JKvM's comments refer to the 13th; I read Josselin's stream of (drug-induced?) consciousness as meaning that God continues to send him a good life -- the harvest season has been good -- but it's his own shortcomings that cause his problems, and asks God to help him to behave better or to put him out of his misery.
How sad his sister never walked across the village to visit him -- but then, he didn't go to see her either, did he!?
October 16. Wednesday. Came in the Fairfax with a convoy of 14 sail of merchantmen bound for the Channel and for London. I sent the Newcastle on their convoy to see them 20 leagues off the Cape St. Vincent.
This day we had a Council of War and resolved how to dispose the fleet for the best service.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
"Smugglers flourished with the complicit support both from undercover agents and corrupt officials. In 1774 the number of smugglers (a term that became smogleur in French) operating out of the French port of Dunkirk was estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500. The goods that flowed illicitly from France to Britain, avoiding import duties, included Dutch gin, French tea from China and India, coffee from Saint-Domingue and textiles from Rouen and Lyon. These items arrived at the innumerable small coves and inlets of Kent and Sussex. The pickings were rich and the networks that made them possible were truly transnational.
"Britain’s jagged shape and the existence of its surrounding seas are the result of massive geological and climatic changes over vast spans of time. That this island was, until 9,000 years ago, connected to mainland Europe by a chalk bridge represented a profound challenge to the notion of divine and impregnable isolation.
"In a chapter titled ‘The impossibility of an island’, a pun on Michel Houellebecq’s 2005 novel 'The Possibility of an Island', Morieux traces successive shifts in public discourse, both sides of the Channel, about the formation of Britain as a physical entity encircled by protecting water – “this scepter'd isle” and “precious stone set in the silver sea” immortalised by Shakespeare in Richard II.
HIGHLIGHTS FROM A BOOK REVIEW: 'The Channel: England, France and the Construction of a Maritime Border in the Eighteenth Century' by Renaud Morieux, published by Cambridge University Press in 2016. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/fe…
"In The Channel, Morieux paints a portrait of a sea alive with activity and peopled by communities who were intimately connected as ‘transnationals’ benefitting from networks that operated regardless of national boundaries. For the Minet family, who as Huguenots (Protestants) were forbidden to practise their religion in Roman Catholic France, this narrow stretch of water offered an escape route. "Isaac Minet, who was born in Calais in September 1660 and died in Dover in April 1745, recorded personal and family details in his accounts book. His recollections included the family’s undercover crossing from France to the safety of Protestant England, a trip that meant evading a posse of French customs’ officials.
"Isaac Minet had well-established contacts in Dover, and within a single generation he and his family became integrated into civic society. He was naturalised English in 1705 and was elected ‘jurrat’ of the town corporation in 1731. Isaac’s grandson Hugues became mayor of the city in 1765. ...
'The Channel: England, France and the Construction of a Maritime Border in the Eighteenth Century' by Renaud Morieux, published by Cambridge University Press. 2016 https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/fe…
"The first book to look at the history of the narrow seas which connect Britain and the Continent, 'The Channel' examines the enduring symbolism, and permeability, of one of the world’s most iconic borders. Morieux was born and raised in France and now teaches British history at Cambridge. He is ideally qualified to explore the narratives of the stretch of water that separates and joins Britain and France.
"The Channel, a strait only 21 miles at its narrowest, has for centuries been perceived as a divider – a body of water that gives Britain its unique, and much trumpeted, identity as an island. ... “Nature has placed England and France in a geographical location which must necessarily set up an eternal rivalry between them.”
"Morieux’s thesis is that the narrow Channel joined as well as divided – and acts as a zone for contact as well as conflict. As a body of water, it creates opportunities for trade and transport, informal and cultural exchanges. "Britain and France were famously at war for much of the ‘long’ 18th century, between the Nine Years’ War of 1689-1697, which set William III’s England and his European allies against Louis XIV’s France and the wars of the French Revolution, which ended with Waterloo in 1815.
"But even in times of war, for the maritime and coastal communities of Britain and France, business continued much as usual. Fishermen harvested the ocean’s resources, sold their wares in ‘enemy’ ports and even joined forces to lobby national governments. Postal services were maintained as a result of ‘postal truces’ which safeguarded the passage of packet boats.
On 12 July 1660, [MONTAGU] was created Baron Montagu of St. Neots, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Earl of Sandwich. Charles II also made him a Knight of the Garter and appointed him Master of the Great Wardrobe, Admiral of the narrow seas (the English Channel and southern North Sea), and Lieutenant Admiral to The Duke of York, Lord High Admiral of England. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… [So Sandwich was responsible for protecting southern and eastern England, or was being the Admiral of the Narrow Seas just a title?]
