork, in March. At the battle of Macroom on 10 May, Broghill attacked and defeated a Confederate force marching to relieve the siege of Clonmel. The Bishop of Ross was among those taken prisoner at Macroom. A few days later, Broghill ordered the bishop to be tortured and hanged in view of the Irish defenders of Carrigadrohid Castle in order to persuade the garrison to surrender. Broghill's severity against his enemies extended to frequent massacres of prisoners and other atrocities.
In 1651, he supported Ireton's siege of Limerick by defeating an Irish relief force commanded by Viscount Muskerry at the battle of Knocknaclashy, which was the last pitched battle of the Confederate War. When the subjugation of Ireland was complete, the Commonwealth government rewarded Broghill with large tracts of confiscated Irish land.
Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill, 1st Earl of Orrery, 1621-1679 Irish Protestant nobleman who fought the Confederates and became prominent in Commonwealth and Protectorate politics
Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill was born at Lismore Castle in Co. Waterford on 21 April 1621, He was the third surviving son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, one of the most powerful landowners in Munster. Boyle was created Baron Broghill in Feb. 1628. After attending Trinity College, Dublin, and Gray's Inn, London, he travelled through France and Italy and lodged for a time with the Calvinist theologian Giovanni Diodati in Geneva, which reinforced his commitment to Protestantism.
On his return to England, Broghill's eldest brother Richard Boyle, Lord Dungarvin (later the 1st Earl of Burlington), introduced him into the court of King Charles and Henrietta Maria. In 1639, Broghill attended the King at Berwick during the First Bishops' War and commanded a troop of horse under the Earl of Northumberland.
In Jan. 1641, Broghill's marriage to Lady Margaret Howard, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, brought a substantial dowry, so he purchased an estate at Marston Bigod, Somerset.
On the outbreak of the Irish Uprising in Oct. 1641, Broghill returned to Ireland to defend his family's property against the rebels. His father the Earl of Cork appointed him commander of a troop of horse and he participated in the successful defence of Lismore Castle in Feb. 1642. Despite rivalry between his father and Lord Inchiquin for leadership of the Munster Protestants, Broghill held a command under Inchiquin at the battle of Liscarrol in Sept. 1642.
Broghill and his brother, Lord Dungarvin, were sent to London in Nov. 1642 to try to discredit Inchiquin and lobby for a member of the Boyle family to be appointed to the vacant presidency of Munster. They were unsuccessful. On his return to Ireland, Broghill was obliged to accept the Cessation of Arms negotiated with the Confederates by the the Marquis of Ormonde. However, in July 1644, Broghill joined Inchiquin in announcing that he could no longer accept the Cessation.
Both peers defected to the English Parliament. Broghill's enmity towards Inchiquin intensified over his conviction that all Irish Protestants should take the Solemn League and Covenant, which Inchiquin refused to sign.
Broghill became associated with the Independent faction at Westminster and welcomed the appointment of Viscount Lisle as Parliament's viceroy and commander in Ireland in 1646. Lisle's appointment challenged the authority of Ormonde and threatened Inchiquin, who finally defected back to the Royalists in 1648.
Batten came from an obscure family. His father, Andrew Batten, mariner, of Easton in Gordano, Som., had mortgaged property worth only £30 p.a. His brother was a master in the Royal Navy and later master of a merchant vessel. Batten, although apprenticed to the Merchant Taylors’ Company of London, had a long naval career.
He married (1) lic. 23 Sept. 1625, aged 24, Margaret, da. of William Browne, Cordwainer, of London, They had 3 sons (1 d.v.p.) and 3 daughters.
He became a navy commissioner in 1638, and in 1642 was appointed second-in-command of the fleet under the Earl of Warwick. ‘Notoriously friendly to the Presbyterians’, he supported Parliament during the first Civil War and was conspicuous in the attack and relief of besieged ports.
But after assisting the escape 6 of the 11 Members impeached by the army in 1647, he was forced to resign his vice-admiral’s commission.
During the second Civil War he joined Prince Charles in the Netherlands with the Constant Warwick, a frigate of which he was part owner. He was knighted c. July 1648 and appointed rear-admiral, but in November 1648 the seamen mutinied against him and he resigned.
It is not known when he returned to England. Before 18 Nov. 1654 he petitioned Cromwell for his share (£161 6s.3d.) on the appraisement of the Constant Warwick, a petition which the treasurer of the navy was instructed to disregard.
He married (2) 3 Feb. 1659, Elizabeth, da. of one Turner, wid. of William Woodstocke of Westminster, s.p.
He wrote to Charles II on 28 Mar. 1660 offering his services, and was reappointed surveyor of the navy. In this capacity he became closely associated with Samuel Pepys, who recorded many references to his corrupt practices.
A proviso to the indemnity bill was introduced into the Convention on his behalf, but rejected on 3rd reading.
The mayor of Rochester, said to represent the ‘cathedral interest’, was ‘a great stickler against’ Batten’s election in 1661, but he won and served until his death. (Sir William Batten’s son married the daughter of Stephen Alcock, a wealthy resident of Rochester, in 1657, and this and the enfranchisement of the freemen from Chatham helped his election.)
He was listed as a court dependant in 1664, but was an inactive Member, named to 18 committees, the only one of any importance being the Five Mile bill.
Batten paid off the mortgages of his property in Easton in Gordano, and besides his official home in London, acquired through his first wife a country house at Walthamstow, where (according to Pepys) he lived ‘like a prince’. In 1664 he was given permission to erect 2 lighthouses at Harwich; the terms of the lease were profitable, but at his death on 5 Oct. 1667 his debts were over £4,000.
His eldest son, a lawyer, was a spendthrift, and all the landed property was sold within 5 years of Batten’s death. https://www.historyofparliamenton…
In August 1647, 6 of the Presbyterian Eleven Members fled abroad after they were ousted from Parliament by the Army. When they were intercepted by Parliamentarian warships, Batten allowed them to continue their journey to the Netherlands. As a result, he was forced to resign as vice-admiral in September 1647. However, Batten retained his post as a Commissioner of the Navy. He continued his secret negotiations with the Scots and began plotting with Royalist agents to bring the fleet over to the King.
