Sir Robert Holmes’ rivals Sir Jeremiah Smith (admiral of the blue) and Sir Edward Spragge (vice-admiral of the blue) had been promoted above him.
Holmes used their conduct during the St. James' Day Fight, to start a bitter quarrel with Smith which led to them fighting a duel.
The recriminations between the officers and their respective factions played a role in the subsequent Parliamentary investigation over embezzlement in the naval administration and the conduct of the war.
Since who was a "tar" and who was a "gentleman" played a decisive role in this battle, I would love to find a list. I've looked in all my books but haven't found anything helpful.
###
For fun reading about these times I recommend "The Blast that Tears the Skies" (1665) and "Death's Bright Angel" (1666) both out in paperback by J.D. Davies.
The St. James Day battle was an English victory. No greater tribute can be given on the performance of England’s admirals and commanders than to say they had the honor of defeating three great seamen: De Ruyter, Evertzen, and Van Tromp.
Dutch casualties were said to be enormous, estimated immediately after the battle of about 5,000 men, compared with 300 English killed. (Later, a better count revealed that only about 1,200 of the Dutch had been killed or seriously wounded.) The Dutch lost the four Flag-officers already mentioned, and numerous captains, including Euth Maximiliaan, Hendrik Vroorn, Cornelis van Hogenhoeck, Hugo van Nijhoff, and Jurriaan Poel.
The “victors” only lost the Resolution, two or three fireships, and a relatively small number of men. No flag-officers fell, and the only captains who lost their lives were Hugh Seymour of the Foresight, John Parker of the Yarmouth, Joseph Sanders of the Breda, Arthur Ashby of the Guinea, and William Martin of the hired East Indiaman London.
Capt. Joseph Sanders of the Breda, 48 guns, was wounded in the leg by a musket shot which was initially thought trivial, but he unhappily died a few days later.
Survival was enough for the Dutch, as the English could not afford to replace their losses.
In the Republic the “defeat” had far-reaching political fallout.
Van Tromp may have defeated Allin, but was accused by De Ruyter of being responsible for the plight of the main body of the Dutch fleet by chasing the English rear squadron as far as the English coast. To defend himself, Van Tromp let his brother-in-law, Johan Kievit, publish an account of his conduct.
As Van Tromp was the champion of the Orange party, the conflict led to much party strife. Van Tromp was fired by the States of Holland on August 13.
Five days later Charles II made another peace offer to Grand Pensionary De Witt, again using Henri Buat as an intermediary. Among the letters given to De Witt was one included by mistake which contained the secret English instructions to their contacts in the Orange party, outlining plans for an overthrow of the States regime.
Henri Buat was arrested. His accomplices fled to England, among them Johan Kievit who was condemned to death in absentia. Van Tromp's family was fined, and he was forbidden to serve in the fleet.
De Witt now had proof of the collaborationist nature of the Orange movement; the major city regents distanced themselves from its cause. Buat was condemned for treason and beheaded.
The mood in the Republic now became very belligerent.
In November 1669, a supporter of Van Tromp tried to stab De Ruyter in the entrance hall of his house.
In 1672 Van Tromp had his revenge when Johan de Witt was murdered (some alleged Van Tromp had a hand in this).
In 1673 the new ruler, William III of Orange, succeeded in reconciling De Ruyter with Van Tromp.
When the sun rose, De Ruyter discovered his position was hopeless. Adm. Evertsen had died after losing a leg. His force was reduced to about 40 ships, most of which were inoperable, and they were crowded into a small harbor. His 15 good ships were missing, presumably having deserted during the night.
A strong gale from the east prevented a retreat to the Republic, and to the west the British van and center (about 50 ships) surrounded Flushing in a half-circle, safely bombarding his fleet from a leeward position.
De Ruyter became desperate. When his second-in-command of the center, Lieutenant-Admiral Aert Jansse van Nes visited him for a council of war, he exclaimed: "With seven or eight against the mass!" He then mumbling: "What's wrong with us? I wish I were dead." His close friend, Van Nes, tried to cheer him up, joking: "Me too. But you never die when you want to!"
No sooner had the men left the cabin than the table where they had been sitting was smashed by a cannonball.
However, the English also had problems. The gale prevented them from closing with the Dutch. They tried to use fire ships, but they had trouble reaching the enemy in harbor. Only the sloop Fan-Fan (Rupert's personal pleasure yacht) rowed to the Dutch flagship De Zeven Provinciën to harass it with its two little guns, much to the amusement of the English crews.
The flagship warded off another attack by a fire ship, the Land of Promise. Van Tromp didn't report for a briefing. De Ruyter’s anxiety became unbearable. He purposely exposed himself on deck.
But the English seamen failed to hit him, and De Ruyter was heard to say: "Oh, God, how unfortunate I am! Amongst so many thousands of cannonballs, is there not one that would take me?"
His son-in-law, Captain of the Marines Johann de Witte, overheard him and said: "Father, what desperate words! If you merely want to die, let us then turn, sail in the midst of our enemies and fight ourselves to death!"
This brave but foolish proposal brought De Ruyter to his senses. He answered: "You don't know what you are talking about! If I did that, all would be lost. But if I can bring myself and these ships safely home, we'll finish the job later."
Then the wind saved the Dutch by turning to the west. They formed a line of battle and took their fleet to safety through the Flemish shoals, Vice- Admiral Adriaen Banckert of the Zealandic fleet covering the retreat of all damaged ships with the operational vessels. The number of operational vessels slowly grew as only a few ships had really deserted in the night; most had drifted away, and now rejoined the battle line.
The main battle continued in a desultory way during the night, and became brisk again on the morning of the 26th. The wind was now strong from the N.E., and the Wielings shallows were close at hand, so the pursuit of the Dutch van and center finally had to be discontinued.
Meanwhile, many miles away, Van Tromp broke off pursuit of Allin, well-pleased with his first real victory as a squadron commander.
