Arlington to Ormonde Written from: Whitehall Date: 10 July 1666 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 46, fol(s). 331-332 Document type: Original; subscribed & signed
'Communicates further reports and rumours of the hostile movements and preparations of the Dutch, and of the French. Describes the rendezvous appointed, and the preparations made, for the defence of the English Coasts. ...
'Great quantities of men are daily sent down to the fleet, "but not such as please our generals, either as to their quantity or quality". ...
'Recommends to the Lord Lieutenant a suit of Sir Thomas Clifford, "who serveth his Majesty very eminently in his sphere", concerning wine-licenses in Ireland.'
Arlington to Ormonde Written from: Whitehall Date: 3 July 1666 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 46, fol(s). 329 Document type: Original, subscribed & signed
"The Dutch are said to be lying at the Gunfleet and are hourly expecting the arrival of the French fleet, to [join] them. "Lord St. Alban's letter to the King speaks, uncertainly, of M. de Beaufort's being at Rochelle; "Mr. Montagu affirms it positively, in a letter to the writer; asserting that he is to accompany the new Queen to Portugal, before he comes hither. ... "It is said that the design of the Dutch is upon Scotland; that of the French upon Ireland; - hoping for a conjunction, in all three Kingdoms, of the discontented party, upon the foot of the Covenant ..." http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/s…
So the threat of invasion includes Scotland and Ireland, with an uprising in England of "Covenanters".
I'm guessing the Mr. Montagu is Roman Catholic Abbe Walter Montagu, younger brother of Lord Chamberlain Gen. Sir Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, who probably returned to Paris with Queen Mother Henrietta Maria in August 1665. Good old Walter seems to be planning to escort Marie Françoise Elizabeth de Savoie-Nemours (1646 – 1683) to Portugal to marry Catherine of Braganza's brother, Afonso VI ... she's a cousin of Louis XIV, who is using her as a pawn in his plan to subvert the Spanish. After which Walter plans to come to England ... as a known Catholic spy, he's not really welcome.
At the Restoration, Henry "Harry" Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans became Lord Chamberlain, which he fulfilled for 3 years. He remained Queen Mother Henrietta Maria’s principal servant until her death in 1669, although Charles II frequently also employed him as ambassador to France. In that role St. Albans supported the policy of friendship with France, and he contributed largely to the close secret understanding between Charles II and Louis XIV of France, being instrumental in arranging the preliminaries of the Treaty of Dover in 1669. St. Albans should have known where the French fleet was and why.
I wonder what Catherine and Charles thought about the up-coming wedding. She must have known Afonso was "infirm".
The last few entries make Pepys, Parliament and Court life sound as if life and business was back to normal. There were still thousands of homeless people roaming around, and through his carriage windows he could see the devastated neighborhoods.
A Fast Day for the fire doesn't seem to have slowed anyone down, apart from two optional church services. But by tradition, 10 October is the last day you should pick blackberries. Today is Old Michaelmas Day, the day when Lucifer was supposed to have been expelled from Heaven and fell into a blackberry bush. Lucifer cursed the fruit, scorched them with his fiery breath, spat and stamped on them and made them unfit for consumption.
In Cornwall, they also said that Lucifer urinated on the berries. (As with much folklore, there may be a basis for this: the weather is wetter and cooler in autumn there, so it can make the fruit go mouldy.)
I hope the homeless foraging in the hedgerows remembered this timeless bit of wisdom. Lucifer scorched them with his fiery breath a bit early this year.
This beautiful but silly woman, the heroine of an agreeable, but scarcely decent, adventure in De Grammont's Memoirs, was Maid of Honour to Anne Hyde, Duchess of York. She appeared at Court when extremely young, and fortunately left it before she was much older.
Anne Temple was the daughter of Thomas Temple, Esq. MP of Frankton, Warwickshire, by Rebecca, daughter of Sir Nicholas Carew, Knight, of Beddington, in Surrey.
She no sooner appeared at the Court of Charles II, than she excited the attention of its libertine frequenters. The John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester and the handsome Sidney were suitors for her smiles, and, as she loved to be admired, her reputation very narrowly escaped being ruined by their dalliance.
"Miss Temple," says Count Hamilton, "was brown compared with Miss Jennings: she had a good shape, fine teeth, languishing eyes, a fresh complexion, an agreeable smile, and a lively air. Such was the outward form, and it would be difficult to describe the rest; for she was simple and vain, credulous and suspicious, coquettish and prudent, very conceited and very silly."
Anne Temple figures as the companion of Miss Hobart, a person who shared the strange moral peculiarities of Sappho, without a tittle of the genius of the Lesbian poetess. Fortunately, Miss Temple had scarcely been two years at Court, when an eligible offer of marriage gave her an opportunity of escaping from her dangerous post of Maid of Honor.
At the age of 18, she accepted the hand of Sir Charles Lyttelton, Knight, a gallant cavalier of 40, and owner of the afterwards classical seat of Hagley.
Sir Charles had formerly distinguished himself under the royal standard in the civil troubles, and since then had been governor of Jamaica, where he built the town of Port Royal. At the period of his marriage, Lyttelton was colonel of the Duke of York's regiment. Lyttelton afterwards rose to be a Brigadier-General, Governor of Sheerness, and sat as Member of Parliament for Bewdley.