The naval revolt in the Downs on the outbreak of the Second Civil War in May 1648 took place before Batten's schemes had reached maturity. Parliament re-appointed the Earl of Warwick commander of the fleet and Batten accompanied him to Portsmouth in June 1648 in his capacity as a naval commissioner. Batten intended to subvert the Portsmouth squadron, but he was now under suspicion. When summoned to London to answer charges of spreading disaffection in the fleet, he boarded the Constant Warwick and sailed to join the Royalists. He was welcomed by the Prince of Wales, who knighted him and made him rear-admiral, but Batten's conversion to the Royalist cause was distrusted by many, including Prince Rupert.
After failing to bring the Earl of Warwick to battle in August 1648, the Royalists were blockaded in Dutch waters. Warwick offered an amnesty to all seamen who wished to return to Parliament. Batten was among those who took advantage of the offer because he disapproved of Prince Rupert's appointment as admiral of the Royalist fleet and suspected Rupert of inciting the seamen against him.
Batten quietly pursued his commercial activities during the Commonwealth and Protectorate years. In March 1660, with the Restoration imminent, he wrote to Charles II offering to arrange transportation back to England for the King and his court. The following June, he was re-appointed to his positon as surveyor of the navy.
Batten's career as surveyor is famous because his corruption and incompetence were mercilessly exposed in the diary of his young colleague, Samuel Pepys.
Batten was elected MP for Rochester in 1661. In 1663 he was appointed Master of Trinity House. He died in 1667. http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
Sir William Batten c.1600-67 Presbyterian naval officer and administrator who served both Parliament and the King during the civil wars
The son of a Somerset mariner, William Batten went to sea in the merchant service. In 1638, he took command of the Confident, hired for service in the King's navy. Through the patronage of the Earl of Northumberland, he also acquired an appointment as surveyor of the navy.
As a devout Presbyterian, Batten supported Parliament on the outbreak of the First Civil War. Through his Presbyterianism and his connections with the London mercantile community, he was appointed vice-admiral to the Earl of Warwick in 1642.
In February 1643, Queen Henrietta Maria sailed to England with a convoy of supplies and munitions for the Royalists, escorted by a neutral Dutch squadron commanded by Lt.-Adm. Tromp. Batten's squadron failed to intercept the convoy at sea but caught it unloading at Bridlington, Yorkshire, and proceeded to bombard the town. The Queen's lodgings were hit and she was forced to take shelter in a ditch. Tromp threatened to attack the Parliamentarian ships if they continued the bombardment and Batten withdrew.
Batten was involved in several operations in support of Parliamentarian land forces during the First Civil War. He supported the defenders of Lyme, Dorset, in June 1644 and assisted at the siege of Plymouth during the winter of 1644-5, where he built a blockhouse that came to be known as Mount Batten. In February 1645, Batten reinforced the garrison at Melcombe, Dorset, enabling the Parliamentarians to storm Weymouth and recapture the town. In August 1645, he supplied naval reinforcement to help Rowland Laugharne defeat Major-Gen. Stradling's Royalists at the battle of Colby Moor. Batten bought 200 sailors ashore to support the storming of Dartmouth, Devon, in January 1646 and in April he took the surrender of Portland. Batten then sailed with 20 men-of-war to the Isles of Scilly in pursuit of Prince Charles. He surrounded the island of St. Mary's where Charles was sheltering, but a storm scattered Batten's ships on 13 April, allowing the Prince to escape to Jersey.
Under the terms of the Self-Denying Ordinance, the Earl of Warwick was obliged to resign his commission as lord high admiral in April 1645. Batten was appointed commander of the Parliamentarian fleet but, lacking Warwick's political standing, he was not promoted from vice-admiral and his appointment was regarded as temporary. This discouraged him and helped alienate him from the Parliamentarian cause. As a staunch Presbyterian, he also disliked the increasing influence of the Independents in Parliament. From 1646, he was in secret communication with Scottish Presbyterians working for a settlement with King Charles in the Presbyterian interest.
In case you didn't follow the link to PATCHES, Pepys' dislike of them had recently been reinforced by a 1662 tract called "A Wonder of Wonders, of a Metamorphosis of Fair Faces voluntarily transformed into foul Visages, or an Invective against black-spotted Faces".
This assured readers that: “Hell gate is open day and night For such as in black-spots delight; If pride their faces spotted make, For pride then hell their souls will take. Black spots and patches in the face to sober women bring disgrace; Lewd harlots by such spots are known.”
Why? (1) Patches were imported from France; and (2) they could cover the scars of the French Pox, so unsuspecting men could be seduced by infected women with syphilis -- or so the misogynists said, never considering that the reverse was true also.
Nevertheless, patches came in handy for men and women, and were used in layers of society into the 18th century https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
This use made patches objects of fear for Puritan Englishmen. Dissembling was devilish behavior, and women who beautified themselves were temptresses. God had created us, ‘warts and all’ (as Cromwell put it); to ‘correct’ our features was blasphemy. That patches were a French fashion made them more threatening: foreign, Catholic and with associations of syphilis (the ‘French pox’, which left facial lesions that they could hide).
Although associated with women of the night, the fashion was popular in all ranks of society: when Henry Bennet (later the Earl of Arlington) was wounded in the civil wars, he took to wearing a large black patch over an ugly scar on his nose.
Shakespeare’s "All’s Well That Ends Well" (1623) has Bertram return from war ‘with a patch of velvet on’s face: whether there be a scar under’t or no, the velvet knows’.
A patch could cover all manner of sins. But it was women who came under attack for wearing them.
In 1650, the approximate date of the Allegorical painting, Parliament voted on an act to ban ‘the vice of painting and wearing black patches, and immodest dress of women’. It was rejected, but its enforcers were a vocal minority.
From this context the painting emerged.
In an echo of the painting’s inscription, a 1662 tract titled "A Wonder of Wonders, of a Metamorphosis of Fair Faces voluntarily transformed into foul Visages, or an Invective against black-spotted Faces", assured readers that: “Hell gate is open day and night For such as in black-spots delight; If pride their faces spotted make, For pride then hell their souls will take. Black spots and patches in the face to sober women bring disgrace; Lewd harlots by such spots are known.”
There are also contemporary visual parallels: John Bulwer’s woodcut-illustrated book "Anthropometamorphosis: Man Transform’d: or, the Artificiall Changling" (1650) claimed that ‘our ladies have lately entertained a vain custom of spotting their Faces […] this is as odious and as senseless an affectation as ever was used by any Barbarous Nation in the world’; the accompanying image has striking similarities to this painting.