During the night, a ship brought him the message that De Ruyter had been victorious, so Van Tromp woke up feeling happy and satisfied.
All that abruptly changed when his squadron discovered the drifting flagship of the dying Tjerk Hiddes de Vries and learned his colleagues had suffered defeat, and that part of them had taken refuge in the Wielings.
Suddenly Van Tromp feared his ship was the only fighting remnant of the Dutch fleet, and he was in mortal peril. Behind him, the ships of the English rear which were still operational had turned to the east. Smith had the wind once more, and was in chase.
In front, the other English squadrons surely awaited him. On the horizon, only English flags could be seen.
Smith chased Van Tromp all day.
Maneuvering wildly, Van Tromp began to drink gin to restore his nerve. He dodged all attempts to trap him.
In the evening, Albemarle and Rupert, far to leeward and unable to interfere, could see Van Tromp flying for Flushing, with Smith at his heels.
When Van Tromp reached Flushing, to his great relief he found the rest of the Dutch fleet.
At 11 P.M. on the 26th the English van and center anchored off the Dutch coast. When Smith’s squadron rejoined the fleet, he reported Van Tromp had escaped with a shattered force.
In port, it took Van Tromp six hours to gather enough courage to face De Ruyter. It was obvious to him that he never should have allowed himself to be separated from the main force.
De Ruyter hadn't mentally recovered from the events of the previous day, so he immediately blamed Van Tromp for the defeat and ordered him and his subcommanders, Isaac Sweers and Willem van der Zaan, from his sight and told them to never again set foot on his flagship.
Towards night the English restarted the engagement. By then De Ruyter had re-formed his squadron, and, having stationed Vice-Admiral Adriaen Banckers, with 20 of the least damaged ships at the rear of his line, began a masterly retreat.
Before the retreat began, Banckers's first flagship, a vessel of 60 guns, and a ship called the Sneek ran Harlinyen, 50 guns, were abandoned and burnt.
In the meantime, the two rears had been closely engaged to the westward.
Dutch accounts have it that Smith continually gave way, and he did so in order to further separate the Dutch rear from the van and center. At first Van Tromp and Meppel (who was with him) had the best of the conflict. They burnt the Resolution, 64 guns; and, having gained the wind, they chased throughout the night of the 25th.
Capt. George Batts commanded the Unicorn, a third rate of 60 guns, was assigned to Richard Utber's division in the White Squadron. During the battle he had a falling out with Utber, and was dismissed from the service after the battle.
Rear Adm. Richard Utber [a tar] descended from a respected Lowestoft family and was married to Allin’s sister. Pepys mentions him three times, but not in relationship to this action. Pepys didn’t have cause to trust him either.
Captain Robert Clarke in command of the Triumph, a second rate, distinguished himself in this action.
Francis Digby, the second son of George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, was in command of the fourth rate frigate Jersey. His bravery is indicated by the fact that when the Jersey went in for repair during the fight, Capt. Digby asked permission to go back to sea on another ship as a volunteer (a request rejected by Albemarle).
Capt. Charles O'Brien was appointed captain of the Advice, 48 guns, and served as one of the seconds to Sir Edward Spragge.
The English van from the first asserted its superiority over the Dutch van which fought magnificently. Quickly the Dutch lost three flag-officers Jan Evertsen, Tjerck Hiddes de Vries, and Rudolf Coenders; but it was overpowered, and by one o'clock was in full flight to the eastward.
Capt. Robert Mohun in the Dreadnought had a distinguished share in this second engagement.
Capt. Sir William Poole commanded the Mary of 58 guns.
Capt. Robert Robinson of the Warspight, a third rate of 64 guns, in which distinguished himself during the actions of 1666..
The English center had a more difficult and prolonged task before it, as De Ruyter and the captains under his immediate command fought stubbornly and gallantly.
Rupert had to shift his flag; the Royal Catherine and St. George had to haul out of action; and De Ruyter's flagship, the Zeven Provincien, was entirely dismasted after a savage conflict with Sir Robert Holmes in the Henry.
At 4 P.M. the Dutch center gave way; but both squadrons were in bad shape, and for some hours they drifted together to the southward, too mauled and exhausted to continue any kind of general action.
Capt. Charles Talbot’s ship was so disabled during the first day he had to put into Harwich. How this happened we do not know, but he appears to have had no further commands until 1678.
Meanwhile Capt. Jeremiah Smith with the English rear came up on Lieutenant-Adm. Cornelis Van Tromp, who put before the wind and broke through just ahead of the English rear, thus separating himself from his friends.
To De Ruyter, who later wrote bitterly to the States-General of Van Tromp's conduct, it appeared his subordinate allowed his squadron to fall far astern of its station, to be cut off by Smith. The evidence shows that, although Van Tromp was often headstrong, perverse and insubordinate, he never deliberately postponed action. He showed rashness rather than slothfulness or prudence.
The English van from the first asserted its superiority over the Dutch van. Quickly the Dutch lost three flag-officers Jan Evertsen, Tjerck Hiddes de Vries, and Rudolf Coenders. It was overpowered, and by 1 P.M. was in flight eastward.
Van Tromp, commanding the Dutch rear, now brought his vessels to De Ruyter's rescue. Van Tromp ordered his vessels to the west crossing the line of the English rear under Smith.
From the moment Allin joined battle with Evertson (and went away in hot action with him), to the time when Van Tromp quit the Dutch line, two hours had elapsed.
It was then noon, and since 11 A.M. the wind had blown from the northward.
Van Tromp's rear squadron was the strongest of the Dutch, and Smith's rear Squadron was England’s weakest. If De Ruyter had understood Van Tromp's maneuver, it might have been defendable, but De Ruyter was mystified.
Van Tromp and Smith engaged in a confused melee, moving away on the starboard tack. The English rear was now cut off from the center, and Van Tromp's squadron began a dogged attack forcing Smith's ships to flee to the west. They became lost to sight in the direction of the English coast.