@@@
"During the 17th and 18th centuries, debates about the origins of the people of the British Isles became increasingly conflicted. Commentators wrestled with Biblical teachings about creation and the growing evidence for what later become known as evolutionary theory. "As early as 1677 Matthew Hale wrote: “We have reason to believe that we of this island [Britain] are not aborigines, but came hither by migrations, colonies, or plantations from other parts of the world.” "Earlier still, Andre Du Chesne (1584-1640) doubted “that in the first age of the world men were drawn out of the earth, like pumpkins or mushrooms that are born of moisture in woods and forests”.
"Maps are attempts to define the outlines of land and sea – and identify who owns what. Names, especially the naming of geographical features at points where national borders meet, are loaded with meaning and fraught with potential conflict. "In the 1607 edition of William Camden’s 'Britannia', a section was devoted to the ‘British Ocean’: “This sea which is generally called MARE BRITANNICUM, and OCEANUS CALEDONIUS, … hath sundry and distinct names. Eastward… they call it the German sea. But Southward where it inter-floweth France & Britain, it is properly called the BRITISH sea, & by the common mariners, The Chanel: by the English sailers, THE SLEEVE, and in the same sense, Le Manche in French, because it grow narrow in maner of a sleeve.”
"In the 18th century, new names emerged for the Channel. The French monarchy aligned France’s territorial boundaries with the French shore – hence ‘La Manche’ in French, a neutral place-name – while the British viewed the Channel as an integral part of their territory. Seen from its northern shores, the Channel was ‘English’ or ‘British’.
"Sharing the rich resources of the sea, and regulating fishing and other harvests, remained a matter of constant debate. Where did one state’s territorial waters begin and end? Was it possible to own parts of the sea and its wealth, or was the sea a common resource, belonging to all? Fisherman did not have the same relationship to, and imagination of, the coast as a cartographer, whose own conceptions differed from those of the customs officer."
Terry Foreman on 14 Nov. 2013, after reading the only Pepys mention of The Newcastle on 17 January, 1661, tells us: "From thence on board the Newcastle, to show my Lady the difference between a great and a small ship."
Newcastle was a 44-gun fourth-rate frigate of the English Royal Navy, originally built for the navy of the Commonwealth of England by Phineas Pett II at Ratcliffe, and launched in May 1653. ... Her first action came in 1655 when, along with fourteen other warships, she sailed into Porto Farina in Algiers to engage Barbary Pirates. This action resulted in the destruction of the entire pirate fleet, which won the Newcastle lineage its first battle honour. In 1657 she took part in Admiral Blake's daring attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and in 1665, she fought at the Battle of Lowestoft. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS…
On October 15, 1661, Sandwich mentions The Newcastle FRIGATE serving with Adm. Sir John Lawson in the Med. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Early Modern frigates were small and fast. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… By the beginning of the 18th century frigates were classified as 5th and 6th rated, and had around 25 guns. It's possible they are two different ships -- or in 1661 the design of a frigate was less structured. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
October 15. Tuesday. About noon Sir John Lawson with the Newcastle and Martin frigates came into Tangier Bay to us. By whom I understood that the Martin did not arrive at Alicante until Wednesday the 22nd of October [SIC] but met with him at sea in the offing of Alicante the 5th of October.
The captain of the Martin frigate gave me a couple of packets to the Governor of Tangier which were delivered him by the Governor of Lagos to convey; but he says he was put into Cadiz by a storm and kept there for 7 days, and when he came through the gut of the Straits the wind hung such that he could not fetch Tangier nor hardly weather Tarifa.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
In another article it's said that Adm. William Penn was knighted (for a second time, the first being in Ireland during the Interregnum), and that Monck had sent him with Montagu on this voyage. It implies he was knighted today -- but Penn's Parliamentary bio has another date. Who knows. Maybe he was the captain of another ship? Either way, it's very possible Pepys and Penn met during this voyage. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
'[NOTE FROM THE TOP: Kntd. 9 June 1660.]' and 'When Charles II came aboard the "Naseby" one of his first acts was to knight Adm. Penn. Charles also changed the name of the Naseby to the "Royal Charles".'