But where the accompanying illustration depicts the black woman with hideous racial stereotyping, and positions her subserviently beneath her white counterpart, the women in "Allegorical Painting of Two Ladies" look at us as equals – equal height, equal dress, equal gazes - unexpected in a painting from this period.
This might suggests it was possible for people in 1650's England to imagine a rich woman of color on equal footing with a white woman. But we should tread carefully before assuming that this is a positive depiction of equality: the women are embodiments of vanity, sin, and poised to be taken by the Devil. These women embrace the ‘foreign’, both by the color of their skin and their use of the French patching fashion.
Follow up to the above post: In June 2023 Compton Verney bought this painting and the Yale Center for British Art is going to restore it, so more will be learned about this unique artwork now known as the "Allegorical Painting of Two Ladies" (c. 1650), by an unknown artist.
The news hailed the apparent equality of the sitters. But we should not assume this is an entirely positive parity: this is a moralizing image that speaks of sin, of vanity, and of wantonness.
The painting presents 2 expensively-dressed women, side by side, pearls around their necks and hair coiffed in the latest fashions. They are mirror images of each other. One is a woman of color; the other is white. The woman of color wags her finger at her counterpart in a gesture both warning and playful. Above her head reads an inscription: ‘I black with white bespott y white with blacke this evil proceeds from thy proud hart then take her: Devill.’
These were not portraits of real people. Both women are allegories of vanity, their faces ‘bespott’ with patches shaped like stars and crescent moons.
Made of imported silk, velvet or Spanish leather, and often perfumed with exotic fragrances, beauty patches became popular at the beginning of the 17th century and were used well into the 18th century.
Such patches originated in France, where they were satirically nicknamed mooches (flies).
Their placement symbolized various meanings: at the corner of the eye represented ‘passion’, while a patch at the centre of the forehead signified ‘majestic’.
Over time, these patches became more elaborate. The Gentlewoman’s Companion (1675) describes patches ‘cut out into little Moons, Suns, Stars, Castles, Birds, Beasts, and Fishes of all sorts, so that their Faces may be properly termed a Landscape of living Creatures’.
An image [shown] in a 1650 tract – including one shaped as a carriage and horses – as seen in "Anthropometamorphosis: Man Transform’d, or the Artificial Changling" (1650), by John Bulwer.
Patches were sometimes called ‘the mark of Venus’, named after the goddess whose beauty was accentuated by a single blemish: a black facial mole that brought the perfection of her features into greater relief. For women emulating the goddess, such patches could also hide pimples or scars.
Please excuse the above mis-post! It's always good to check at the "Preview your annotation" stage that you are posting in the right place -- Phil has given us the name of the page in HUGE type so it is not difficult!
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Third Reading
About Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper (Baron Ashley, Chancellor of the Exchequer)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 3
In early December, 1659, Hesilrige seized Portsmouth and Lord Ashley was involved in an attempt to seize the Tower of London. Although the attempt failed, the support of the fleet brought down the military junta and the Rump Parliament was restored a second time.
In 1660, with public opinion favouring the return of the monarchy, Lord Ashley began to distance himself from his former republican allies.
After Monck's arrival in London in February 1660, Lord Ashley was foremost among those who urged him to restore the MPs excluded at Pride's Purge in 1648.
With the return of the "secluded" Members, most of whom were Presbyterian in sympathy, the Long Parliament voted for its own dissolution in March 1660 and the pro-Royalist Convention Parliament was elected the following month.
Although Lord Ashley had rejected approaches by Royalists during the Commonwealth and Protectorate, he emerged as a firm supporter of the Restoration in 1660 and accompanied Charles II on his triumphal return to England.
Lord Ashley became a major figure in Restoration politics.
He opposed the Earl of Clarendon and was a member of the so-called Cabal ministry that succeeded Clarendon's administration.
In 1672, Anthony Ashley-Cooper was created 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and appointed Lord Chancellor.
However, he fell from favour over his opposition to the prospect of a Catholic succession.
Associated with the early Whigs and plots against Charles II, Shaftesbury was charged with treason in 1681 but acquitted by a sympathetic jury.
He fled to the Netherlands in 1682 and died at Amsterdam early in 1683.
He was buried at Wimborne St. Giles and succeeded as 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury by his son, also named Anthony Ashley-Cooper, who was born during his second marriage, to Lady Frances Cecil (d. 1652).
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st East of Shaftesbury's third wife, Margaret Spencer, outlived him and died in 1693.
http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
About Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper (Baron Ashley, Chancellor of the Exchequer)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
After receiving a formal pardon from Parliament for his support of King Charles, Lord Ashley sat in the Nominated Assembly (Barebones Parliament) in July 1653 as representative for Wiltshire and was appointed to the Council of State in the same month.
He sat on a number of important committees in the Assembly, including the committee for legal reform that continued the work of the Hale Commission.
As a member of the moderate faction, Lord Ashley opposed the proposal to abolish tithes and joined those who voted for the Assembly's dissolution in December 1653.
With the establishment of Cromwell's Protectorate, Lord Ashley was appointed to the Protector's Council.
He was elected MP for Wiltshire in the First Protectorate Parliament and supported a proposal that Cromwell should accept the title of King in December 1654.
When the proposal was withdrawn, Lord Ashley moved into opposition on the grounds that the Protectorate government was unconstitutional and thereafter remained an uncompromising opponent of the Cromwellian régime.
When Richard Cromwell was forced to resign and recall the Rump Parliament, Lord Ashley was re-appointed to the Council of State in May 1659.
Republicans suspected him of having Royalist sympathies and he was arrested in August when his friend Sir George Booth led an uprising in Cheshire, but the Council found him not guilty of any involvement in the conspiracy.
In October 1659, Army leaders expelled the Rump Parliament and replaced the Council of State with a Committee of Safety. Lord Ashley joined with the republicans Thomas Scot, Sir Arthur Hesilrige and 6 others who continued to meet in secret as the rightful Council of State.
They wrote to General Monck in November granting him a commission as commander-in-chief of all military units in England and Scotland and empowering him to take military action against the enemies of Parliament if necessary.
About Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper (Baron Ashley, Chancellor of the Exchequer)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, 1621-83
Changed sides during the first Civil War, then rose to prominence under the Commonwealth and Protectorate and became a major figure in Restoration politics.
Anthony Ashley-Cooper was born at Wimborne St. Giles, Dorset, in July 1621, the eldest son of Sir John Cooper (d.1631) and his wife Anne Ashley (d.1628).