And the two vans and centers, broadside to broadside, headed nearly due east.
The pursuit of the English rear lasted well into the night, with Van Tromp destroying the Resolution with a fireship. Its captain, Willoughby Hannam [a tar] was 'A very stout able seaman' according to Coventry. He had served the Commonwealth and held 7 commissions after 1660. The Resolution ran aground and was burnt by a Dutch fireship.
Three times Van Tromp shot Smith's entire crew out of the rigging of his flagship, the Loyal London, before it caught fire and had to be towed home.
Edward Spragge [a tar] on the Victory was vice commander of the English rear, under Smith. Spragge felt so humiliated by these events that he became a personal enemy of Van Tromp, a feud which lasted until Spragge’s death. Worse, Spragge was later denounced as a coward in this action by his enemy, Robert Holmes -- but that’s a story for later.
Also aboard the Victory with Spragge was volunteer John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester. He again showed extraordinary courage at the height of battle, most notably rowing between vessels under heavy cannon fire, to deliver Spragge's messages around the squadron.
Evertsen’s van was becalmed and drifted away from the line of battle, splitting De Ruyter's fleet in two. This awkward situation lasted for hours.
Then a soft breeze began to blow from the northeast. Immediately, Allen’s van and part of the center formed a line of battle and engaged the Dutch van, still in disarray and basically defenseless.
The outnumbered Dutch failed to form a coherent line of battle in response, and ship after ship was mauled by the combined firepower of the English line. Vice-Admiral Rudolf Coenders was killed, and Lieutenant-Admiral Tjerk Hiddes de Vries had an arm and a leg shot off.
De Ruyter reformed the Dutch center and attempted to reach the van, but the wind was against him and he failed to reunite his forces. With the Dutch van defeated, the English converged to deliver the coup-de-grâce to De Ruyter's center.
Vice Admiral Sir Edward Teddiman of the White squadron furiously attacked the van of De Ruyter's fleet. The Royal Catherine was so roughly treated she was obliged to quit the line to refit.
Albemarle in the Sovereign, accompanying Rupert in the Royal Charles, predicted that De Ruyter would give two broadsides and run, but the latter put up a furious fight on the Dutch flagship De Zeven Provinciën. De Ruyter withstood a combined attack by the Sovereign and the Royal Charles, and forced Rupert to leave the damaged Royal Charles for the Royal James.
Capt. John Cox, captain of the Sovereign under Albemarle, a first rate of 100 guns, greatly contributed to the victory, which was later recognized by Rupert and Albemarle when he was knighted.
Capt. John Hubbard was captain of the Royal Charles, the ship on board which Rupert and Albemarle hoisted the standard. The conspicuous share born by this ship in the victory naturally is given to these two men. But while they were engaged in manœuvring the fleet, merit should be given to Capt. Hubbard, who, by his conduct and gallantry enabled them to devote their attention to the weightier part of their charge. It is said in the account published later by authority that "few ships need repairing except the Royal Charles, who bears honorable marks of that day's dangers."
The Dutch center's resistance enabled the seaworthy remnants of the van to make an escape to the south.
Both sides needed time to repair their fleets. The Dutch returned to the sea seven days before the English, partly because the English lacked manpower.
Capt. Richard Trevanian (who Pepys meets later on) was one of the skippers left in port. He was captain of the Marmaduke which lay either in the Thames or Medway for want of crewmen.
On 15 July, 1666 the Dutch fleet put to sea with troops aboard, intending to invade England, but again the French fleet did not show so the troops were landed back in the Netherlands.
The Dutch fleet of 88 men-of-war, 10 yachts and 20 fireships remained at sea, and on the evening of 22 July was to the north-east of the mouth of the Thames.
On 23 July, 1666 both fleets were becalmed. On the night of 23-24 a storm blew, doing damage to both sides.
During July 24 the Dutch kept the wind, and the English fleet of 89 warships maneuvered trying to obtain it. The night found the two fleets in the broad part of the Thames estuary between Orfordness and the North Foreland, the Dutch being to the N.E., and the wind blowing generally from the northward, but varying from N.N.E. to N.
Battle -- First day
As early as 2 A.M. on Wednesday, 25 July -- St. James's Day -- the Generals-at-Sea Rupert and Albemarle weighed anchored, and from then until about 10 A.M. the fleets slowly approached one another.
The English fleet of 89 ships seem to have been in line of battle close hauled or a point large on the port tack, Sir Thomas Allin's squadron leading. The Dutch fleet of 88 ships, in line of battle with the wind on the port quarter, or steering about six points large, Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen’s squadron leading; and, as they closed, the wind veered to N.W.
The Dutch line was ill-formed. Observers said it looked as if it bowed into a half moon: and, while the van and center were crowded, there was a gap between the center (under De Ruyter) and the rear (under Van Tromp).
The English line was as regular as a line of 5 or 6 miles can be. (The regularity of the English line during the Second Anglo-Dutch War often admiration, even by their critics.)
About 10 A.M., when the leading vessels of the two columns arrived within gunshot range, Allin [a tar] engaged Evertsen and the Dutch van, the squadrons holding parallel courses on the port tack, with the Dutch being to windward.
De Ruyter gave orders for a chase and the Dutch fleet pursued the English from the southeast in a leeward position, as the wind blew from the northwest. Suddenly, the wind turned to the northeast. Rupert then turned sharply east to regain the weather gauge. De Ruyter followed, but the wind fell, and the Dutch fleet fell behind.
In a naval battle the line contains three squadrons, each flying different colors. The lead squadron is called the van, the middle is called the center, and the end is brought up by the rear. Each ship has a Captain/Commander/Admiral, and the Generals-at-Sea control events as best they can by flying bunting from the mast of their flagships; each Squadron is overseen by an Admiral; but they do not issue orders about the sailing of the ships on which they stand as that is left to the Captains.