Sir Charles Lyttelton MP seems to have experienced a severe struggle between his love for Anne Temple and his dread of her proving unfaithful to him after his marriage: however, he seems to have had no reason to complain of the conduct of his fair wife.
They appear to have led a domestic life, Lady Anne Temple Lyttelton bearing him 13 children, of whom there were five sons and eight daughters.
Sir Charles Lyttelton lived to 86, dying at Hagley on 2 May, 1716. Lady Anne survived him only two years, expiring, also at Hagley, on 27 August, 1718.
Last year, as I was being prepped for an operation, my anesthesiologist told me he was Portuguese from Madeira. Further, he said Madeira almost became a British colony, but Portugal changed its mind before the Queen's dowry was finalized. I asked if that was Catherine of Braganza, and he agreed it was.
I found a sort-of confirmation of this: "CATHERINE of Braganza (1638–1705), ... was born on 15-25 Nov. 1638, at the palace of Villa Viçosa, ... Her father John, duke of Braganza, became king of Portugal in 1640, ... Her mother, Louisa de Gusman, daughter of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, ... Catherine was her parents' third child, and was born on St. Catherine's day.
"She was 18 when, in 1656, her father died. One of his last acts was to grant her ... the island of Madeira, the city of Lamego, and the town of Moura, for the maintenance of her court (Sousa, Historia Genealogica da Casa Real Portugueza, vii. 283, and Provas, num. 36)."
Instead of giving Madeira to England, they granted access to all Portuguese ports, so English merchants like Thomas Warren of St. Olave's parish; brother of Sir William Warren, traded with Tangier and Madera in the 1660's. [L&M]
Henry the Navigator had introduced sugarcane to Madeira, and "sweet salt" (as sugar was known) into Europe, where it became a popular spice. These plants, and the associated technology, fueled Portuguese industry.
By 1480 Antwerp had 70 ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp.
After the 17th century, as Portuguese sugar production shifted to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important commodity product became its wine.
Madeira is a fortified wine; varieties may be sweet or dry. Its history dates to the Age of Exploration when Madeira was a port of call for ships heading to the New World or East Indies. To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral grape spirits were added. However, Madeira wine producers discovered, when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip, the wine's flavor was transformed by exposure to heat and movement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad…
American colonists indulged in Madeira wine starting in the 1640s; by the mid-18th century, British North America accounted for a quarter of the island’s exports. ... colonists preferred the taste of Madeira that had aged in the belly of merchant ships, so it was one of the few wines to benefit from transatlantic travel.
Maybe it should be "Commanders' report" which would mean the senior officer on board each ship had submitted a list of the repairs they knew needed to be made, which had been compiled for the Navy Board. I want to think Rupert would take that seriously.
Portuguese missionaries arrived in the Congo in the 15th century, and were successful in finding converts. 150 years later Congolese slaves were taken to the New World.
They knew the liturgical calendar. They knew the basics of Christianity. They made trouble because they knew what the slave owners believed.
For centuries the quality of coins made at the London Mint was checked by goldsmiths in an annual ceremony. It was and is the duty of the King's Remembrancer (as I'm sure it was in Charles II's day) to hold the Trial of the Pyx, which dates to 1249. Until the 19th century this duty was undertaken at the Court of Exchequer (with the chequered table cloth) but is now held at Goldsmiths’ Hall in the City of London, where they ensured the value of the coins being made at the Mint.
Another duty, as of 1668, affected Pepys more: the King's Remembrancer also became responsible for overseeing the planting of trees in the Forest of Dean. This was to ensure an adequate supply of oak for the Navy, the ‘wooden walls of Old England’!
The King's (or Queen's) Remembrancer is a position which goes back 500 years before the City's Remembrancer. S/he has duties which continue to this day, as outlined in this article.
What concerned Pepys is that he (as I'm sure it was in Charles II's day) is responsible for the Trial of the Pyx which dates to 1249. Until the 19th century this duty was undertaken at the Court of Exchequer (with the chequered table cloth) but is now held at Goldsmiths’ Hall in the City of London, where they ensured the value of the coins being made at the Mint.
And as of 1668 the King's Remembrancer also became responsible for overseeing the planting of trees in the Forest of Dean. This was to ensure an adequate supply of oak for the Navy, the ‘wooden walls of Old England’!
At this time Rupert is third in line of succession. Despite his wartime conquests, the English people knew he was a strong Protestant (unlike questionable Charles II and James), and he was not only forgiven but immediately much loved by the English people.
Given Rupert's unexplained antagonism towards Sandwich, and Pepys' outburst today, I suspect something personal had happened that we do not know about, which lies behind these feelings.
Ah-ha ... I had forgotten this incident where Pepys reveals feelings about Rupert in 1660:
'{294} '... it was late in September, 1660 when he [PRINCE RUPERT] arrived in London.
'Prince Rupert’s coming had been for some time anxiously expected, although he was evidently regarded as still in the Emperor's service. "For ambassadors," it was said, "we look for Don Luis de Haro's brother from Spain, with 300 followers; Prince Rupert, with a great train from the Emperor; and the Duc d'Epernon from France, with no less State."[4] [4] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. V. App. I. p. 173. Sutherland MSS., 4 Aug. 1660.