His parents' marriage in 1616 brought together 2 wealthy gentry families with extensive estates in Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire but when Sir John died in 1631, Anthony was a minor and the estate was taken over by the Court of Wards.
A substantial part of his inheritance was lost through the machinations of the Court and the sale of lands to meet his father's debts.
Anthony attended Exeter College, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn.
In February 1639, Anthony Ashley-Cooper married Margaret Coventry, daughter of Lord Coventry and lived with his wife's family in London.
On the outbreak of the first Civil War, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, known as Lord Ashley was reluctant to take sides and it was not until the spring of 1643 that he declared for King Charles.
He raised a regiment of foot and a troop of horse and joined the Marquis of Hertford in the West Country.
He accompanied the Earl of Carnarvon to the siege of Dorchester in August 1643 and was appointed governor of Weymouth and Portland. Prince Maurice disputed the appointment and Cooper was obliged to resign, but he was compensated by being appointed sheriff of Dorset and president of the King's council of war for the county.
Early in 1644, Lord Ashley unexpectedly changed sides and declared for Parliament. When examined before the Committee for Both Kingdoms in London, he claimed the increasing Roman Catholic influence over the Royalist cause had prompted his defection.
He became a member of the committee for Dorset and commanded a brigade of horse and foot in the county.
He was active in the capture of several Royalist towns and garrisons and assisted at the relief of Col. Blake's garrison at Taunton in December 1644.
Although he continued in an administrative role, ill-health brought Cooper's military service to an end in 1645.
During the next 7 years, Lord Ashley occupied himself with administrative affairs and his private commercial interests, which included extensive investment in sugar plantations on Barbados.
He served as a Justice of the Peace in the West Country and was appointed to the committee headed by Sir Matthew Hale for reform of the law in January 1652.
About Sunday 22 July 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... I paid him all that I owe my father to this day."
"Once again, it appears that SP is hiding from his father."
The other day John Pepys Snr. gave (loaned? sold?) 5/. of pewter to Pepys, who probably needs it for entertaining at the new house. Pepys probably owes some money for his new suits. And Dad and Elizabeth have been out shopping for a couple of days -- maybe she owes him something for those purchases.
Dad sent the young legs over to pick up the cash -- Thomas is much better able to defend himself from the cut-purses, plus Senior probably likes to sleep in on Sundays. This could be a sizeable sum, and young Samuel has the cash, so why not.
I don't think this Wardrobe thing is very serious -- Samuel will avoid being alone with his Dad for a while, until the idea blows over. Father has his own business -- better Pepys keeps him busy with projects or new patrons so he can pay his bills.
About Tuesday 5 January 1663/64
San Diego Sarah • Link
Meanwhile, at the Palace of Whitehall, a conflict which had recently boiled over has come to a conclusion:
L&M: On 5 January, Gen. John, Earl of Middleton was forced to resign from the captain-generalship and the keepership of Edinburgh Castle -- the Earl of Rothes, the Secretary of State for Scotland John Maitland, Earl of Lauderdale's agent, succeeding him in both offices.
Lauderdale, Secretary to the Scottish Privy Council, was now supreme, after a rivalry which had been fierce and open since the Restoration.
@@@
At the Restoration in 1660, Lauderdale was released, and went to meet Charles II in Holland. He was appointed Secretary of State for Scotland, based in Whitehall, London, whilst John, Lord Middleton, who had spent the years of exile with Charles was appointed Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament in Scotland – i.e. Viceroy.
In 1663 Middleton attempted to exclude Lauderdale from all offices, but failed and was appointed Governor of Tangier – as far away as the King could send him. Lauderdale was appointed Lord High Commissioner in his place.
https://clanmaitland.uk/history/c…
As Governor of Tangier, Pepys will become very familiar with Lord
Middleton.
About Lord John Butler
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Butler, Earl of Gowran:
During the one Irish Parliament held in the reign of Charles II (1661–1666), he sat in the Irish House of Commons as the member for Trinity College.
Lord John Butler was created Baron Aghrim, Viscount Clonmore and Earl of Gowran, all in the Peerage of Ireland, on 13 April, 1676.
He had married Lady Anne Chichester, only daughter of Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall the previous January.
He travelled to Paris for the recovery of his health but died there in August 1677 aged about 34.
John Butler, Earl of Gowran left no issue, and his titles died with him.
https://ancestorium.com/tng/getpe…
About Roger Boyle (Baron Broghill, Earl of Orrery)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 4
Under the Danby administration, some of Orrery’s claims on the Government were settled.
He was again summoned to Westminster for the spring session of 1675, listed as a court dependant;
he did not arrive until the prorogation.
According to his own account, he told Charles II that if, during the recess, "some things were not effectually done to satisfy his subjects in point of religion and property, all measures which would be taken would prove ineffectual. I took also the confidence to add that too many Parliament men had observed to me that we had a set of principles when the Parliament was near, and another set when they were prorogued."
He also had several nocturnal interviews in which he strove to persuade the lord treasurer that the non-resisting test would never pass the Lower House.
He urged the wisdom of a ‘moderate indulgence’ for the nonconformists, the natural allies against Popery, and in order to satisfy the Anglicans and obtain a supply, he proposed that a money bill containing guarantees of liberty and property should be brought forward early in the session.
To it would be tacked provisions that the Penal Laws against Roman Catholics should be suspended ‘for some years’ for those who registered as such and refrained from all public employment and appearance at Court, and that dissenters should be allowed to meet for worship subject to certain safeguards, including disqualification from office.
Such an omnibus bill, he felt, would satisfy all except the extremists.
Sir Richard Wiseman MP noted him as absent from the autumn session.
He left England for good in August 1676, although Shaftesbury marked him doubly vile in 1677, and the Opposition included him in their ‘unanimous club’ of the court party.
An invalid after an unsuccessful operation on his foot, he wrote his most substantial literary work, A Treatise of the Art of War.
Roger Boyle, 1st Earl ofr Orrery, died of gout on 16 Oct. 1679 and was buried at Youghal.
More at:
https://www.historyofparliamenton…
About Roger Boyle (Baron Broghill, Earl of Orrery)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 3
Despite Orrery’s increasing infirmity he attended the next session, supporting union with Scotland and speaking in favour of the comprehension measure designed by Robert Atkyns ‘to enlarge the Church on good terms’.