PRELUDE
In the winter of 1665-6, the Dutch created a strong anti-English alliance. On 26 January, Louis XIV declared war in accordance with a Treaty he could no longer ignore. In February, Frederick III of Denmark did the same after being paid a large sum. The promised English subsidies remained largely hypothetical, so Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Prince-Bishop of Münster made peace with the Republic in April at Cleves.
By the spring of 1666, the Dutch had rebuilt their fleet with much heavier ships — 30 of them possessing more cannon than any Dutch ship in early 1665 — and looked forward to being reinforced by a French fleet.
Charles II made a new peace offer in February, employing a French nobleman in Orange service, Henri Buat, as messenger. In it, Charles vaguely promised to moderate his demands if the Dutch would appoint his nephew, young William III in some responsible function and pay £200,000 in "indemnities".
Grand Pensionary De Witt considered the peace offer a bluff to create dissension amongst the Orangists and the Republican Dutch, and between the Dutch and the French.
A new confrontation was inevitable.
First came the Four Days' Battle in May, one of the longest naval engagements in history. A fleet of 80 ships, under Generals-at-Sea George Monck, Duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert of the Rhine sailed, but early on Rupert was detached with 20 ships to intercept a French squadron which was thought to be passing through the English Channel, presumably to join the Dutch fleet. In fact, the French fleet was largely still in the Mediterranean.
With the return of the fresh squadron under Rupert the English now had more ships, yet the Dutch decided the battle on the fourth day, breaking the English line several times. When the English retreated, De Ruyter could not follow probably because of lack of gunpowder.
Both sides claimed victory: the English because Dutch Lieutenant Admiral Michiel de Ruyter retreated first, the Dutch because they had inflicted greater losses on the English, who lost ten ships against the Dutch four.
"Just a slight annotation. De Ruyter was commander of the naval force that raided the Medway. But during the actual raid he had fallen ill. Cornelis de Witt took ver and was the actual commander of the raid on the Medway."
"... the George Inn opened during the Medieval Period and shows up in the first map of Southwark made in 1543. It was frequented by Charles Dickens (who gave it a mention in Little Dorrit) and today is one of the last remaining galleried inns in the United Kingdom. It is a Grade I listed building and is a perfect place for a pint."
Pett being in London now would be the equivalent of the manager of the Spitfire factory being in the bunker with Churchill during the Battle of Britain, instead of being at the factory. Were the new ships/aircraft being built be of immediate use? Probably not. But being prepared with spare parts to patch up the damaged existing ones would be crucial.
That's why Penn was sent to Sheerness ... he would need nails, spars, masts, sails, cork, ropes and tar, etc. etc. sent down the Medway every day so he could do the quick turn arounds.
According to Evelyn, John Cotton MP, 3rd Bart. was only ‘a pretended great Grecian, but had by no means the parts or genius of his grandfather’; but Cotton’s letters suggest that this verdict was too harsh.
"John Evelyn's Diary -- July 29, 1666 -- The Pestilence now a fresh increasing in our Parish, I forbore going to Church:"
Evelyn's home is next to the Deptford shipyard, at Sayes Court. I presume this means the shipyards are not fully manned. I note Pepys last visited Deptford on July 2 when he saw a blemish on Mrs. Bagwell's and left ASAP.
"I would imagine Pett is a civilian, not part of the navy or under military discipline, and that in any case would the navy yard be threatened by the battle?"
At Chatham Navy Yards, Commissioner Peter Pett ruled a modern industrial complex:
In the mid-17th century, shipbuilding was a large-scale industry in a still largely rural society where manufacture was almost entirely based on small, family-sized businesses.
Chatham shipyard employed 800 people in 1665, at a time where there was only a couple of dozen towns of more than 5,000 people in England. Shipbuilding was large scale, high-technology and required people with both technical and managerial skill to lead them. This technical manager fits well into our concept of post-industrial revolution, or even entirely modern industry, but is harder to place in Stuart England.
Pett was a superb shipbuilder, but his people skills were known to be lacking. Charles and James should be firing him right now for allowing the chaos before this last sailing ... but history tells us they did not.
And yes, Chatham was one of the Dutch targets; the ability to refit ships was incredibly important, as outlined above ... only the wind saved them this time around. The wind helped win the St. James Day battle as well. But you can't count on the wind.
"Sarsaparilla vine should not be confused with the large sasparilla and sassafras trees (the root and bark of which were once used to flavor root beer)."
CORRECT -- Sassafras is sometimes called the USA's only native spice.
Sassafras became such a hot commodity by the mid-1600s, it was the second biggest American export to Europe (tobacco was first).
In the early 17th century, European settlers caught on to the potential in the plant from North America where Indians had been using it for a variety of medicinal purposes. According to the paper, "Sassafras and its Role in Early America, 1562-1662," author B.W. Higinbotham says sassafras "has probably had more to do with the making of early American history than any other plant,"
In the early 1600’s it was believed Sassafras was a wonder drug that could cure just about anything from slowing old age, relieve pain, remove kidney stones, and prevent colds.
Amazing Pepys never tried it, considering his stone and frequent colds.
"Here we sat and at noon to dinner to the Pope’s Head, where my Lord Bruncker and his mistresse dined and Commissioner Pett, Dr. Charleton,"
Commissioner Peter Pett has spent the entire battle in London ... not at his post in Chatham. Yet he was upset that Penn would be in charge of his outpost at Sheerness ... why wasn't that desertion?
Comments
Second Reading
About Tuesday 31 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
End of the month review, but no mention of vows. Perhaps he thinks the quarterly or semi-annual versions work for him now. (I'm not so sure.)
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
The English had fallout from this action as well.
Sir Robert Holmes’ rivals Sir Jeremiah Smith (admiral of the blue) and Sir Edward Spragge (vice-admiral of the blue) had been promoted above him.
Holmes used their conduct during the St. James' Day Fight, to start a bitter quarrel with Smith which led to them fighting a duel.
The recriminations between the officers and their respective factions played a role in the subsequent Parliamentary investigation over embezzlement in the naval administration and the conduct of the war.
