Mary, Mary, quite contrary, How does your garden grow? With silver bells, and cockle shells, And pretty maids all in a row.
“Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary” was first published in 1744. There are 3 main theories about its meaning.
The most likely is that it refers to Queen Mary I of England. The daughter of Henry VIII, she succeeded after her brother Edward died. She is best known for trying to restore Catholicism after her father had broken with the Roman Church. Her reversal would be “contrary” to the situation when she took the throne. “How does your garden grow?” could be a reference to all the people she executed, making graveyards grow. “Silver bells and cockle shells” might be torture devices. “Pretty maids all in a row” are the Protestants waiting to be executed. Mary was known as “Bloody Mary” because of her persecution.
Another theory is the poem is about a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James in Spain. Mary would be the Virgin Mary. The “silver bells” are church bells. “Cockle shells” are the badges worn by pilgrims. The “pretty maids” would be nuns.
In the third explanation, Mary is Mary, Queen of Scots. “Cockle shells” are her unfaithful husbands who cuckolded her. The “garden” might be Mary’s womb, in quest for an heir (the question would be a taunt).
No matter what version is true, it still makes singing it with your child a bit creepy.
So many sick people -- note that it's the end of July. Well-to-do people went to the country in the summer until September because the hot August days encouraged the plague and other illnesses. The bugs seem to have arrived on time in 1661.
Thank you, Hoff -- Sandwich was ANCHORED in Algiers Bay, not moored.
"The Greeks and Romans already had iron and metal anchors, so I suppose Sandwich did too." I understand big ships had several heavy, metal anchors. In heavy weather they needed more than one to stabilize their position, and if they had to cut anchor for a fast get-away, they needed backups.
L:&M: Sir R. Ford's house was taxed on 18 hearths in 1666, on the east side of Seething Lane, next to and south of the Navy Office. Ford, a wealthy merchant, had been tenant there since 1653 and held a lease that ran until 1676. He let out parts of the house.
"This morning we began again to sit in the mornings at the office, but before we sat down. Sir R. Slingsby and I went to Sir R. Ford’s to see his house, ..."
The Navy Board has been sitting in the afternoon to accommodate the Sir Wills who are both MPs. The House of Commons sits in the morning. And although Parliament is supposed to be finished for this session, as you can see from the links above right, both Houses are still completeing their agendas. So how come the Sir Wills are agreeing to morning meetings? Are they tryiong to dodge being implicated in the final decisions on the remaining Regicides and religious negotiations? Maybe they hurried to Westminster, before coming home early -- giving Slingsby and Pepys time to look at Ford's House. Did the two MPs avoid non-attendance fines that way?
August 15. Thursday. Wind at North East, a fresh gale. About noon we were off Cape Palos, and sent in the Colchester to Carthagena [SIC] with directions for the Martin frigate if she should be there.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Carthagena, Spain -- see the notes at the bottom of https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Cape Palos, Spain -- Cabo de Palos is in La Manga del Mar Menor, just 30 kilometres from the town of Cartagena. It is a peninsula, 400 metres wide, dotted with quiet coves and lapped by the crystal-clear sea. The main attraction here is in the sea itself. Hormiga Islands are 2.5 miles away from the coast. The sea bed has been designated an Integral Marine Reserve for its exceptional beauty and excellent state of conservation, and is considered one of the best scuba diving sites in Spain. Here you will find reefs and corral deep underwater, as well as the remains of shipwrecks and sunken boats. (Take note, Sandwich.) https://www.spain.info/en/destina…
August 14. Tuesday. The fleet being off the bay of Alicante I sent the Hampshire in to Mr. Blundon to leave notice of my passing by to Lisbon for the Martin frigate when she should arrive there. I also then sent off a packet to Mr. Coventry with a letter to R.H., to notify our breach with Algiers.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
From Sandwich's log, somewhere in the Med., heading towards Lisbon:
August 9. Friday. In the morning the Hind ketch came in to me from Alicante, and brought me letters from the Governor there, and one from the King of Spain himself.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
"Re: trees from Bermuda: check out Tor Quey,[Devon], the Gulf Stream made it possible at one time to enjoy the frond of palm."