Andrew Marvell saw Orrery and John Trevor MP as replacing the crypto-Catholic members of ‘the governing cabal’, and in June 1670 Orrery secured against a revival of the impeachment proceedings by suing out a general pardon.
The resignation of Berkeley and his replacement by Arlington’s candidate, the Earl of Essex, was a death-blow to Orrery’s independent jurisdiction in Munster.
Arlington wrote to him by Charles II’s command ‘to moderate his zeal’ against the Roman Catholics, and, even more unkindly, ‘to forebear harassing the militia by unnecessary duty’.
On 30 June, 1672 the presidency of Munster was abolished.
But Arlington’s star was also on the wane,
and in Jan 1673 Orrery received a letter from Charles II ‘written in his own hand’ urging him to attend the next session.
He was too ill to comply, but he gave way to renewed pressure in October, and it was even reported that he was to be Danby’s candidate to succeed Arlington as secretary of state.
He was also present in 1674 and sent regular reports of parliamentary proceedings to Lord Lt. Essex.
On 27 Jan. Orrery spoke in favour of peace with the Dutch,
and in Feb., during a debate on the farming of the Irish revenue by his nephew, Richard Jones, Lord Ranelagh he was urged to speak.
He refused to do so until the contract had been examined regularly in committee and reported to the House.
About Roger Boyle (Baron Broghill, Earl of Orrery)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
He remained on good terms with both Clarendon and Arlington, although the former condemned his squandering of forfeited Irish lands on English courtiers, and the latter became his bitterest enemy.
‘A deceitful and vain man, who loved to appear in business, [Orrery] dealt so much underhand that he had not much credit with any side.’
The need to provide marriage portions for his 5 daughters and to finance his extensive building operations made the Government’s failure to satisfy his claims irksome.
Lord Lt. Ormonde resented his virtually independent authority in Munster, and deplored his ‘vanity, ostentation and itch to popularity’, as well as his peevish, malicious jealousy; but he admitted that Orrery’s ‘industry, ability and ambition’ made him a dangerous enemy.
Writing on Clarendon’s fall to his friend Lord Conway, Orrery declared himself ‘too much a country gentleman to understand the causes of things at Court’.
In view of the marriage between Orrery's niece and Clarendon’s son, Laurence Hyde, Charles II felt it necessary to send him a reassuring letter. However, the change of ministry in England weakened Ormonde’s position in Ireland.
Orrery still maintained an effusive correspondence with Ormonde, but in 1669, acting with the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, he secured Ormonde's dismissal.
In Burnet’s account, he described Orrery as one who "pretended to knowledge, but was very ignorant; to wit, but it was very luscious; to eloquence, but had the worst style in the world; to religion, but was thought a very fickle and false man, and was vain to the pitch of the Earl of Shaftesbury."
Orrery’s frequent audiences at Court made him vulnerable in Parliament, and at Charles II’s instance he formed ‘a strict friendship’ with Lord Keeper Bridgeman and, probably, Sir Thomas Clifford, of which Arlington was kept in ignorance.
When Parliament met in the autumn, charges were brought against Orrery which would amount to treason if proved, although most were only allegations of maladministration.
A week later, seated because of the gout, he demolished every allegation in masterly fashion.
A motion to name a day for hearing witnesses failed by 3 votes, Ormonde’s and Arlington’s friends joining with independent Members avid for juicy revelations of government scandals, but the House resolved unanimously to leave the complainants to the remedy of the law.
But on 10 Dec. Sir Robert Carr MP reopened discussion of the charges. A motion was passed to seek permission for the witnesses to come over from Ireland, but on the following day Parliament was prorogued, and no more was heard.
About Roger Boyle (Baron Broghill, Earl of Orrery)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill’s father, who came from a cadet branch of a Herefordshire family, migrated to Ireland in 1588 and built up a vast estate, sufficient to endow peerages for Broghill and 3 of his brothers, and became the 1st Earl of Cork.
[His youngest brother was Robert Boyle, FRS, who always refused a title.]
The whole Boyle family took an part in resistance to the Irish rebellion; but Broghill alone was prepared to serve Parliament, and later the Commonwealth, in defence of the Protestant interest.
Highly successful in the field, he always saw himself as a soldier.
He married on 27 Jan. 1641 (with £5,000), Lady Margaret Howard (bur. 24 Aug. 1689), daughter of Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. They had 2 sons (1 d.v.p.) and 5 daughters.
Under the Protector he became the first of the family to sit at Westminster, and served briefly as a popular governor of Scotland.
But Ireland always took first place in his concerns.
As one of Oliver’s ‘kitchen cabinet’ he was chiefly responsible for offering him the crown in 1657.
However much he dissembled, he remained a Royalist and an Anglican at heart, and together with Sir Charles Coote persuaded the Irish army to accept the Restoration.
Broghill was unable to leave Ireland during the general election of 1660.
Margaret Howard Boyle, Lady Broghill’s brother-in-law, the Earl of Northumberland, nominated him for Cockermouth (he was defeated) and for Arundel (which he won).
He did not reach Westminster until June, 1660 and never became an active Member. His 5 committees in the Convention included those to consider the bills nominating commissioners for the army and restoring his enemy, Lord Inchiquin’s estates.
A court supporter, he was amply rewarded with the confirmation of the Irish lands which he had acquired during the Interregnum, and on 5 Sept. 1660 he was creatred the Earl of Orrery.
He was appointed a lord justice in Ireland, and although he did not leave England until after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament, he played no further part in its proceedings.
Roger Boyle, Lord Orrery MP was re-elected in his absence at the top of the poll, but throughout the whole course of the Cavalier Parliament he was named to only 5 committees.
He was absent from the corporate communion of 26 May 1661, when it was noted he was in Ireland, where he acted as Lord Lieutenant until the arrival of the Duke of Ormonde.
During visits to England, he preferred the Court and the theatre to the business of the House.
His heroic dramas in the French manner, lavishly produced, won him Charles II's favour, although Pepys found them monotonous -- soporific -- a verdict endorsed by posterity.
He was listed as a court dependent in 1664,
and appointed to the English Privy Council in 1665, although with his record he was never secure, despite many professions of unconditional loyalty and orthodoxy.
About Roger Boyle (Baron Broghill, Earl of Orrery)
San Diego Sarah • Link
An active participant in Commonwealth politics, Broghill supported the establishment of Cromwell's Protectorate.