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For a list of participating vessels on both sides, and the names of their commanders, see: https://threedecks.org/index.php?…
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Since who was a "tar" and who was a "gentleman" played a decisive role in this battle, I would love to find a list. I've looked in all my books but haven't found anything helpful.
###
For fun reading about these times I recommend "The Blast that Tears the Skies" (1665) and "Death's Bright Angel" (1666) both out in paperback by J.D. Davies.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
The St. James Day battle was an English victory. No greater tribute can be given on the performance of England’s admirals and commanders than to say they had the honor of defeating three great seamen: De Ruyter, Evertzen, and Van Tromp.
Dutch casualties were said to be enormous, estimated immediately after the battle of about 5,000 men, compared with 300 English killed. (Later, a better count revealed that only about 1,200 of the Dutch had been killed or seriously wounded.) The Dutch lost the four Flag-officers already mentioned, and numerous captains, including Euth Maximiliaan, Hendrik Vroorn, Cornelis van Hogenhoeck, Hugo van Nijhoff, and Jurriaan Poel.
The “victors” only lost the Resolution, two or three fireships, and a relatively small number of men. No flag-officers fell, and the only captains who lost their lives were Hugh Seymour of the Foresight, John Parker of the Yarmouth, Joseph Sanders of the Breda, Arthur Ashby of the Guinea, and William Martin of the hired East Indiaman London.
Capt. Joseph Sanders of the Breda, 48 guns, was wounded in the leg by a musket shot which was initially thought trivial, but he unhappily died a few days later.
Survival was enough for the Dutch, as the English could not afford to replace their losses.
In the Republic the “defeat” had far-reaching political fallout.
Van Tromp may have defeated Allin, but was accused by De Ruyter of being responsible for the plight of the main body of the Dutch fleet by chasing the English rear squadron as far as the English coast. To defend himself, Van Tromp let his brother-in-law, Johan Kievit, publish an account of his conduct.
As Van Tromp was the champion of the Orange party, the conflict led to much party strife. Van Tromp was fired by the States of Holland on August 13.
Five days later Charles II made another peace offer to Grand Pensionary De Witt, again using Henri Buat as an intermediary. Among the letters given to De Witt was one included by mistake which contained the secret English instructions to their contacts in the Orange party, outlining plans for an overthrow of the States regime.
Henri Buat was arrested. His accomplices fled to England, among them Johan Kievit who was condemned to death in absentia. Van Tromp's family was fined, and he was forbidden to serve in the fleet.
De Witt now had proof of the collaborationist nature of the Orange movement; the major city regents distanced themselves from its cause. Buat was condemned for treason and beheaded.
The mood in the Republic now became very belligerent.
In November 1669, a supporter of Van Tromp tried to stab De Ruyter in the entrance hall of his house.
In 1672 Van Tromp had his revenge when Johan de Witt was murdered (some alleged Van Tromp had a hand in this).
In 1673 the new ruler, William III of Orange, succeeded in reconciling De Ruyter with Van Tromp.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
When the sun rose, De Ruyter discovered his position was hopeless. Adm. Evertsen had died after losing a leg. His force was reduced to about 40 ships, most of which were inoperable, and they were crowded into a small harbor. His 15 good ships were missing, presumably having deserted during the night.
A strong gale from the east prevented a retreat to the Republic, and to the west the British van and center (about 50 ships) surrounded Flushing in a half-circle, safely bombarding his fleet from a leeward position.
De Ruyter became desperate. When his second-in-command of the center, Lieutenant-Admiral Aert Jansse van Nes visited him for a council of war, he exclaimed: "With seven or eight against the mass!" He then mumbling: "What's wrong with us? I wish I were dead." His close friend, Van Nes, tried to cheer him up, joking: "Me too. But you never die when you want to!"
No sooner had the men left the cabin than the table where they had been sitting was smashed by a cannonball.
However, the English also had problems. The gale prevented them from closing with the Dutch. They tried to use fire ships, but they had trouble reaching the enemy in harbor. Only the sloop Fan-Fan (Rupert's personal pleasure yacht) rowed to the Dutch flagship De Zeven Provinciën to harass it with its two little guns, much to the amusement of the English crews.
The flagship warded off another attack by a fire ship, the Land of Promise. Van Tromp didn't report for a briefing. De Ruyter’s anxiety became unbearable. He purposely exposed himself on deck.
But the English seamen failed to hit him, and De Ruyter was heard to say: "Oh, God, how unfortunate I am! Amongst so many thousands of cannonballs, is there not one that would take me?"
His son-in-law, Captain of the Marines Johann de Witte, overheard him and said: "Father, what desperate words! If you merely want to die, let us then turn, sail in the midst of our enemies and fight ourselves to death!"
This brave but foolish proposal brought De Ruyter to his senses. He answered: "You don't know what you are talking about! If I did that, all would be lost. But if I can bring myself and these ships safely home, we'll finish the job later."
Then the wind saved the Dutch by turning to the west. They formed a line of battle and took their fleet to safety through the Flemish shoals, Vice- Admiral Adriaen Banckert of the Zealandic fleet covering the retreat of all damaged ships with the operational vessels. The number of operational vessels slowly grew as only a few ships had really deserted in the night; most had drifted away, and now rejoined the battle line.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
Second day
The main battle continued in a desultory way during the night, and became brisk again on the morning of the 26th. The wind was now strong from the N.E., and the Wielings shallows were close at hand, so the pursuit of the Dutch van and center finally had to be discontinued.
Meanwhile, many miles away, Van Tromp broke off pursuit of Allin, well-pleased with his first real victory as a squadron commander.
During the night, a ship brought him the message that De Ruyter had been victorious, so Van Tromp woke up feeling happy and satisfied.
All that abruptly changed when his squadron discovered the drifting flagship of the dying Tjerk Hiddes de Vries and learned his colleagues had suffered defeat, and that part of them had taken refuge in the Wielings.