Torquay is my home town, Vicente -- and it still sports palm trees -- and cacti, out of doors.
Berry Head shields Brixham, Paignton and Torquay from the worst of the arctic blast that frequently blows down the Channel. Tor Bay has long been a safe harbor for fleets -- and William of Orange's invasion 25 years after the Diary.
The then-tiny village of Torquay even gets a mention in the Diary -- but Pepys refers to it as Dartmouth, which must have been the closest port worthy of notice. Torquay's boats still used the beach. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
August 8. Thursday. Wind at N.E. The whole fleet sailed out of Algier Bay. I with the Mary, Montagu, Hampshire and Colchester, the Augustine and 4 ketches sailed for Lisbon. Sir John Lawson started plying before Algiers with the Crown, Swiftsure, Portland, Fairfax, Yarmouth, Nonsuch, Assurance, Newcastle, Gift, Greyhound and the Hawk ketch.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Interesting: the Fairfax hadn't experienced a name change (or perhaps Sandwich couldn't remember what the new name was?). Pepys never mentions it in the Diary, so who knows,
August 5. Monday. Wind S.S.W. At evening a Council of War was called and the question put whether we should continue our resolution to attempt the ships in the mole and it was carried in the negative. In the debate these were the chief reasons urged: That we had waited 7 days for an opportunity of wind and weather and had none presented. In which time the enemy had perfected and strengthened their boom and made other defenses and mounted more guns, whereby the attempt was rendered much more difficult and the damage to the fleet certainly to be greater, to make them unserviceable for any future prosecution of the war.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
August 1. Thursday. Wind at E.N.E., blew very hard, no opportunity. I sent a ketch to Alicante with advice for the Martin frigate, and to give the merchants notice that the war was begiun between us and Algiers.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Did women frequent coffee shops? The jury of historians is out. (We know they were there as owners and servers -- and trolling for business -- but this question is about being customers.)
However, this sentence about the 1674 Women’s Petition Against Coffee makes me think they were present, at least in some (just as not all pubs are "appropriate" for everyone today; we know where we are wanted):
'The women's petition also complained that coffee made men too talkative: "they sup muddy water, and murmur insignificant notes till half a dozen of them out-babble an equal number of us at gossipping," the anonymous authors write.'
If women hadn't observed this behavior, how would they know to complain?
Alternatively, perhaps men wrote the Petition as part of Charles II's campaign against these Penny Universities and the radical ideas they fostered. Blaming women (so Charles and men didn't take the heat for ending the fun) is an old ploy. But all this is after the Diary.
The troublous century which we call the Reformation Period began with tyranny and oppression, but it ended with the establishment of constitutionalism in 1662; and the royalist Parliament which enforced the settlement did at least represent the people.
But it is to be regretted that this Parliament refused the promised toleration to the Puritans, who now went from being Nonconformist Churchmen to being Dissenters, their worship forbidden by the Conventicle Act of 1664 under a final penalty of transportation, https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… their more extreme ministers refused permission to come within 5 miles of a town by the Five Mile Act of 31 October, 1665 ("An Act for restraining Non-conformists from inhabiting in Corporations") https://www.british-history.ac.uk… and their conscientious members debarred, in common with Papists, from all civil, military and naval office by the Test Act of 1673.
There was some excuse for a Parliament composed mainly of country squires, many of whom came back to their native villages at the Restoration to find the church smashed, the trees felled, and the home of their ancestors destroyed.
The Puritan ministers who were ejected were themselves intruders; for there had been a worse ejectment of Anglican ministers before.
Above all this, there loomed in men's minds the indelible memory of the martyrdom of King Charles I.
The Clarendon Codes -- unfortunate corollaries to the Savoy Conference of 1662 when the triumphant Anglican Royalist [political] party basically rejected an opportunity to reconcile with the Puritans.
This timeline and notes are based on "Everyman's History of the Prayer Book" by Percy Dearmer CHAPTER X -- THE SAVOY CONFERENCE http://justus.anglican.org/resour… Percy Dearmer (1867 - 1936) was a Christian socialist and probably best-known as the author of 'A Parson's Handbook'.