'Rupert came in a strictly private capacity. On September 29, 1660, Pepys recorded in his diary: "Prince Rupert is come to Court, welcome to nobody!"[5] [5] Pepys Diary, Sept. 29, 1660.'
Why 'Prince Rupert had, this early, incurred the diarist's enmity is puzzling. Later, the causes of it are perfectly understandable. Although unwelcome to Pepys, Rupert was welcome to many people, and not least so to the Royal family, who received him as one of themselves.'
I can find no mention of Rupert carousing through Huntington, or visiting Hinchingbrooke, or even Cambridge, during the Civil Wars ... but maybe Pepys had heard bad things? I can't think of where Rupert and Admiral Montagu could have met before the Restoration. It's very odd, but here it is. The seeds of enmity were sown before 1660.
Lightly edited from “Rupert, Prince Palatine” by EVA SCOTT -- Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford
Yes, something had gone before, which is unrecorded.
I had forgotten this incident:
'{294} '... it was late in September, 1660 when he [PRINCE RUPERT] arrived in London.
'Prince Rupert’s coming had been for some time anxiously expected, although he was evidently regarded as still in the Emperor's service. "For ambassadors," it was said, "we look for Don Luis de Haro's brother from Spain, with 300 followers; Prince Rupert, with a great train from the Emperor; and the Duc d'Epernon from France, with no less State."[4] [4] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. V. App. I. p. 173. Sutherland MSS., 4 Aug. 1660.
'Rupert came in a strictly private capacity. On September 29, 1660, Pepys recorded in his diary: "Prince Rupert is come to Court, welcome to nobody!"[5] [5] Pepys Diary, Sept. 29, 1660.
Why 'Prince Rupert had, this early, incurred the diarist's enmity is puzzling. Later, the causes of it are perfectly understandable. Although unwelcome to Pepys, Rupert was welcome to many people, and not least so to the Royal family, who received him as one of themselves.'
I can find no mention of Rupert carousing through Huntington, or visiting Hinchingbrooke, or even Cambridge, during the Civil Wars ... but maybe Pepys had heard bad things? I can't think of where Rupert and Admiral Montagu could have met before the Restoration. It's very odd, but here it is. The seeds of enmity were sown before 1660.
Lightly edited from “Rupert, Prince Palatine” by EVA SCOTT -- Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford
"The Committee of the Canary Company of both factions come to me for my Cozen Roger that is of the Committee."
I read this to mean that cousin Roger Pepys is an undecided vote on the governing committee of the Canary Company, and Pepys is being petitioned to influence his cousin. "of both factions" does not indicate political parties, but some other type of division.
The connecting theme behind this unrelated list appears to me to be fund raising, and the allocating of what funds there are. Do they rebuild London (and avoid riots), or do they build a fleet to protect the nation, and avoid invasion? Do they support English beef by halting cheaper Irish imports, risking unrest in which ever place loses? Does a wealthy man invest money in the Canary trade over less risky investments closer to home? York is arguing with Albemarle; Albermarle is disagreeing with Rupert. "So that we are all in pieces, and nobody knows what will be done the next year."
And what is Charles II thinking about? Fashion and vests! Maybe that will bring the court together? (A bit late for thrift, IMHO.)
Prince Rupert was 'Prince Robber, Duke of Plunderland' no more:
"Ever since the Restoration Rupert had been exceedingly popular, and as early as 1666 there had been rumors of an abortive plot to place him on the throne. The statement of the witness who revealed it, is as follows: "William Hopkins doth depose that he heard Edward Dolphin of Camphill, near Birmingham, say these words, or to that purpose, viz.: 'The Papists should be uppermost for a time...' and said he could tell me more, for he cared not if he were hanged so he could serve the country. Then, speaking low, he said (as I suppose), 'The King and the Duke of York are Papists, and the King hath been at Mass underground within this week or fortnight, and I can prove it.' And when I contradicted him, he said the King's wife was a Papist, and that a royal G. should rule over us.
"And when I demanded if he meant not George Monck, he replied it was Prince Rupert he meant. Then I said he was no G., so he answered G. stood for a German, and Prince Rupert was a German Prince, and declared he meant Prince Rupert should be above the King, and said all should be willing to it, and venture lives and fortunes to vindicate the cause of the said Prince Rupert."[95] [95] Dom. State Papers. Chas. II. 172. 13.
"The whole plot probably existed only in the ravings of a lunatic, but insignificant although it is, it is an indication of the country's feeling.
"That Rupert would have listened for a moment to any disloyal scheme is incredible. The only time, after the Restoration, that he played any part in politics was in 1673, when he was forced into the position of popular leader, and carried away by his wrath against the French."
Lightly edited excerpt from "Rupert, Prince Palatine" -- by EVA SCOTT, Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford WESTMINSTER -- ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co. NEW YORK -- G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1900 http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/ep…
"The Duke of York is wholly given up to this bitch of Denham."
Tell us how you really feel, Pepys. You don't usually tell us about James' dalliances.
In 1665, 50-year-old Sir John Denham married for the second time. His wife, Margaret, daughter of Sir William Brooke, was, according to the Comte de Gramont, a beautiful girl of 18.
Lady Margaret Brooke Denham became the mistress of James, Duke of York, in June 1666 and the scandal, according to common report, shattered the poet's reason. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
While Sir John Denham was recovering, SPOILER Margaret died in 1667, poisoned, it was said, by a cup of chocolate. (Some suspected Anne Hyde, Duchess of York of the crime, but the Comte de Gramont says that the general opinion was that Sir John was guilty. However, no sign of poison was found in the examination after Lady Denham's death.)