Suddenly Van Tromp feared his ship was the only fighting remnant of the Dutch fleet, and he was in mortal peril. Behind him, the ships of the English rear which were still operational had turned to the east. Smith had the wind once more, and was in chase.
In front, the other English squadrons surely awaited him.
On the horizon, only English flags could be seen.
Smith chased Van Tromp all day.
Maneuvering wildly, Van Tromp began to drink gin to restore his nerve. He dodged all attempts to trap him.
In the evening, Albemarle and Rupert, far to leeward and unable to interfere, could see Van Tromp flying for Flushing, with Smith at his heels.
When Van Tromp reached Flushing, to his great relief he found the rest of the Dutch fleet.
At 11 P.M. on the 26th the English van and center anchored off the Dutch coast.
When Smith’s squadron rejoined the fleet, he reported Van Tromp had escaped with a shattered force.
In port, it took Van Tromp six hours to gather enough courage to face De Ruyter. It was obvious to him that he never should have allowed himself to be separated from the main force.
De Ruyter hadn't mentally recovered from the events of the previous day, so he immediately blamed Van Tromp for the defeat and ordered him and his subcommanders, Isaac Sweers and Willem van der Zaan, from his sight and told them to never again set foot on his flagship.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
Towards night the English restarted the engagement. By then De Ruyter had re-formed his squadron, and, having stationed Vice-Admiral Adriaen Banckers, with 20 of the least damaged ships at the rear of his line, began a masterly retreat.
Before the retreat began, Banckers's first flagship, a vessel of 60 guns, and a ship called the Sneek ran Harlinyen, 50 guns, were abandoned and burnt.
In the meantime, the two rears had been closely engaged to the westward.
Dutch accounts have it that Smith continually gave way, and he did so in order to further separate the Dutch rear from the van and center. At first Van Tromp and Meppel (who was with him) had the best of the conflict. They burnt the Resolution, 64 guns; and, having gained the wind, they chased throughout the night of the 25th.
Capt. George Batts commanded the Unicorn, a third rate of 60 guns, was assigned to Richard Utber's division in the White Squadron. During the battle he had a falling out with Utber, and was dismissed from the service after the battle.
Rear Adm. Richard Utber [a tar] descended from a respected Lowestoft family and was married to Allin’s sister. Pepys mentions him three times, but not in relationship to this action. Pepys didn’t have cause to trust him either.
Captain Robert Clarke in command of the Triumph, a second rate, distinguished himself in this action.
Francis Digby, the second son of George, 2nd Earl of Bristol, was in command of the fourth rate frigate Jersey. His bravery is indicated by the fact that when the Jersey went in for repair during the fight, Capt. Digby asked permission to go back to sea on another ship as a volunteer (a request rejected by Albemarle).
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
Capt. Charles O'Brien was appointed captain of the Advice, 48 guns, and served as one of the seconds to Sir Edward Spragge.
The English van from the first asserted its superiority over the Dutch van which fought magnificently. Quickly the Dutch lost three flag-officers Jan Evertsen, Tjerck Hiddes de Vries, and Rudolf Coenders; but it was overpowered, and by one o'clock was in full flight to the eastward.
Capt. Robert Mohun in the Dreadnought had a distinguished share in this second engagement.
Capt. Sir William Poole commanded the Mary of 58 guns.
Capt. Robert Robinson of the Warspight, a third rate of 64 guns, in which distinguished himself during the actions of 1666..
The English center had a more difficult and prolonged task before it, as De Ruyter and the captains under his immediate command fought stubbornly and gallantly.
Rupert had to shift his flag; the Royal Catherine and St. George had to haul out of action; and De Ruyter's flagship, the Zeven Provincien, was entirely dismasted after a savage conflict with Sir Robert Holmes in the Henry.
At 4 P.M. the Dutch center gave way; but both squadrons were in bad shape, and for some hours they drifted together to the southward, too mauled and exhausted to continue any kind of general action.
Capt. Charles Talbot’s ship was so disabled during the first day he had to put into Harwich. How this happened we do not know, but he appears to have had no further commands until 1678.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
Meanwhile Capt. Jeremiah Smith with the English rear came up on Lieutenant-Adm. Cornelis Van Tromp, who put before the wind and broke through just ahead of the English rear, thus separating himself from his friends.
To De Ruyter, who later wrote bitterly to the States-General of Van Tromp's conduct, it appeared his subordinate allowed his squadron to fall far astern of its station, to be cut off by Smith. The evidence shows that, although Van Tromp was often headstrong, perverse and insubordinate, he never deliberately postponed action. He showed rashness rather than slothfulness or prudence.
The English van from the first asserted its superiority over the Dutch van.
Quickly the Dutch lost three flag-officers Jan Evertsen, Tjerck Hiddes de Vries, and Rudolf Coenders. It was overpowered, and by 1 P.M. was in flight eastward.
Van Tromp, commanding the Dutch rear, now brought his vessels to De Ruyter's rescue. Van Tromp ordered his vessels to the west crossing the line of the English rear under Smith.
From the moment Allin joined battle with Evertson (and went away in hot action with him), to the time when Van Tromp quit the Dutch line, two hours had elapsed.
It was then noon, and since 11 A.M. the wind had blown from the northward.
Van Tromp's rear squadron was the strongest of the Dutch, and Smith's rear Squadron was England’s weakest. If De Ruyter had understood Van Tromp's maneuver, it might have been defendable, but De Ruyter was mystified.
Van Tromp and Smith engaged in a confused melee, moving away on the starboard tack. The English rear was now cut off from the center, and Van Tromp's squadron began a dogged attack forcing Smith's ships to flee to the west. They became lost to sight in the direction of the English coast.
And the two vans and centers, broadside to broadside, headed nearly due east.
The pursuit of the English rear lasted well into the night, with Van Tromp destroying the Resolution with a fireship. Its captain, Willoughby Hannam [a tar] was 'A very stout able seaman' according to Coventry. He had served the Commonwealth and held 7 commissions after 1660. The Resolution ran aground and was burnt by a Dutch fireship.