1645. Prayer Book abolished and its use made penal.
1660. The Restoration: May 1. Charles II issues the Declaration of Breda promising toleration. May 4. Parliamentary Deputation of Presbyterians to the King at The Hague. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… May 10. Prayer Book of 1604 used before the Lords on Thanksgiving Day. Oct. 25. Royal Declaration promising a Conference and the decision of "a national Synod." https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
1661. April 15 - July 24. The Savoy Conference. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… May 8. Convocation meets. July 9. Commons pass Bill of Uniformity. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… Nov. 20. Convocation appoints a Committee of Bishops to revise the Prayer Book. Dec. 20. Fifth Prayer Book completed, after discussion and amendment, and adopted by both houses of the Convocations of Canterbury and York.
1662. Feb. 25. Fifth Prayer Book annexed to the Bill of Uniformity, but without discussion or amendment in either house. April 9. Lords pass amended Bill of Uniformity. May 19. The Bill receives the royal assent and becomes the Act of Uniformity of 1662. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
It is sometimes said against the Prayer Book that it is part of an Act of Parliament. So it is, and so are the Lord's Prayer and the Psalms of David. The above summary shows that, although Parliament chose to adopt the Prayer Book, to annex it to an Act of Uniformity, thus giving it civil sanction, and (most regrettably) to enforce it with pains and penalties, our Prayer Book was still the work of the Church, whose rights and liberties were carefully safeguarded at every stage.
Professor A. F. Pollard wrote this verdict: "While the State grew more comprehensive, the Church grew more exclusive. It was not that, after 1662, it seriously narrowed its formulas or doctrines; but it failed to enlarge them, and a larger proportion of Englishmen thus found themselves outside its pale."
The Church could not have reduced her Catholic heritage, for such negative action would have narrowed instead of enlarging her borders. But acts of comprehension would have been possible in many directions, had the authorities been alive to the need; and it is true that, beyond the alteration in 1865 of the form of clerical subscription to the Articles, almost nothing was done to meet the needs of the times during the 250 years which have elapsed since the Restoration.
The reader may verify the truth of this statement by testing it according to his own predilections. The bareness of our churches has been the chief recruit of Romanism, our liturgical stiffness, of Dissent. He may be most impressed by one of these facts; or he may be among those who feel that many who love the Church most intelligently and sincerely have been alienated from her by the pressing of a 16th Century standard of theology upon the 20th. Or again, he may be more impressed by the fact that the poverty of our Visitation of the Sick has driven many thousands into faith-healing sects, and the inadequacy of the Burial Service has caused others to seek comfort in Spiritism.
One thing has saved the Church from far worse desertions — has enabled her, against heavy odds, to emerge from the stagnation of the 18th century, and has made the Evangelical and Catholic Revivals possible: the growth of Post-Reformation hymnody. This began with the Old Version of Metrical Psalms (Sternhold 1548, 1549; Sternhold and Hopkins, 1551, 1559, 1561; Day's Complete Psalter, 1562). After a long life, Sternhold and Hopkins gave place to the New Version Tate and Brady ("allowed by the King in Council," 1696), with its Supplement (1698). The Supplement in its earliest known edition (1699) includes "While shepherds watched," in 1782 "Hark, the herald Angels," and in 1807 the Easter Hymn with a few others. Hymnody developed greatly in the 18th century through the prolific genius of Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley; and, in the 19th ... We have only to imagine our Sunday services, deprived of hymnody's additions to realize how large an element it has become in public worship, and how much it has done to defend the Church from narrowness. ...
The other happenings in England since 1662 have been of less importance. There was an attempt at revision in the reign of William III, happily abortive; and additional services, rare in the Georgian era, ...
In 1662 two more State Services were drawn up by Convocation, those for King Charles the Martyr and for the Restoration, and were added to the Accession Service (Elizabeth's had been made in 1576, and Charles I's in 1626), and to that for Gunpowder Treason, which was altered. These State Services were then annexed to the Prayer Book by the sanction of the Crown and Convocation, and were subsequently enjoined by Royal Proclamation at the beginning of each reign. In 1859, ...