Sandwich being thus disposed of, the command of the fleet was offered in 1666 to Rupert, in conjunction with Gen. George Monck, Duke of Albemarle. To this new colleague Rupert had no objections, and there was, happily, "great unanimity and consent between them." True, Rupert would preferred to have sailed in a separate ship, but, it being represented that this might cause confusion in orders, he yielded to the argument.
Albemarle left much to Rupert's management, "declaring modestly, upon all occasions, that he was no seaman;" and this was doubtless pleasing to the Prince, who loved to rule. As both Generals-of-the-Sea were "men of great dexterity and indefatigable industry," the outlook was exceedingly favorable.[29] [29] Clarendon's Life, III. 69.
The sailors welcomed Rupert gladly; on February 13, 1666 "several sea-captains who had served under Prince Rupert, invited him to dinner, and spoke cheerfully of going against the Dutch again together."[30] [30] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 16, 1666.
So, Rupert was a Royalist, through and through. Sandwich was not, until he came over in the summer of 1659 – which you can also say of Albermarle.
Perhaps some lingering distrust, fueled by the prize scandal, and/or personal jealousy, created this rift. My guess is that there was something more which has gone unrecorded.
It’s a shame Pepys was implicated in this. The needs of the fleet would seem to be more important than any of this.
I consulted “Rupert, Prince Palatine” by EVA SCOTT Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford
WESTMINSTER -- ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co. NEW YORK -- G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1900 http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/ep… Scott was also in the dark on the origins of Rupert’s supposed personal aversion to Sandwich, which she thought may or may not have been well grounded.[23] [23] Rupert to Henry Bennet, Lord Arlington, 2 July, 1665.
Admiral Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich's character has been variously represented, and his honesty was certainly suspected. Pepys, confided to his diary his concern for his cousin in "that cursed business of the prizes," and his vehement disapproval of the whole affair.[24] [24] Pepys. 11 Oct., 31 Sept 1665, 12 Jan. 1666, 23 Oct. 1667.
On the other hand, both John Evelyn and Chancellor Clarendon esteemed Sandwich highly.
Be the reasons what they may, Rupert was averse to sharing the command with Sandwich, and hesitated to accept it. A conference with Charles II at Hampton Court at last won him over; he submitted "very cheerfully," and forthwith made ready to sail.[25] [25] Clarendon Life, II. 402.
Unfortunately, Coventry, who disliked Rupert "for no other reason than for not esteeming him at the same rate he valued himself," says Chancellor Clarendon, succeeded in persuading Charles II that the result of such a union must be disastrous.
When all was ready, and Rupert's personal retinue on board, Charles II affectionately informed his cousin that he could not dispense with his society that summer. Rupert, "though wonderfully surprised, perplexed, and even brokenhearted," offered no resistance.
[311]
Rupert quietly disembarked his retinue, and returned, "with very much trouble," to Court.[26] [26] Clarendon Life, II. 403.
Rupert may have found consolation in the fact that the Earl of Sandwich did nothing all summer, and, on his return, fell under a cloud on charges of peculation. Rupert seems to have treated him with kindness, giving him support,[27] but the sympathies of the Parliament were evidenced by a proposal to vote to Rupert a gift of £10,000, and to Sandwich half-a-crown.[28] [27] Pepys. 25 Oct. 1665. [28] Pepys. 6 Nov. 1665.
"He [JACK FENN] said it would be no hurt if I went to him [PRINCE RUPERT], and showed him the report himself [PRINCE RUPERT] brought up from the fleete, where every ship, by the Commander’s report, do need more or less, and not to mention more of Sir W. Pen for doing him a mischief."
So there are two reports regarding necessary repairs, one from Penn and one from "the Commander". I wonder who that might be.
"How long before Sam and the others think of sending a ship somewhere to import paper?"
Right after the printing shed is rebuilt, and they import a new press. I'd guess roughly six months. Wood, food, nails and bricks are much more practical at this time.
I wonder where Williamson is sending his Gazette to be printed. Oxford? Maybe he persuaded Charles II to install a press at Windsor, Nonsuch or Hampton Court?
Comments
Second Reading
About Tuesday 10 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
Arlington to Ormonde
Written from: Whitehall
Date: 10 July 1666
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 46, fol(s). 331-332
Document type: Original; subscribed & signed
'Communicates further reports and rumours of the hostile movements and preparations of the Dutch, and of the French. Describes the rendezvous appointed, and the preparations made, for the defence of the English Coasts. ...
'Great quantities of men are daily sent down to the fleet, "but not such as please our generals, either as to their quantity or quality". ...
'Recommends to the Lord Lieutenant a suit of Sir Thomas Clifford, "who serveth his Majesty very eminently in his sphere", concerning wine-licenses in Ireland.'
About Tuesday 3 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
Spies ... and oh, what a tangled web we weave:
Arlington to Ormonde
Written from: Whitehall
Date: 3 July 1666
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 46, fol(s). 329
Document type: Original, subscribed & signed
"The Dutch are said to be lying at the Gunfleet and are hourly expecting the arrival of the French fleet, to [join] them.