Three times Van Tromp shot Smith's entire crew out of the rigging of his flagship, the Loyal London, before it caught fire and had to be towed home.
Edward Spragge [a tar] on the Victory was vice commander of the English rear, under Smith. Spragge felt so humiliated by these events that he became a personal enemy of Van Tromp, a feud which lasted until Spragge’s death. Worse, Spragge was later denounced as a coward in this action by his enemy, Robert Holmes -- but that’s a story for later.
Also aboard the Victory with Spragge was volunteer John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester. He again showed extraordinary courage at the height of battle, most notably rowing between vessels under heavy cannon fire, to deliver Spragge's messages around the squadron.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
Evertsen’s van was becalmed and drifted away from the line of battle, splitting De Ruyter's fleet in two. This awkward situation lasted for hours.
Then a soft breeze began to blow from the northeast. Immediately, Allen’s van and part of the center formed a line of battle and engaged the Dutch van, still in disarray and basically defenseless.
The outnumbered Dutch failed to form a coherent line of battle in response, and ship after ship was mauled by the combined firepower of the English line. Vice-Admiral Rudolf Coenders was killed, and Lieutenant-Admiral Tjerk Hiddes de Vries had an arm and a leg shot off.
De Ruyter reformed the Dutch center and attempted to reach the van, but the wind was against him and he failed to reunite his forces. With the Dutch van defeated, the English converged to deliver the coup-de-grâce to De Ruyter's center.
Vice Admiral Sir Edward Teddiman of the White squadron furiously attacked the van of De Ruyter's fleet. The Royal Catherine was so roughly treated she was obliged to quit the line to refit.
Albemarle in the Sovereign, accompanying Rupert in the Royal Charles, predicted that De Ruyter would give two broadsides and run, but the latter put up a furious fight on the Dutch flagship De Zeven Provinciën. De Ruyter withstood a combined attack by the Sovereign and the Royal Charles, and forced Rupert to leave the damaged Royal Charles for the Royal James.
Capt. John Cox, captain of the Sovereign under Albemarle, a first rate of 100 guns, greatly contributed to the victory, which was later recognized by Rupert and Albemarle when he was knighted.
Capt. John Hubbard was captain of the Royal Charles, the ship on board which Rupert and Albemarle hoisted the standard. The conspicuous share born by this ship in the victory naturally is given to these two men. But while they were engaged in manœuvring the fleet, merit should be given to Capt. Hubbard, who, by his conduct and gallantry enabled them to devote their attention to the weightier part of their charge. It is said in the account published later by authority that "few ships need repairing except the Royal Charles, who bears honorable marks of that day's dangers."
The Dutch center's resistance enabled the seaworthy remnants of the van to make an escape to the south.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
Both sides needed time to repair their fleets. The Dutch returned to the sea seven days before the English, partly because the English lacked manpower.
Capt. Richard Trevanian (who Pepys meets later on) was one of the skippers left in port. He was captain of the Marmaduke which lay either in the Thames or Medway for want of crewmen.
On 15 July, 1666 the Dutch fleet put to sea with troops aboard, intending to invade England, but again the French fleet did not show so the troops were landed back in the Netherlands.
The Dutch fleet of 88 men-of-war, 10 yachts and 20 fireships remained at sea, and on the evening of 22 July was to the north-east of the mouth of the Thames.
On 23 July, 1666 both fleets were becalmed. On the night of 23-24 a storm blew, doing damage to both sides.
During July 24 the Dutch kept the wind, and the English fleet of 89 warships maneuvered trying to obtain it. The night found the two fleets in the broad part of the Thames estuary between Orfordness and the North Foreland, the Dutch being to the N.E., and the wind blowing generally from the northward, but varying from N.N.E. to N.
Battle -- First day
As early as 2 A.M. on Wednesday, 25 July -- St. James's Day -- the Generals-at-Sea Rupert and Albemarle weighed anchored, and from then until about 10 A.M. the fleets slowly approached one another.
The English fleet of 89 ships seem to have been in line of battle close hauled or a point large on the port tack, Sir Thomas Allin's squadron leading. The Dutch fleet of 88 ships, in line of battle with the wind on the port quarter, or steering about six points large, Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen’s squadron leading; and, as they closed, the wind veered to N.W.
The Dutch line was ill-formed. Observers said it looked as if it bowed into a half moon: and, while the van and center were crowded, there was a gap between the center (under De Ruyter) and the rear (under Van Tromp).
The English line was as regular as a line of 5 or 6 miles can be. (The regularity of the English line during the Second Anglo-Dutch War often admiration, even by their critics.)
About 10 A.M., when the leading vessels of the two columns arrived within gunshot range, Allin [a tar] engaged Evertsen and the Dutch van, the squadrons holding parallel courses on the port tack, with the Dutch being to windward.
De Ruyter gave orders for a chase and the Dutch fleet pursued the English from the southeast in a leeward position, as the wind blew from the northwest.
Suddenly, the wind turned to the northeast.
Rupert then turned sharply east to regain the weather gauge.
De Ruyter followed, but the wind fell, and the Dutch fleet fell behind.
About St James's Day Battle
San Diego Sarah • Link
These notes come from https://threedecks.org/index.php?…, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sec… and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.… .
Pepys seems to have had much anxiety about this battle, so I checked the Pepys encyclopedia and included some notes about what happened to people he knew who were involved.
In a naval battle the line contains three squadrons, each flying different colors. The lead squadron is called the van, the middle is called the center, and the end is brought up by the rear. Each ship has a Captain/Commander/Admiral, and the Generals-at-Sea control events as best they can by flying bunting from the mast of their flagships; each Squadron is overseen by an Admiral; but they do not issue orders about the sailing of the ships on which they stand as that is left to the Captains.