The State Services of 1662 are largely modelled upon that for "Powder Treason," which in its turn reflects the verbose Elizabethan type of special service and they illustrate the bad side of the period. The prayers have the magnificence of their age, and are full of fine passages; but they are not constructed on sound liturgical lines, and consequently do not bear comparison with the prayers of the Prayer Book for beauty, conciseness, or simplicity. They are full of political opinion, their loyalty is expressed in extravagant terms, and they confide to Almighty God their denunciations of "violent and bloodthirsty men," "bloody enemies," "sons of Belial, as on this day, to imbrue their hands in the blood of thine Anointed," "the unnatural Rebellion, Usurpation, and Tyranny of ungodly and cruel men" — using 4 words where one would have been too many.
This is magnificent, but it is not reconciliation.
Then remember these State Services were cheerfully used throughout the country for nearly 200 years to understand the accompanying decline in the English Church. The Church of a [political] party could not be the Church of a people. A Church which did nothing to answer in her Services the growing needs of succeeding ages, failed as time went on, and alienated large sections of religious men.
Comments
Third Reading
About Mary Tudor (I of England)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Mary, Mary, quite contrary,
How does your garden grow?
With silver bells, and cockle shells,
And pretty maids all in a row.
“Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary” was first published in 1744.
There are 3 main theories about its meaning.
The most likely is that it refers to Queen Mary I of England. The daughter of Henry VIII, she succeeded after her brother Edward died. She is best known for trying to restore Catholicism after her father had broken with the Roman Church. Her reversal would be “contrary” to the situation when she took the throne. “How does your garden grow?” could be a reference to all the people she executed, making graveyards grow. “Silver bells and cockle shells” might be torture devices. “Pretty maids all in a row” are the Protestants waiting to be executed. Mary was known as “Bloody Mary” because of her persecution.
Another theory is the poem is about a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James in Spain. Mary would be the Virgin Mary. The “silver bells” are church bells. “Cockle shells” are the badges worn by pilgrims. The “pretty maids” would be nuns.
In the third explanation, Mary is Mary, Queen of Scots. “Cockle shells” are her unfaithful husbands who cuckolded her. The “garden” might be Mary’s womb, in quest for an heir (the question would be a taunt).
No matter what version is true, it still makes singing it with your child a bit creepy.
https://americansongwriter.com/me…
https://www.ranker.com/list/creep…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar…
About Monday 29 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
So many sick people -- note that it's the end of July. Well-to-do people went to the country in the summer until September because the hot August days encouraged the plague and other illnesses.
The bugs seem to have arrived on time in 1661.
Charles II and the MPs are anxious to be gone.
About Monday 29 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Thank you, Hoff -- Sandwich was ANCHORED in Algiers Bay, not moored.
"The Greeks and Romans already had iron and metal anchors, so I suppose Sandwich did too."
I understand big ships had several heavy, metal anchors. In heavy weather they needed more than one to stabilize their position, and if they had to cut anchor for a fast get-away, they needed backups.
About Sir Richard Ford
San Diego Sarah • Link
L:&M: Sir R. Ford's house was taxed on 18 hearths in 1666, on the east side of Seething Lane, next to and south of the Navy Office. Ford, a wealthy merchant, had been tenant there since 1653 and held a lease that ran until 1676. He let out parts of the house.
About Monday 29 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"This morning we began again to sit in the mornings at the office, but before we sat down. Sir R. Slingsby and I went to Sir R. Ford’s to see his house, ..."
The Navy Board has been sitting in the afternoon to accommodate the Sir Wills who are both MPs. The House of Commons sits in the morning.
And although Parliament is supposed to be finished for this session, as you can see from the links above right, both Houses are still completeing their agendas.
So how come the Sir Wills are agreeing to morning meetings? Are they tryiong to dodge being implicated in the final decisions on the remaining Regicides and religious negotiations?