Pepys on Wednesday 23 May, 1660 recorded the renaming of the Naseby. Even allowing for the Diary being Old Style dating, and the House of Commons bio. possibly being New Style dating, we have a discrepancy here. It's not the first error I've found in the Parliamentary bios., but the librarians won't update the website as it reflects the book which was published in 1983. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Whatever -- but we can think it's highly likely Pepys met Adm. Penn during this voyage, before either of them dreamed of became Navy Commissioners.
... When Batten went over to the Royalists in 1648, Adm. Penn came under suspicion; he was quickly reinstated in the Irish fleet. Clarendon asserts that he offered his services to Charles II in 1655, when in command of the West Indies fleet. It is doubtful his royalism took him beyond drinking the King’s health in private.
He was knighted by Henry Cromwell in 1658 in Ireland, where he held an estate in right of his wife.
In 1659 Penn crossed to England, and offered his services to the Rump, which were refused, although George Monck undertook to support his application. ... Monck secured his election for Weymouth, and ... entrusting to him the getting to sea of the fleet which under Edward Montagu was to bring Charles II over from Holland.
Of the 3 flag rank seamen who transferred their services from the Commonwealth to the monarchy at the Restoration, according to Clarendon, ‘Penn, with much the worst understanding, had a great mind to appear better bred and to speak like a gentleman’; nevertheless, in the presence of real gentlemen, even one so ill-educated as Sir George Carteret, he found himself longing for ‘a grain or two’ of the self-confidence of the tailor’s son, Samuel Pepys. [NOTE FROM THE TOP: Kntd. 9 June 1660.] https://www.historyofparliamenton…
During the summer of 1656, when William Penn Jr. was 11 years old, the family left Wanstead, Essex for their estate in Macroom, near Cork. By this time William had a sister, Margaret, aged 4, and a baby brother, Richard.
Adm. Penn had fallen out of favor with Cromwell, and after a brief imprisonment in the Tower was retired from the navy.
The Penns spent 4 years at Macroom Castle, a 13th century fortification of the MacCarthy family. During this time William was educated by tutors and by his own reading.
The Quaker movement began in England around 1647, but did not reached Ireland until 1654. An Quaker preacher named Thomas Loe was in Cork in 1657, and Adm. Penn invited him to hold a meeting at Macroom Castle. Loe spoke with such feeling that Adm. Penn was brought to tears. While this was not forgotten, it had no immediate effect on the family.
Oliver Cromwell died in 1658. After a period of political instability following his death, the time was right for the restoration of the Stuart heir to the throne.
The Penns returned to England in March 1660, and Adm. Penn was named to the delegation to bring Charles II to London from the Dutch Republic.
When Charles II came aboard the "Naseby" one of his first acts was to knight Adm. Penn. Charles also changed the name of the Naseby to the "Royal Charles". Adm. Penn was not only knighted, but was appointed as one of 3 commissioners of the Navy, under James, Duke of York.
The Black Rod was then sent to summon the culprits, but returned to say that Buckingham was not about the House, and further that a gentleman had seen the Duke, with his head bent and muffling up his order, go forth to embark in a small boat.
The boatmen were then cited, and in their turn reported that Buckingham had caused himself to be first taken to the Savoy, next to Somerset House, and finally to the Temple, where, having landed, they saw him get into a hack coach.
Thereupon, Black Rod was sent to seek Buckingham in his own house, but neither could he be found there.
... the Peers, for they were now transported into "such a rage," that they designed a proclamation for stopping the ports, apprehending him wherever he should be discovered and bringing him to the Tower, there to remain prisoner until he should be delivered in due course of law.
CHAPTER XIII BUCKINGHAM IN THE TOWER If Buckingham had considered an escape, reflection soon caused him to abandon the scheme. On the following day, Buckingham walked into the House of Lords and quietly resumed his accustomed seat. The assembly, still seething with excitement, had so far settled down to its ordinary routine that the "Frauds and Perjuries and the Unnecessary Suits Bill" had just passed the first reading.
But all calm and decorum vanished with the reappearance of Buckingham. The vociferations of the Court Lords crying out, "To the Bar! to the Bar!" converted the Upper Chamber into a pandemonium, until His Grace, who could easily turn anything into a jest and extricate himself out of any difficulties, rose up and said that he begged their Lordships' pardon for retiring the night before; that they well knew the exact economy he kept in his family, and perceiving their Lordships intended he should be some time in another place, he only went home to set his house in order, and was now come to submit himself to their Lordships' pleasure.
The House was not to be disarmed by Buckingham's pleasant wit. He, Shaftesbury, Wharton and Salisbury all were immediately sent to close confinement in the Tower for a considerable time.