"Lord St. Alban's letter to the King speaks, uncertainly, of M. de Beaufort's being at Rochelle;
"Mr. Montagu affirms it positively, in a letter to the writer; asserting that he is to accompany the new Queen to Portugal, before he comes hither. ...
"It is said that the design of the Dutch is upon Scotland; that of the French upon Ireland; - hoping for a conjunction, in all three Kingdoms, of the discontented party, upon the foot of the Covenant ..."
http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/s…
So the threat of invasion includes Scotland and Ireland, with an uprising in England of "Covenanters".
I'm guessing the Mr. Montagu is Roman Catholic Abbe Walter Montagu, younger brother of Lord Chamberlain Gen. Sir Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, who probably returned to Paris with Queen Mother Henrietta Maria in August 1665.
Good old Walter seems to be planning to escort Marie Françoise Elizabeth de Savoie-Nemours (1646 – 1683)
to Portugal to marry Catherine of Braganza's brother, Afonso VI ... she's a cousin of Louis XIV, who is using her as a pawn in his plan to subvert the Spanish.
After which Walter plans to come to England ... as a known Catholic spy, he's not really welcome.
At the Restoration, Henry "Harry" Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans became Lord Chamberlain, which he fulfilled for 3 years. He remained Queen Mother Henrietta Maria’s principal servant until her death in 1669, although Charles II frequently also employed him as ambassador to France. In that role St. Albans supported the policy of friendship with France, and he contributed largely to the close secret understanding between Charles II and Louis XIV of France, being instrumental in arranging the preliminaries of the Treaty of Dover in 1669.
St. Albans should have known where the French fleet was and why.
I wonder what Catherine and Charles thought about the up-coming wedding. She must have known Afonso was "infirm".
About Wednesday 10 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
The last few entries make Pepys, Parliament and Court life sound as if life and business was back to normal. There were still thousands of homeless people roaming around, and through his carriage windows he could see the devastated neighborhoods.
A Fast Day for the fire doesn't seem to have slowed anyone down, apart from two optional church services. But by tradition, 10 October is the last day you should pick blackberries. Today is Old Michaelmas Day, the day when Lucifer was supposed to have been expelled from Heaven and fell into a blackberry bush. Lucifer cursed the fruit, scorched them with his fiery breath, spat and stamped on them and made them unfit for consumption.
In Cornwall, they also said that Lucifer urinated on the berries. (As with much folklore, there may be a basis for this: the weather is wetter and cooler in autumn there, so it can make the fruit go mouldy.)
I hope the homeless foraging in the hedgerows remembered this timeless bit of wisdom. Lucifer scorched them with his fiery breath a bit early this year.
About Anne Temple (Maid of Honour to the Duchess of York)
San Diego Sarah • Link
ANNE TEMPLE, LADY LYTTELTON.
This beautiful but silly woman, the heroine of an agreeable, but scarcely decent, adventure in De Grammont's Memoirs, was Maid of Honour to Anne Hyde, Duchess of York. She appeared at Court when extremely young, and fortunately left it before she was much older.
Anne Temple was the daughter of Thomas Temple, Esq. MP of Frankton, Warwickshire, by Rebecca, daughter of Sir Nicholas Carew, Knight, of Beddington, in Surrey.
She no sooner appeared at the Court of Charles II, than she excited the attention of its libertine frequenters. The John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester and the handsome Sidney were suitors for her smiles, and, as she loved to be admired, her reputation very narrowly escaped being ruined by their dalliance.
"Miss Temple," says Count Hamilton, "was brown compared with Miss Jennings: she had a good shape, fine teeth, languishing eyes, a fresh complexion, an agreeable smile, and a lively air. Such was the outward form, and it would be difficult to describe the rest; for she was simple and vain, credulous and suspicious, coquettish and prudent, very conceited and very silly."
Anne Temple figures as the companion of Miss Hobart, a person who shared the strange moral peculiarities of Sappho, without a tittle of the genius of the Lesbian poetess. Fortunately, Miss Temple had scarcely been two years at Court, when an eligible offer of marriage gave her an opportunity of escaping from her dangerous post of Maid of Honor.
At the age of 18, she accepted the hand of Sir Charles Lyttelton, Knight, a gallant cavalier of 40, and owner of the afterwards classical seat of Hagley.
Sir Charles had formerly distinguished himself under the royal standard in the civil troubles, and since then had been governor of Jamaica, where he built the town of Port Royal. At the period of his marriage, Lyttelton was colonel of the Duke of York's regiment. Lyttelton afterwards rose to be a Brigadier-General, Governor of Sheerness, and sat as Member of Parliament for Bewdley.
Sir Charles Lyttelton MP seems to have experienced a severe struggle between his love for Anne Temple and his dread of her proving unfaithful to him after his marriage: however, he seems to have had no reason to complain of the conduct of his fair wife.
They appear to have led a domestic life, Lady Anne Temple Lyttelton bearing him 13 children, of whom there were five sons and eight daughters.
Sir Charles Lyttelton lived to 86, dying at Hagley on 2 May, 1716. Lady Anne survived him only two years, expiring, also at Hagley, on 27 August, 1718.