Maybe they hurried to Westminster, before coming home early -- giving Slingsby and Pepys time to look at Ford's House. Did the two MPs avoid non-attendance fines that way?
About Thursday 15 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Alicante:
August 15. Thursday. Wind at North East, a fresh gale.
About noon we were off Cape Palos, and sent in the Colchester to Carthagena [SIC] with directions for the Martin frigate if she should be there.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Carthagena, Spain -- see the notes at the bottom of
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Cape Palos, Spain -- Cabo de Palos is in La Manga del Mar Menor, just 30 kilometres from the town of Cartagena. It is a peninsula, 400 metres wide, dotted with quiet coves and lapped by the crystal-clear sea. The main attraction here is in the sea itself.
Hormiga Islands are 2.5 miles away from the coast.
The sea bed has been designated an Integral Marine Reserve for its exceptional beauty and excellent state of conservation, and is considered one of the best scuba diving sites in Spain. Here you will find reefs and corral deep underwater, as well as the remains of shipwrecks and sunken boats. (Take note, Sandwich.)
https://www.spain.info/en/destina…
About Tuesday 13 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Alicante:
August 14. Tuesday. The fleet being off the bay of Alicante I sent the Hampshire in to Mr. Blundon to leave notice of my passing by to Lisbon for the Martin frigate when she should arrive there.
I also then sent off a packet to Mr. Coventry with a letter to R.H., to notify our breach with Algiers.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
R.H. = His Royal Highness, Lord High Admiral James, Duke of York
William Coventry -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
William Blunden was the English Consul at Alicante
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Algiers - https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Friday 9 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, somewhere in the Med., heading towards Lisbon:
August 9. Friday. In the morning the Hind ketch came in to me from Alicante, and brought me letters from the Governor there, and one from the King of Spain himself.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Alicante, Spain -
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Diego Sanz de La Moza was the Governor of Alicante; no bio available.
Alfonso VI, King of Spain -- our Portuguese annotator Pedro always calls him "Afonso" --
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Friday 9 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Re: trees from Bermuda: check out Tor Quey,[Devon], the Gulf Stream made it possible at one time to enjoy the frond of palm."
Torquay is my home town, Vicente -- and it still sports palm trees -- and cacti, out of doors.
Berry Head shields Brixham, Paignton and Torquay from the worst of the arctic blast that frequently blows down the Channel. Tor Bay has long been a safe harbor for fleets -- and William of Orange's invasion 25 years after the Diary.
The then-tiny village of Torquay even gets a mention in the Diary -- but Pepys refers to it as Dartmouth, which must have been the closest port worthy of notice. Torquay's boats still used the beach.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Thursday 8 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Algiers:
August 8. Thursday. Wind at N.E. The whole fleet sailed out of Algier Bay.
I with the Mary, Montagu, Hampshire and Colchester, the Augustine and 4 ketches sailed for Lisbon.
Sir John Lawson started plying before Algiers with the Crown, Swiftsure, Portland, Fairfax, Yarmouth, Nonsuch, Assurance, Newcastle, Gift, Greyhound and the Hawk ketch.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Interesting: the Fairfax hadn't experienced a name change (or perhaps Sandwich couldn't remember what the new name was?). Pepys never mentions it in the Diary, so who knows,
Lisbon -
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Adm. Sir John Lawson -
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Algiers -
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Monday 5 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Algiers:
August 5. Monday. Wind S.S.W. At evening a Council of War was called and the question put whether we should continue our resolution to attempt the ships in the mole and it was carried in the negative. In the debate these were the chief reasons urged:
That we had waited 7 days for an opportunity of wind and weather and had none presented. In which time the enemy had perfected and strengthened their boom and made other defenses and mounted more guns, whereby the attempt was rendered much more difficult and the damage to the fleet certainly to be greater, to make them unserviceable for any future prosecution of the war.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
About Sunday 4 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Algiers:
August 4. Sunday. Wind eastwardly.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
About Saturday 3 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Algiers:
August 3. Saturday. Wind at N.W., blew hard. There was a great shower of rain at night.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
About Friday 2 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, off Algiers:
August 2. Friday. Wind at E.N.E., hard gale until evening.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
About Thursday 1 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
August 1. Thursday. Wind at E.N.E., blew very hard, no opportunity. I sent a ketch to Alicante with advice for the Martin frigate, and to give the merchants notice that the war was begiun between us and Algiers.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Alicante -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Algiers -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About General coffee house information
San Diego Sarah • Link
Did women frequent coffee shops? The jury of historians is out.