In March 1655, he was appointed Lord President of the Council for Scotland in Edinburgh, where he worked energetically to reconcile the Scots to the Protectorate régime and the enforced union with England.
Although he was personally popular with the Scots, his efforts on behalf of the Protectorate met with limited success. However, he found favour with Henry Cromwell, who regularly sought his advice over the government of Ireland.
Broghill was elected MP for Cork in the First Protectorate Parliament where he attempted to reconcile the republican "Commonwealthsmen" with the supporters of the Protectorate.
He criticised the military government of the Major-Generals that was initiated after the failure of the First Protectorate Parliament
and, as a member of the Second Protectorate Parliament, was a leader of the faction that urged Cromwell to accept the Crown in order to stabilise the constitution and government of England, Ireland and Scotland. Although he was discouraged by Cromwell's refusal, Broghill accepted a place in the controversial "Other House" appointed as a second chamber of Parliament in 1658.
Broghill supported Richard Cromwell after Oliver's death but returned to Ireland after the fall of the Protectorate.
He carefully observed events during 1659 and transferred his allegiance to Charles II when the Restoration seemed certain.
Broghill was elected MP for Arundel in the Convention Parliament that preceded the Restoration.
He found favour with Charles II who created him Earl of Orrery in Sept. 1660, appointed him one of the 3 Lord Justices of Ireland and made him Lord President of Munster.
Orrery worked tirelessly to promote Protestant interests in Ireland and to denigrate the Catholics, often in opposition to the Lord Lt., the Duke of Ormonde.
In alliance with the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Orrery succeeded in forcing Ormonde's dismissal in 1669, but he was not appointed to replace him as he hoped.
Instead his political enemies attempted to impeach him for misconduct in the administration of Munster.
Although the attempt failed, the presidency of Munster was abolished in 1672 and Orrery was not granted another office.
In addition to his career as a soldier, statesman and administrator, Roger Boyle, Earlc of Orrery was a noted writer.
He wrote several anti-Catholic political tracts, a lengthy novel, Parthenissa, as well as a number of plays that were performed in London and Dublin.
http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
About Roger Boyle (Baron Broghill, Earl of Orrery)
San Diego Sarah • Link
After the execution of King Charles in Jan. 1649, Richard Boyle, now 2nd Earl of Cork, and his younger brother, Francis Boyle went into exile.
Although he was expected to join them, Broghill declared his support for the new Commonwealth of England, which he regarded as offering the best hopes to Irish Protestants for regaining lands lost to the Confederates.
Oliver Cromwell is said to have personally persuaded Broghill to support the Commonwealth and to join forces with the English army of invasion.
In Oct. 1649, Broghill and Col. Phayre sailed to Munster where Protestant soldiers in Inchiquin's army were threatening to defect to the Parliamentarians.
By Dec., Broghill had secured the Munster ports of Cork, Kinsale, Youghal and Dungarvan.
Early in 1650, he guarded the western flank of Cromwell's winter offensive into Munster and Leinster, defeating his enemy Inchiquin near Mallow, County Cork, in March.
At the battle of Macroom on 10 May, Broghill attacked and defeated a Confederate force marching to relieve the siege of Clonmel. The Bishop of Ross was among those taken prisoner at Macroom. A few days later, Broghill ordered the bishop to be tortured and hanged in view of the Irish defenders of Carrigadrohid Castle in order to persuade the garrison to surrender.
Broghill's severity against his enemies extended to frequent massacres of prisoners and other atrocities.
In 1651, he supported Ireton's siege of Limerick by defeating an Irish relief force commanded by Viscount Muskerry at the battle of Knocknaclashy, which was the last pitched battle of the Confederate War.
When the subjugation of Ireland was complete, the Commonwealth government rewarded Broghill with large tracts of confiscated Irish land.
About Roger Boyle (Baron Broghill, Earl of Orrery)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill, 1st Earl of Orrery, 1621-1679
Irish Protestant nobleman who fought the Confederates and became prominent in Commonwealth and Protectorate politics
Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill was born at Lismore Castle in Co. Waterford on 21 April 1621,
He was the third surviving son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, one of the most powerful landowners in Munster.
Boyle was created Baron Broghill in Feb. 1628.
After attending Trinity College, Dublin, and Gray's Inn, London, he travelled through France and Italy and lodged for a time with the Calvinist theologian Giovanni Diodati in Geneva, which reinforced his commitment to Protestantism.
On his return to England, Broghill's eldest brother Richard Boyle, Lord Dungarvin (later the 1st Earl of Burlington), introduced him into the court of King Charles and Henrietta Maria.
In 1639, Broghill attended the King at Berwick during the First Bishops' War and commanded a troop of horse under the Earl of Northumberland.
In Jan. 1641, Broghill's marriage to Lady Margaret Howard, daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, brought a substantial dowry, so he purchased an estate at Marston Bigod, Somerset.
On the outbreak of the Irish Uprising in Oct. 1641, Broghill returned to Ireland to defend his family's property against the rebels.
His father the Earl of Cork appointed him commander of a troop of horse and he participated in the successful defence of Lismore Castle in Feb. 1642.
Despite rivalry between his father and Lord Inchiquin for leadership of the Munster Protestants, Broghill held a command under Inchiquin at the battle of Liscarrol in Sept. 1642.
Broghill and his brother, Lord Dungarvin, were sent to London in Nov. 1642 to try to discredit Inchiquin and lobby for a member of the Boyle family to be appointed to the vacant presidency of Munster. They were unsuccessful.
On his return to Ireland, Broghill was obliged to accept the Cessation of Arms negotiated with the Confederates by the the Marquis of Ormonde.
However, in July 1644, Broghill joined Inchiquin in announcing that he could no longer accept the Cessation.
Both peers defected to the English Parliament. Broghill's enmity towards Inchiquin intensified over his conviction that all Irish Protestants should take the Solemn League and Covenant, which Inchiquin refused to sign.
Broghill became associated with the Independent faction at Westminster and welcomed the appointment of Viscount Lisle as Parliament's viceroy and commander in Ireland in 1646.
Lisle's appointment challenged the authority of Ormonde and threatened Inchiquin, who finally defected back to the Royalists in 1648.
About Sir William Batten
San Diego Sarah • Link
Batten came from an obscure family. His father, Andrew Batten, mariner, of Easton in Gordano, Som., had mortgaged property worth only £30 p.a.