Lightly edited from https://books.google.com/books?pg…
About Madeira
San Diego Sarah • Link
Last year, as I was being prepped for an operation, my anesthesiologist told me he was Portuguese from Madeira. Further, he said Madeira almost became a British colony, but Portugal changed its mind before the Queen's dowry was finalized. I asked if that was Catherine of Braganza, and he agreed it was.
I found a sort-of confirmation of this:
"CATHERINE of Braganza (1638–1705), ... was born on 15-25 Nov. 1638, at the palace of Villa Viçosa, ... Her father John, duke of Braganza, became king of Portugal in 1640, ... Her mother, Louisa de Gusman, daughter of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, ... Catherine was her parents' third child, and was born on St. Catherine's day.
"She was 18 when, in 1656, her father died. One of his last acts was to grant her ... the island of Madeira, the city of Lamego, and the town of Moura, for the maintenance of her court (Sousa, Historia Genealogica da Casa Real Portugueza, vii. 283, and Provas, num. 36)."
A well-researched biography of Catherine at https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ca…
Instead of giving Madeira to England, they granted access to all Portuguese ports, so English merchants like Thomas Warren of St. Olave's parish; brother of Sir William Warren, traded with Tangier and Madera in the 1660's. [L&M]
Henry the Navigator had introduced sugarcane to Madeira, and "sweet salt" (as sugar was known) into Europe, where it became a popular spice. These plants, and the associated technology, fueled Portuguese industry.
By 1480 Antwerp had 70 ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp.
After the 17th century, as Portuguese sugar production shifted to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important commodity product became its wine.
Madeira is a fortified wine; varieties may be sweet or dry. Its history dates to the Age of Exploration when Madeira was a port of call for ships heading to the New World or East Indies. To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral grape spirits were added. However, Madeira wine producers discovered, when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip, the wine's flavor was transformed by exposure to heat and movement.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad…
American colonists indulged in Madeira wine starting in the 1640s; by the mid-18th century, British North America accounted for a quarter of the island’s exports. ... colonists preferred the taste of Madeira that had aged in the belly of merchant ships, so it was one of the few wines to benefit from transatlantic travel.
https://www.atlasobscura.com/arti…
You could say Madeira fueled the American Revolution.
About Sunday 7 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
Maybe it should be "Commanders' report" which would mean the senior officer on board each ship had submitted a list of the repairs they knew needed to be made, which had been compiled for the Navy Board. I want to think Rupert would take that seriously.
About English Royal Africa Company ("Guinea Company")
San Diego Sarah • Link
Portuguese missionaries arrived in the Congo in the 15th century, and were successful in finding converts. 150 years later Congolese slaves were taken to the New World.
They knew the liturgical calendar. They knew the basics of Christianity. They made trouble because they knew what the slave owners believed.
https://daily.jstor.org/did-kongo…
About Tuesday 19 May 1663
San Diego Sarah • Link
Trying again ...
https://www.historic-uk.com/Histo…
About Tuesday 19 May 1663
San Diego Sarah • Link
For centuries the quality of coins made at the London Mint was checked by goldsmiths in an annual ceremony. It was and is the duty of the King's Remembrancer (as I'm sure it was in Charles II's day) to hold the Trial of the Pyx, which dates to 1249. Until the 19th century this duty was undertaken at the Court of Exchequer (with the chequered table cloth) but is now held at Goldsmiths’ Hall in the City of London, where they ensured the value of the coins being made at the Mint.
Another duty, as of 1668, affected Pepys more: the King's Remembrancer also became responsible for overseeing the planting of trees in the Forest of Dean. This was to ensure an adequate supply of oak for the Navy, the ‘wooden walls of Old England’!
More information about the Queen's Remembrancer and the Trial of the Pyx:
https://www.historic-uk.com/Histo…
About Edward Manning (City Remembrancer 1665-6)
San Diego Sarah • Link
The King's (or Queen's) Remembrancer is a position which goes back 500 years before the City's Remembrancer. S/he has duties which continue to this day, as outlined in this article.
What concerned Pepys is that he (as I'm sure it was in Charles II's day) is responsible for the Trial of the Pyx which dates to 1249. Until the 19th century this duty was undertaken at the Court of Exchequer (with the chequered table cloth) but is now held at Goldsmiths’ Hall in the City of London, where they ensured the value of the coins being made at the Mint.
And as of 1668 the King's Remembrancer also became responsible for overseeing the planting of trees in the Forest of Dean. This was to ensure an adequate supply of oak for the Navy, the ‘wooden walls of Old England’!
https://www.historic-uk.com/Histo…
About Saturday 29 September 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
At this time Rupert is third in line of succession. Despite his wartime conquests, the English people knew he was a strong Protestant (unlike questionable Charles II and James), and he was not only forgiven but immediately much loved by the English people.
Given Rupert's unexplained antagonism towards Sandwich, and Pepys' outburst today, I suspect something personal had happened that we do not know about, which lies behind these feelings.
About Surveyor-General of Victualling
San Diego Sarah • Link
Ah-ha ... I had forgotten this incident where Pepys reveals feelings about Rupert in 1660:
'{294}
'... it was late in September, 1660 when he [PRINCE RUPERT] arrived in London.
'Prince Rupert’s coming had been for some time anxiously expected, although he was evidently regarded as still in the Emperor's service. "For ambassadors," it was said, "we look for Don Luis de Haro's brother from Spain, with 300 followers; Prince Rupert, with a great train from the Emperor; and the Duc d'Epernon from France, with no less State."[4]
[4] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. V. App. I. p. 173. Sutherland MSS., 4 Aug. 1660.