(We know they were there as owners and servers -- and trolling for business -- but this question is about being customers.)
However, this sentence about the 1674 Women’s Petition Against Coffee makes me think they were present, at least in some (just as not all pubs are "appropriate" for everyone today; we know where we are wanted):
'The women's petition also complained that coffee made men too talkative: "they sup muddy water, and murmur insignificant notes till half a dozen of them out-babble an equal number of us at gossipping," the anonymous authors write.'
If women hadn't observed this behavior, how would they know to complain?
Alternatively, perhaps men wrote the Petition as part of Charles II's campaign against these Penny Universities and the radical ideas they fostered. Blaming women (so Charles and men didn't take the heat for ending the fun) is an old ploy. But all this is after the Diary.
For the pros and cons of women publicly frequenting coffee shops, see
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sm…
About Wednesday 24 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
The troublous century which we call the Reformation Period began with tyranny and oppression, but it ended with the establishment of constitutionalism in 1662; and the royalist Parliament which enforced the settlement did at least represent the people.
But it is to be regretted that this Parliament refused the promised toleration to the Puritans, who now went from being Nonconformist Churchmen to being Dissenters,
their worship forbidden by the Conventicle Act of 1664 under a final penalty of transportation,
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
their more extreme ministers refused permission to come within 5 miles of a town by the Five Mile Act of 31 October, 1665 ("An Act for restraining Non-conformists from inhabiting in Corporations")
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
and their conscientious members debarred, in common with Papists, from all civil, military and naval office by the Test Act of 1673.
There was some excuse for a Parliament composed mainly of country squires, many of whom came back to their native villages at the Restoration to find the church smashed, the trees felled, and the home of their ancestors destroyed.
The Puritan ministers who were ejected were themselves intruders; for there had been a worse ejectment of Anglican ministers before.
Above all this, there loomed in men's minds the indelible memory of the martyrdom of King Charles I.
About Wednesday 24 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Clarendon Codes -- unfortunate corollaries to the Savoy Conference of 1662 when the triumphant Anglican Royalist [political] party basically rejected an opportunity to reconcile with the Puritans.
This timeline and notes are based on "Everyman's History of the Prayer Book" by Percy Dearmer
CHAPTER X -- THE SAVOY CONFERENCE
http://justus.anglican.org/resour…
Percy Dearmer (1867 - 1936) was a Christian socialist and probably best-known as the author of 'A Parson's Handbook'.
1645. Prayer Book abolished and its use made penal.
1660. The Restoration:
May 1. Charles II issues the Declaration of Breda promising toleration.
May 4. Parliamentary Deputation of Presbyterians to the King at The Hague.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
May 10. Prayer Book of 1604 used before the Lords on Thanksgiving Day.
Oct. 25. Royal Declaration promising a Conference and the decision of "a national Synod."
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
1661.
April 15 - July 24. The Savoy Conference.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
May 8. Convocation meets.
July 9. Commons pass Bill of Uniformity.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Nov. 20. Convocation appoints a Committee of Bishops to revise the Prayer Book.
Dec. 20. Fifth Prayer Book completed, after discussion and amendment, and adopted by both houses of the Convocations of Canterbury and York.
1662.
Feb. 25. Fifth Prayer Book annexed to the Bill of Uniformity, but without discussion or amendment in either house.
April 9. Lords pass amended Bill of Uniformity.
May 19. The Bill receives the royal assent and becomes the Act of Uniformity of 1662.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
It is sometimes said against the Prayer Book that it is part of an Act of Parliament. So it is, and so are the Lord's Prayer and the Psalms of David.