Excerpt based on GEORGE VILLIERS, SECOND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM -- 1628-1687 : A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION -- starting at page 315 By WINIFRED Anne Henrietta Christine Herbert Gardner, LADY BURGHCLERE JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. LONDON 1903 https://archive.org/stream/cu3192…
Finally, Buckingham rose again, and, turning to the judges and the bishops, asked them whether a new proposition he had just drawn up "was not a true syllogism?" This "maxim" asserted that "since any order or direction of the Kings of England is only binding if made pro bono publico" it follows that the last prorogation being “contrary to an Act of Edward III's for the greatest common good, was consequently null and void in law."
This was the last touch needed to goad the Lords to frenzy. The debate "rose to that height that all the 4 lords — Buckingham, Shaftesbury, Wharton and Salisbury — were ordered to be sent to the Tower for contempt of the authority and being of the present Parliament, and the House of Peers."
Buckingham had only succeeded in rallying 3 Peers to his "syllogism"; but Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey (in happier times a trusted adviser of Cromwell's) although he did not endorse all Buckingham's arguments, now mustered courage to remind their Lordships that their vindictive action bade fair to endanger the most precious of their privileges — Free Speech.
Reason and common sense were impotent to stem the tide of passion. Charles II must have rejoiced to see the House, generally so stubborn, fighting the battle in favor of his dispensing power.
Buckingham, Shaftesbury, Wharton and Salisbury were ordered to retire, and in their absence it was voted that they should be called and make an acknowledgement at the Bar in these words, "I do acknowledge that my endeavoring that this Parliament is dissolved was an unadvised thing, for which I humbly beg pardon of His Majesty and this honorable House."
Next to the distrust the Peers harbored against the Commons, was their dread of encroachments from the royal prerogative, and Buckingham did not fail to play on this responsive chord. Either Magna Charta bound the Kings of England, "or else the government of England by parliaments and law is absolutely at an end; for if the Kings of England have power by an order of theirs to invalidate an Act made for the maintenance of Magna Charta, they have also power by an order of theirs to invalidate Magna Charta."
For these and many other reasons, Buckingham wound up with a motion "that we humbly address ourselves to His Majesty, and beg of him for his own sake as well as for the people's sake to give us a new Parliament; that so we may unanimously, before it be too late, use our utmost endeavors for the safety, the welfare and the glory of His Majesty's service."
In so condensed a version of this lengthy speech it is difficult to give an adequate notion of the consummate art with which Buckingham handled his subject. He carefully abstained from anything that could justly irritate his audience.
The jokes with which the discourse is besprinkled are strictly decorous. Buckingham appealed alike to the Englishman's passion for freedom and to his ingrained reverence for precedent. He pleaded for the rights of the people, while he deprecated the inordinate pretensions of the Commons. Nor can his tactics have been much at fault as Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, the most accomplished wire-puller of his generation, backed Buckingham's arguments with all the resources of his eloquence.
It soon became clear that if the Peers regarded the ascendency of the Commons with impatience, they resented infinitely more the action of one of their own calling their existence into question. When Buckingham ceased speaking, Lord Rosherville sprang to his feet and demanded that the bold speaker should instantly be summoned to the Bar to answer for the "insult" he had offered the House.
Buckingham's supporters were fewer than on previous occasions, but Shaftesbury, Philip, 4th Baron Wharton and James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, valiantly defended him.
Chancellor Finch strove to prove that the passing of the Triennial Act of 1641 overruled Buckingham's contention. But their Lordships were less anxious to deliver an equitable decision on a disputed point of law than to avenge the fancied slight perpetrated by Buckingham.
"In the early 17th century, members of Parliament revived Magna Carta as a weapon in their quarrels with the autocratic Stuart monarchs."
As we know, both Jameses and both Charleses believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and prorogued Parliament whenever it pleased them.
This story, from 1677, illustrates that the House of Lords was also no friend of Magna C(h)arta:
On 15 February, 1677, after the longest prorogation known, Parliament reassembled. The gossips declared that Buckingham would not be able to take his place in the House of Lords, as he "had been suffering from a generous attack of gout."
When Charles II's and Lord Chancellor Sir Heneage, Baron Finch's speeches came to an end, Buckingham rose "in great bravery, in liveries of blue, but all diversified," ready and eager for the fray. It was clear the Government had no intention of going to the country, and the Duke was equally determined to force a general election.