PRELUDE
In the winter of 1665-6, the Dutch created a strong anti-English alliance. On 26 January, Louis XIV declared war in accordance with a Treaty he could no longer ignore. In February, Frederick III of Denmark did the same after being paid a large sum. The promised English subsidies remained largely hypothetical, so Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Prince-Bishop of Münster made peace with the Republic in April at Cleves.
By the spring of 1666, the Dutch had rebuilt their fleet with much heavier ships — 30 of them possessing more cannon than any Dutch ship in early 1665 — and looked forward to being reinforced by a French fleet.
Charles II made a new peace offer in February, employing a French nobleman in Orange service, Henri Buat, as messenger. In it, Charles vaguely promised to moderate his demands if the Dutch would appoint his nephew, young William III in some responsible function and pay £200,000 in "indemnities".
Grand Pensionary De Witt considered the peace offer a bluff to create dissension amongst the Orangists and the Republican Dutch, and between the Dutch and the French.
A new confrontation was inevitable.
First came the Four Days' Battle in May, one of the longest naval engagements in history. A fleet of 80 ships, under Generals-at-Sea George Monck, Duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert of the Rhine sailed, but early on Rupert was detached with 20 ships to intercept a French squadron which was thought to be passing through the English Channel, presumably to join the Dutch fleet. In fact, the French fleet was largely still in the Mediterranean.
With the return of the fresh squadron under Rupert the English now had more ships, yet the Dutch decided the battle on the fourth day, breaking the English line several times. When the English retreated, De Ruyter could not follow probably because of lack of gunpowder.
Both sides claimed victory: the English because Dutch Lieutenant Admiral Michiel de Ruyter retreated first, the Dutch because they had inflicted greater losses on the English, who lost ten ships against the Dutch four.
About Monday 30 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Just a slight annotation.
De Ruyter was commander of the naval force that raided the Medway. But during the actual raid he had fallen ill. Cornelis de Witt took ver and was the actual commander of the raid on the Medway."
Wrong battle, Ben -- that's next year.
About Southwark
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... the George Inn opened during the Medieval Period and shows up in the first map of Southwark made in 1543. It was frequented by Charles Dickens (who gave it a mention in Little Dorrit) and today is one of the last remaining galleried inns in the United Kingdom. It is a Grade I listed building and is a perfect place for a pint."
A gorgeous picture of The George:
https://www.anglotopia.net/britis…
About Saturday 28 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
Pett being in London now would be the equivalent of the manager of the Spitfire factory being in the bunker with Churchill during the Battle of Britain, instead of being at the factory. Were the new ships/aircraft being built be of immediate use? Probably not. But being prepared with spare parts to patch up the damaged existing ones would be crucial.
That's why Penn was sent to Sheerness ... he would need nails, spars, masts, sails, cork, ropes and tar, etc. etc. sent down the Medway every day so he could do the quick turn arounds.
About Friday 20 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
Pat -- so very true ... do you have a book recommendation (in English!) about the Dutch navy at this time?
About Monday 2 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
According to Evelyn, John Cotton MP, 3rd Bart. was only ‘a pretended great Grecian, but had by no means the parts or genius of his grandfather’; but Cotton’s letters suggest that this verdict was too harsh.
http://www.historyofparliamentonl…
About Sunday 29 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"John Evelyn's Diary -- July 29, 1666 -- The Pestilence now a fresh increasing in our Parish, I forbore going to Church:"
Evelyn's home is next to the Deptford shipyard, at Sayes Court. I presume this means the shipyards are not fully manned. I note Pepys last visited Deptford on July 2 when he saw a blemish on Mrs. Bagwell's and left ASAP.
About Saturday 28 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"I would imagine Pett is a civilian, not part of the navy or under military discipline, and that in any case would the navy yard be threatened by the battle?"
At Chatham Navy Yards, Commissioner Peter Pett ruled a modern industrial complex:
In the mid-17th century, shipbuilding was a large-scale industry in a still largely rural society where manufacture was almost entirely based on small, family-sized businesses.
Chatham shipyard employed 800 people in 1665, at a time where there was only a couple of dozen towns of more than 5,000 people in England. Shipbuilding was large scale, high-technology and required people with both technical and managerial skill to lead them. This technical manager fits well into our concept of post-industrial revolution, or even entirely modern industry, but is harder to place in Stuart England.
Pett was a superb shipbuilder, but his people skills were known to be lacking. Charles and James should be firing him right now for allowing the chaos before this last sailing ... but history tells us they did not.
For more about the Pett family, and shipbuilding in general, https://eagleclawedwolfe.wordpres…
And yes, Chatham was one of the Dutch targets; the ability to refit ships was incredibly important, as outlined above ... only the wind saved them this time around. The wind helped win the St. James Day battle as well. But you can't count on the wind.
About Friday 4 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Sarsaparilla vine should not be confused with the large sasparilla and sassafras trees (the root and bark of which were once used to flavor root beer)."
CORRECT -- Sassafras is sometimes called the USA's only native spice.
Sassafras became such a hot commodity by the mid-1600s, it was the second biggest American export to Europe (tobacco was first).
In the early 17th century, European settlers caught on to the potential in the plant from North America where Indians had been using it for a variety of medicinal purposes. According to the paper, "Sassafras and its Role in Early America, 1562-1662," author B.W. Higinbotham says sassafras "has probably had more to do with the making of early American history than any other plant,"
In the early 1600’s it was believed Sassafras was a wonder drug that could cure just about anything from slowing old age, relieve pain, remove kidney stones, and prevent colds.
Amazing Pepys never tried it, considering his stone and frequent colds.
https://www.myspicer.com/the-hist…
About Saturday 28 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Here we sat and at noon to dinner to the Pope’s Head, where my Lord Bruncker and his mistresse dined and Commissioner Pett, Dr. Charleton,"
Commissioner Peter Pett has spent the entire battle in London ... not at his post in Chatham. Yet he was upset that Penn would be in charge of his outpost at Sheerness ... why wasn't that desertion?