The above summary shows that, although Parliament chose to adopt the Prayer Book, to annex it to an Act of Uniformity, thus giving it civil sanction, and (most regrettably) to enforce it with pains and penalties, our Prayer Book was still the work of the Church, whose rights and liberties were carefully safeguarded at every stage.
About Wednesday 24 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION
Professor A. F. Pollard wrote this verdict: "While the State grew more comprehensive, the Church grew more exclusive. It was not that, after 1662, it seriously narrowed its formulas or doctrines; but it failed to enlarge them, and a larger proportion of Englishmen thus found themselves outside its pale."
The Church could not have reduced her Catholic heritage, for such negative action would have narrowed instead of enlarging her borders. But acts of comprehension would have been possible in many directions, had the authorities been alive to the need; and it is true that, beyond the alteration in 1865 of the form of clerical subscription to the Articles, almost nothing was done to meet the needs of the times during the 250 years which have elapsed since the Restoration.
The reader may verify the truth of this statement by testing it according to his own predilections. The bareness of our churches has been the chief recruit of Romanism, our liturgical stiffness, of Dissent.
He may be most impressed by one of these facts; or he may be among those who feel that many who love the Church most intelligently and sincerely have been alienated from her by the pressing of a 16th Century standard of theology upon the 20th.
Or again, he may be more impressed by the fact that the poverty of our Visitation of the Sick has driven many thousands into faith-healing sects, and the inadequacy of the Burial Service has caused others to seek comfort in Spiritism.
One thing has saved the Church from far worse desertions — has enabled her, against heavy odds, to emerge from the stagnation of the 18th century, and has made the Evangelical and Catholic Revivals possible: the growth of Post-Reformation hymnody.
This began with the Old Version of Metrical Psalms (Sternhold 1548, 1549; Sternhold and Hopkins, 1551, 1559, 1561; Day's Complete Psalter, 1562). After a long life, Sternhold and Hopkins gave place to the New Version Tate and Brady ("allowed by the King in Council," 1696), with its Supplement (1698).
The Supplement in its earliest known edition (1699) includes "While shepherds watched," in 1782 "Hark, the herald Angels," and in 1807 the Easter Hymn with a few others.
Hymnody developed greatly in the 18th century through the prolific genius of Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley; and, in the 19th ... We have only to imagine our Sunday services, deprived of hymnody's additions to realize how large an element it has become in public worship, and how much it has done to defend the Church from narrowness. ...
The other happenings in England since 1662 have been of less importance. There was an attempt at revision in the reign of William III, happily abortive; and additional services, rare in the Georgian era, ...
About Wednesday 24 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
In 1662 two more State Services were drawn up by Convocation, those for King Charles the Martyr and for the Restoration, and were added to the Accession Service (Elizabeth's had been made in 1576, and Charles I's in 1626), and to that for Gunpowder Treason, which was altered.
These State Services were then annexed to the Prayer Book by the sanction of the Crown and Convocation, and were subsequently enjoined by Royal Proclamation at the beginning of each reign.
In 1859, ...
The State Services of 1662 are largely modelled upon that for "Powder Treason," which in its turn reflects the verbose Elizabethan type of special service and they illustrate the bad side of the period. The prayers have the magnificence of their age, and are full of fine passages; but they are not constructed on sound liturgical lines, and consequently do not bear comparison with the prayers of the Prayer Book for beauty, conciseness, or simplicity. They are full of political opinion, their loyalty is expressed in extravagant terms, and they confide to Almighty God their denunciations of "violent and bloodthirsty men," "bloody enemies," "sons of Belial, as on this day, to imbrue their hands in the blood of thine Anointed," "the unnatural Rebellion, Usurpation, and Tyranny of ungodly and cruel men" — using 4 words where one would have been too many.
This is magnificent, but it is not reconciliation.
Then remember these State Services were cheerfully used throughout the country for nearly 200 years to understand the accompanying decline in the English Church.
The Church of a [political] party could not be the Church of a people.
A Church which did nothing to answer in her Services the growing needs of succeeding ages, failed as time went on, and alienated large sections of religious men.