'Rupert came in a strictly private capacity. On September 29, 1660, Pepys recorded in his diary: "Prince Rupert is come to Court, welcome to nobody!"[5]
[5] Pepys Diary, Sept. 29, 1660.'
Why 'Prince Rupert had, this early, incurred the diarist's enmity is puzzling. Later, the causes of it are perfectly understandable. Although unwelcome to Pepys, Rupert was welcome to many people, and not least so to the Royal family, who received him as one of themselves.'
I can find no mention of Rupert carousing through Huntington, or visiting Hinchingbrooke, or even Cambridge, during the Civil Wars ... but maybe Pepys had heard bad things? I can't think of where Rupert and Admiral Montagu could have met before the Restoration. It's very odd, but here it is. The seeds of enmity were sown before 1660.
Lightly edited from “Rupert, Prince Palatine”
by EVA SCOTT -- Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford
WESTMINSTER -- ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co.
NEW YORK -- G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
1900
http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/ep…
About Sir Edward Mountagu ("my Lord," Earl of Sandwich)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 3
Yes, something had gone before, which is unrecorded.
I had forgotten this incident:
'{294}
'... it was late in September, 1660 when he [PRINCE RUPERT] arrived in London.
'Prince Rupert’s coming had been for some time anxiously expected, although he was evidently regarded as still in the Emperor's service. "For ambassadors," it was said, "we look for Don Luis de Haro's brother from Spain, with 300 followers; Prince Rupert, with a great train from the Emperor; and the Duc d'Epernon from France, with no less State."[4]
[4] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. V. App. I. p. 173. Sutherland MSS., 4 Aug. 1660.
'Rupert came in a strictly private capacity. On September 29, 1660, Pepys recorded in his diary: "Prince Rupert is come to Court, welcome to nobody!"[5]
[5] Pepys Diary, Sept. 29, 1660.
Why 'Prince Rupert had, this early, incurred the diarist's enmity is puzzling. Later, the causes of it are perfectly understandable. Although unwelcome to Pepys, Rupert was welcome to many people, and not least so to the Royal family, who received him as one of themselves.'
I can find no mention of Rupert carousing through Huntington, or visiting Hinchingbrooke, or even Cambridge, during the Civil Wars ... but maybe Pepys had heard bad things? I can't think of where Rupert and Admiral Montagu could have met before the Restoration. It's very odd, but here it is. The seeds of enmity were sown before 1660.
Lightly edited from “Rupert, Prince Palatine”
by EVA SCOTT -- Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford
WESTMINSTER -- ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co.
NEW YORK -- G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
1900
http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/ep…
About Monday 8 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"The Committee of the Canary Company of both factions come to me for my Cozen Roger that is of the Committee."
I read this to mean that cousin Roger Pepys is an undecided vote on the governing committee of the Canary Company, and Pepys is being petitioned to influence his cousin. "of both factions" does not indicate political parties, but some other type of division.
The connecting theme behind this unrelated list appears to me to be fund raising, and the allocating of what funds there are. Do they rebuild London (and avoid riots), or do they build a fleet to protect the nation, and avoid invasion? Do they support English beef by halting cheaper Irish imports, risking unrest in which ever place loses? Does a wealthy man invest money in the Canary trade over less risky investments closer to home? York is arguing with Albemarle; Albermarle is disagreeing with Rupert. "So that we are all in pieces, and nobody knows what will be done the next year."
And what is Charles II thinking about? Fashion and vests! Maybe that will bring the court together? (A bit late for thrift, IMHO.)
About Monday 8 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
Prince Rupert was 'Prince Robber, Duke of Plunderland' no more:
"Ever since the Restoration Rupert had been exceedingly popular, and as early as 1666 there had been rumors of an abortive plot to place him on the throne. The statement of the witness who revealed it, is as follows: "William Hopkins doth depose that he heard Edward Dolphin of Camphill, near Birmingham, say these words, or to that purpose, viz.:
'The Papists should be uppermost for a time...' and said he could tell me more, for he cared not if he were hanged so he could serve the country. Then, speaking low, he said (as I suppose), 'The King and the Duke of York are Papists, and the King hath been at Mass underground within this week or fortnight, and I can prove it.' And when I contradicted him, he said the King's wife was a Papist, and that a royal G. should rule over us.
"And when I demanded if he meant not George Monck, he replied it was Prince Rupert he meant. Then I said he was no G., so he answered G. stood for a German, and Prince Rupert was a German Prince, and declared he meant Prince Rupert should be above the King, and said all should be willing to it, and venture lives and fortunes to vindicate the cause of the said Prince Rupert."[95]
[95] Dom. State Papers. Chas. II. 172. 13.
"The whole plot probably existed only in the ravings of a lunatic, but insignificant although it is, it is an indication of the country's feeling.
"That Rupert would have listened for a moment to any disloyal scheme is incredible. The only time, after the Restoration, that he played any part in politics was in 1673, when he was forced into the position of popular leader, and carried away by his wrath against the French."
Lightly edited excerpt from "Rupert, Prince Palatine" -- by EVA SCOTT, Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford
WESTMINSTER -- ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co.