His brother was a master in the Royal Navy and later master of a merchant vessel.
Batten, although apprenticed to the Merchant Taylors’ Company of London, had a long naval career.
He married (1) lic. 23 Sept. 1625, aged 24, Margaret, da. of William Browne, Cordwainer, of London, They had 3 sons (1 d.v.p.) and 3 daughters.
He became a navy commissioner in 1638,
and in 1642 was appointed second-in-command of the fleet under the Earl of Warwick. ‘Notoriously friendly to the Presbyterians’, he supported Parliament during the first Civil War and was conspicuous in the attack and relief of besieged ports.
But after assisting the escape 6 of the 11 Members impeached by the army in 1647, he was forced to resign his vice-admiral’s commission.
During the second Civil War he joined Prince Charles in the Netherlands with the Constant Warwick, a frigate of which he was part owner.
He was knighted c. July 1648 and appointed rear-admiral, but in November 1648 the seamen mutinied against him and he resigned.
It is not known when he returned to England.
Before 18 Nov. 1654 he petitioned Cromwell for his share (£161 6s.3d.) on the appraisement of the Constant Warwick, a petition which the treasurer of the navy was instructed to disregard.
He married (2) 3 Feb. 1659, Elizabeth, da. of one Turner, wid. of William Woodstocke of Westminster, s.p.
He wrote to Charles II on 28 Mar. 1660 offering his services, and was reappointed surveyor of the navy.
In this capacity he became closely associated with Samuel Pepys, who recorded many references to his corrupt practices.
A proviso to the indemnity bill was introduced into the Convention on his behalf, but rejected on 3rd reading.
The mayor of Rochester, said to represent the ‘cathedral interest’, was ‘a great stickler against’ Batten’s election in 1661, but he won and served until his death.
(Sir William Batten’s son married the daughter of Stephen Alcock, a wealthy resident of Rochester, in 1657, and this and the enfranchisement of the freemen from Chatham helped his election.)
He was listed as a court dependant in 1664, but was an inactive Member, named to 18 committees, the only one of any importance being the Five Mile bill.
Batten paid off the mortgages of his property in Easton in Gordano, and besides his official home in London, acquired through his first wife a country house at Walthamstow, where (according to Pepys) he lived ‘like a prince’.
In 1664 he was given permission to erect 2 lighthouses at Harwich; the terms of the lease were profitable, but at his death on 5 Oct. 1667 his debts were over £4,000.
His eldest son, a lawyer, was a spendthrift, and all the landed property was sold within 5 years of Batten’s death.
https://www.historyofparliamenton…
About Sir William Batten
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
In August 1647, 6 of the Presbyterian Eleven Members fled abroad after they were ousted from Parliament by the Army. When they were intercepted by Parliamentarian warships, Batten allowed them to continue their journey to the Netherlands. As a result, he was forced to resign as vice-admiral in September 1647.
However, Batten retained his post as a Commissioner of the Navy. He continued his secret negotiations with the Scots and began plotting with Royalist agents to bring the fleet over to the King.
The naval revolt in the Downs on the outbreak of the Second Civil War in May 1648 took place before Batten's schemes had reached maturity.
Parliament re-appointed the Earl of Warwick commander of the fleet and Batten accompanied him to Portsmouth in June 1648 in his capacity as a naval commissioner.
Batten intended to subvert the Portsmouth squadron, but he was now under suspicion. When summoned to London to answer charges of spreading disaffection in the fleet, he boarded the Constant Warwick and sailed to join the Royalists.
He was welcomed by the Prince of Wales, who knighted him and made him rear-admiral, but Batten's conversion to the Royalist cause was distrusted by many, including Prince Rupert.
After failing to bring the Earl of Warwick to battle in August 1648, the Royalists were blockaded in Dutch waters. Warwick offered an amnesty to all seamen who wished to return to Parliament. Batten was among those who took advantage of the offer because he disapproved of Prince Rupert's appointment as admiral of the Royalist fleet and suspected Rupert of inciting the seamen against him.
Batten quietly pursued his commercial activities during the Commonwealth and Protectorate years.
In March 1660, with the Restoration imminent, he wrote to Charles II offering to arrange transportation back to England for the King and his court.
The following June, he was re-appointed to his positon as surveyor of the navy.
Batten's career as surveyor is famous because his corruption and incompetence were mercilessly exposed in the diary of his young colleague, Samuel Pepys.
Batten was elected MP for Rochester in 1661.
In 1663 he was appointed Master of Trinity House.
He died in 1667.
http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
About Sir William Batten
San Diego Sarah • Link
Sir William Batten c.1600-67
Presbyterian naval officer and administrator who served both Parliament and the King during the civil wars
The son of a Somerset mariner, William Batten went to sea in the merchant service.
In 1638, he took command of the Confident, hired for service in the King's navy. Through the patronage of the Earl of Northumberland, he also acquired an appointment as surveyor of the navy.
As a devout Presbyterian, Batten supported Parliament on the outbreak of the First Civil War. Through his Presbyterianism and his connections with the London mercantile community, he was appointed vice-admiral to the Earl of Warwick in 1642.
In February 1643, Queen Henrietta Maria sailed to England with a convoy of supplies and munitions for the Royalists, escorted by a neutral Dutch squadron commanded by Lt.-Adm. Tromp.
Batten's squadron failed to intercept the convoy at sea but caught it unloading at Bridlington, Yorkshire, and proceeded to bombard the town. The Queen's lodgings were hit and she was forced to take shelter in a ditch. Tromp threatened to attack the Parliamentarian ships if they continued the bombardment and Batten withdrew.
Batten was involved in several operations in support of Parliamentarian land forces during the First Civil War.
He supported the defenders of Lyme, Dorset, in June 1644
and assisted at the siege of Plymouth during the winter of 1644-5, where he built a blockhouse that came to be known as Mount Batten.
In February 1645, Batten reinforced the garrison at Melcombe, Dorset, enabling the Parliamentarians to storm Weymouth and recapture the town.
In August 1645, he supplied naval reinforcement to help Rowland Laugharne defeat Major-Gen. Stradling's Royalists at the battle of Colby Moor.
Batten bought 200 sailors ashore to support the storming of Dartmouth, Devon, in January 1646
and in April he took the surrender of Portland. Batten then sailed with 20 men-of-war to the Isles of Scilly in pursuit of Prince Charles. He surrounded the island of St. Mary's where Charles was sheltering, but a storm scattered Batten's ships on 13 April, allowing the Prince to escape to Jersey.
Under the terms of the Self-Denying Ordinance, the Earl of Warwick was obliged to resign his commission as lord high admiral in April 1645. Batten was appointed commander of the Parliamentarian fleet but, lacking Warwick's political standing, he was not promoted from vice-admiral and his appointment was regarded as temporary.
This discouraged him and helped alienate him from the Parliamentarian cause.
As a staunch Presbyterian, he also disliked the increasing influence of the Independents in Parliament.
From 1646, he was in secret communication with Scottish Presbyterians working for a settlement with King Charles in the Presbyterian interest.
About Monday 27 October 1662
San Diego Sarah • Link
In case you didn't follow the link to PATCHES, Pepys' dislike of them had recently been reinforced by a 1662 tract called "A Wonder of Wonders, of a Metamorphosis of Fair Faces voluntarily transformed into foul Visages, or an Invective against black-spotted Faces".
This assured readers that:
“Hell gate is open day and night
For such as in black-spots delight;
If pride their faces spotted make,
For pride then hell their souls will take.
Black spots and patches in the face
to sober women bring disgrace;
Lewd harlots by such spots are known.”
Why?
(1) Patches were imported from France;
and (2) they could cover the scars of the French Pox, so unsuspecting men could be seduced by infected women with syphilis -- or so the misogynists said, never considering that the reverse was true also.
Nevertheless, patches came in handy for men and women, and were used in layers of society into the 18th century
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Patches, Black
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
This use made patches objects of fear for Puritan Englishmen. Dissembling was devilish behavior, and women who beautified themselves were temptresses. God had created us, ‘warts and all’ (as Cromwell put it); to ‘correct’ our features was blasphemy.
That patches were a French fashion made them more threatening: foreign, Catholic and with associations of syphilis (the ‘French pox’, which left facial lesions that they could hide).
Although associated with women of the night, the fashion was popular in all ranks of society: when Henry Bennet (later the Earl of Arlington) was wounded in the civil wars, he took to wearing a large black patch over an ugly scar on his nose.
Shakespeare’s "All’s Well That Ends Well" (1623) has Bertram return from war ‘with a patch of velvet on’s face: whether there be a scar under’t or no, the velvet knows’.
A patch could cover all manner of sins. But it was women who came under attack for wearing them.
In 1650, the approximate date of the Allegorical painting, Parliament voted on an act to ban ‘the vice of painting and wearing black patches, and immodest dress of women’.
It was rejected, but its enforcers were a vocal minority.
From this context the painting emerged.
In an echo of the painting’s inscription, a 1662 tract titled "A Wonder of Wonders, of a Metamorphosis of Fair Faces voluntarily transformed into foul Visages, or an Invective against black-spotted Faces", assured readers that:
“Hell gate is open day and night
For such as in black-spots delight; If pride their faces spotted make,
For pride then hell their souls will take.
Black spots and patches in the face to sober women bring disgrace;
Lewd harlots by such spots are known.”
There are also contemporary visual parallels:
John Bulwer’s woodcut-illustrated book "Anthropometamorphosis: Man Transform’d: or, the Artificiall Changling" (1650) claimed that ‘our ladies have lately entertained a vain custom of spotting their Faces […] this is as odious and as senseless an affectation as ever was used by any Barbarous Nation in the world’; the accompanying image has striking similarities to this painting.
But where the accompanying illustration depicts the black woman with hideous racial stereotyping, and positions her subserviently beneath her white counterpart, the women in "Allegorical Painting of Two Ladies" look at us as equals – equal height, equal dress, equal gazes - unexpected in a painting from this period.
This might suggests it was possible for people in 1650's England to imagine a rich woman of color on equal footing with a white woman.
But we should tread carefully before assuming that this is a positive depiction of equality: the women are embodiments of vanity, sin, and poised to be taken by the Devil.
These women embrace the ‘foreign’, both by the color of their skin and their use of the French patching fashion.
There is more to be discovered.
About Patches, Black
San Diego Sarah • Link
Follow up to the above post: In June 2023 Compton Verney bought this painting and the Yale Center for British Art is going to restore it, so more will be learned about this unique artwork now known as the
"Allegorical Painting of Two Ladies" (c. 1650), by an unknown artist.
The news hailed the apparent equality of the sitters. But we should not assume this is an entirely positive parity: this is a moralizing image that speaks of sin, of vanity, and of wantonness.
The painting presents 2 expensively-dressed women, side by side, pearls around their necks and hair coiffed in the latest fashions. They are mirror images of each other. One is a woman of color; the other is white. The woman of color wags her finger at her counterpart in a gesture both warning and playful. Above her head reads an inscription: ‘I black with white bespott y white with blacke this evil proceeds from thy proud hart then take her: Devill.’
These were not portraits of real people. Both women are allegories of vanity, their faces ‘bespott’ with patches shaped like stars and crescent moons.
Made of imported silk, velvet or Spanish leather, and often perfumed with exotic fragrances, beauty patches became popular at the beginning of the 17th century and were used well into the 18th century.
Such patches originated in France, where they were satirically nicknamed mooches (flies).
Their placement symbolized various meanings: at the corner of the eye represented ‘passion’, while a patch at the centre of the forehead signified ‘majestic’.
Over time, these patches became more elaborate. The Gentlewoman’s Companion (1675) describes patches ‘cut out into little Moons, Suns, Stars, Castles, Birds, Beasts, and Fishes of all sorts, so that their Faces may be properly termed a Landscape of living Creatures’.
An image [shown] in a 1650 tract – including one shaped as a carriage and horses – as seen in "Anthropometamorphosis: Man Transform’d, or the Artificial Changling" (1650), by John Bulwer.
For the illustrations and entire article, see
https://www.apollo-magazine.com/a…
Patches were sometimes called ‘the mark of Venus’, named after the goddess whose beauty was accentuated by a single blemish: a black facial mole that brought the perfection of her features into greater relief.
For women emulating the goddess, such patches could also hide pimples or scars.
About Miles Mitchell
San Diego Sarah • Link
Please excuse the above mis-post! It's always good to check at the "Preview your annotation" stage that you are posting in the right place -- Phil has given us the name of the page in HUGE type so it is not difficult!
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There was an exchange about the spelling of the Michell/Mitchell's name at https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…