NEW YORK -- G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
1900
http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/ep…
About Monday 8 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"The Duke of York is wholly given up to this bitch of Denham."
Tell us how you really feel, Pepys. You don't usually tell us about James' dalliances.
In 1665, 50-year-old Sir John Denham married for the second time. His wife, Margaret, daughter of Sir William Brooke, was, according to the Comte de Gramont, a beautiful girl of 18.
Lady Margaret Brooke Denham became the mistress of James, Duke of York, in June 1666 and the scandal, according to common report, shattered the poet's reason. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
While Sir John Denham was recovering, SPOILER Margaret died in 1667, poisoned, it was said, by a cup of chocolate. (Some suspected Anne Hyde, Duchess of York of the crime, but the Comte de Gramont says that the general opinion was that Sir John was guilty. However, no sign of poison was found in the examination after Lady Denham's death.)
For more on Sir John and his poetry, see http://www.nndb.com/people/448/00…
About Sir Edward Mountagu ("my Lord," Earl of Sandwich)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
Sandwich being thus disposed of, the command of the fleet was offered in 1666 to Rupert, in conjunction with Gen. George Monck, Duke of Albemarle. To this new colleague Rupert had no objections, and there was, happily, "great unanimity and consent between them." True, Rupert would preferred to have sailed in a separate ship, but, it being represented that this might cause confusion in orders, he yielded to the argument.
Albemarle left much to Rupert's management, "declaring modestly, upon all occasions, that he was no seaman;" and this was doubtless pleasing to the Prince, who loved to rule. As both Generals-of-the-Sea were "men of great dexterity and indefatigable industry," the outlook was exceedingly favorable.[29]
[29] Clarendon's Life, III. 69.
The sailors welcomed Rupert gladly; on February 13, 1666 "several sea-captains who had served under Prince Rupert, invited him to dinner, and spoke cheerfully of going against the Dutch again together."[30]
[30] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 16, 1666.
So, Rupert was a Royalist, through and through. Sandwich was not, until he came over in the summer of 1659 – which you can also say of Albermarle.
Perhaps some lingering distrust, fueled by the prize scandal, and/or personal jealousy, created this rift. My guess is that there was something more which has gone unrecorded.
It’s a shame Pepys was implicated in this. The needs of the fleet would seem to be more important than any of this.
About Sir Edward Mountagu ("my Lord," Earl of Sandwich)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Why was Rupert so opposed to Sandwich?
I consulted “Rupert, Prince Palatine”
by EVA SCOTT
Late Scholar of Somerville College, Oxford
WESTMINSTER -- ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co.
NEW YORK -- G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
1900
http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/ep…
Scott was also in the dark on the origins of Rupert’s supposed personal aversion to Sandwich, which she thought may or may not have been well grounded.[23]
[23] Rupert to Henry Bennet, Lord Arlington, 2 July, 1665.
Admiral Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich's character has been variously represented, and his honesty was certainly suspected. Pepys, confided to his diary his concern for his cousin in "that cursed business of the prizes," and his vehement disapproval of the whole affair.[24]
[24] Pepys. 11 Oct., 31 Sept 1665, 12 Jan. 1666, 23 Oct. 1667.
On the other hand, both John Evelyn and Chancellor Clarendon esteemed Sandwich highly.
Be the reasons what they may, Rupert was averse to sharing the command with Sandwich, and hesitated to accept it. A conference with Charles II at Hampton Court at last won him over; he submitted "very cheerfully," and forthwith made ready to sail.[25]
[25] Clarendon Life, II. 402.
Unfortunately, Coventry, who disliked Rupert "for no other reason than for not esteeming him at the same rate he valued himself," says Chancellor Clarendon, succeeded in persuading Charles II that the result of such a union must be disastrous.
When all was ready, and Rupert's personal retinue on board, Charles II affectionately informed his cousin that he could not dispense with his society that summer. Rupert, "though wonderfully surprised, perplexed, and even brokenhearted," offered no resistance.
[311]
Rupert quietly disembarked his retinue, and returned, "with very much trouble," to Court.[26]
[26] Clarendon Life, II. 403.
Rupert may have found consolation in the fact that the Earl of Sandwich did nothing all summer, and, on his return, fell under a cloud on charges of peculation. Rupert seems to have treated him with kindness, giving him support,[27] but the sympathies of the Parliament were evidenced by a proposal to vote to Rupert a gift of £10,000, and to Sandwich half-a-crown.[28]
[27] Pepys. 25 Oct. 1665.
[28] Pepys. 6 Nov. 1665.
About Sunday 7 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"He [JACK FENN] said it would be no hurt if I went to him [PRINCE RUPERT], and showed him the report himself [PRINCE RUPERT] brought up from the fleete, where every ship, by the Commander’s report, do need more or less, and not to mention more of Sir W. Pen for doing him a mischief."
So there are two reports regarding necessary repairs, one from Penn and one from "the Commander". I wonder who that might be.
About Friday 5 October 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"How long before Sam and the others think of sending a ship somewhere to import paper?"
Right after the printing shed is rebuilt, and they import a new press. I'd guess roughly six months. Wood, food, nails and bricks are much more practical at this time.
I wonder where Williamson is sending his Gazette to be printed. Oxford? Maybe he persuaded Charles II to install a press at Windsor, Nonsuch or Hampton Court?
Their ingenuity should not be underestimated.