The fact that an Act of Edward III enjoined that a Parliament should be held once every year proved to his satisfaction that since the present assembly had not been called together within the twelvemonth, it was consequently dissolved, and that fresh writs were needed before it could have a legal status. "Statutes of the realm," he exclaimed "are not like women, for they are not a jot worse for being old."
The words of this "just statute are as plain as a pike-staff, and no man that is not a scholar," Buckingham feelingly remarked, "could mistake them." He deprecated being considered "an unquiet or pragmatical man; for in this age every man that cannot bear everything is called unquiet."
But the fear of being false to his own convictions touched Buckingham yet more nearly, for "though it does not always follow that he is pragmatical whom others take to be so, yet this never fails to be true that he is most certainly a knave who takes himself to be so."
He did not depend on legal technicalities alone to support his case. With some astuteness he pointed out that the perpetual conflicts between the two Houses might well be due to the nature of the House of Commons having suffered a complete alteration. "They do not think now that they are an assembly that are to return to their houses and become private men again; they look upon themselves as a standing Senate and as a number of men picked out to be legislators for the rest of their lives; and if that be the case they have reason to believe themselves to be our equals."
They were still into puffy pants, Dorset. We've got a few years to go before Charles changes the look, which will cause many Diary entries from fashion-conscious but penny-wise Pepys.
October 14. Monday. I sent the Forester with a packet from the Governor of Tangier and Mr. Myles to the Governor of the Algarves at Lagos: and a packet of my own to him including letters to the Conde da Ponte, Sir R. Fanshawe, the D. of Y., Mr. Coventry, Lord Chancellor, S. Pepys, Lady Sandwich.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
The Forester - probably a frigate, with Capt. Finch in charge https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… The Governor of Tangier -- Don Luis d'Almeida, count d'Avintes, Governor of Tangier (he must also have been the Captain General, as he gets other correspondence in that role) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui… Mr. Myles -- he came aboard Sandwich's ship on September 22 https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… The Governor of the Algarves at Lagos -- ideas anyone? Lagos, Portugal https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Lagos is one of the Algarve’s top destination cities. Boasting a historic oldtown, marina, cultural attractions, with some incredible beaches and scenery it combines much of what the Algarve is famous for. ... It’s a perfect place to spend a long weekend, or longer holiday. With a wide variety of bars, pubs, and restaurants it’s a lively place that doesn’t suffer from seasonality. https://wetravelportugal.com/lago… Amb. Francisco de Mello e Torres, Conde da Ponte https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… Amb. Sir Richard Fanshawe https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… The D. of Y., the boss, James, Duke of York, and presumably the Lord High Admiral's private Secretary Mr. [WILLIAM] Coventry https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, the Lord Chancellor https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… Lady Sandwich -- yes, he didn't say my wife, or Jemima as this is a formal record of events, maintained for the Admiralty https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
"Holmes had insisted upon the Swede’s lowering his flag, and had even fired a shot to enforce the observance of the usual tribute of respect, but the ambassador sent his secretary and another gentleman on board the English frigate, to assure the captain, upon the word and honour of an ambassador, that the king, by a verbal order, had given him leave and a dispensation in that particular, and upon this false representation he was allowed to proceed on his voyage without further question."
Comments
Third Reading
About Tuesday 15 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
JKvM's comments refer to the 13th; I read Josselin's stream of (drug-induced?) consciousness as meaning that God continues to send him a good life -- the harvest season has been good -- but it's his own shortcomings that cause his problems, and asks God to help him to behave better or to put him out of his misery.
How sad his sister never walked across the village to visit him -- but then, he didn't go to see her either, did he!?
And I agree -- seeing a fleet of sailing ships must have been awesome.
https://images.search.yahoo.com/s…
About Wednesday 16 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the bay of Tangier:
October 16. Wednesday.
Came in the Fairfax with a convoy of 14 sail of merchantmen bound for the Channel and for London. I sent the Newcastle on their convoy to see them 20 leagues off the Cape St. Vincent.
This day we had a Council of War and resolved how to dispose the fleet for the best service.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
The Fairfax
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
The Channel
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
London -- the docks, such as they were
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Newcastle
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Cape St. Vincent
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About English Channel
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
"Smugglers flourished with the complicit support both from undercover agents and corrupt officials. In 1774 the number of smugglers (a term that became smogleur in French) operating out of the French port of Dunkirk was estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500. The goods that flowed illicitly from France to Britain, avoiding import duties, included Dutch gin, French tea from China and India, coffee from Saint-Domingue and textiles from Rouen and Lyon. These items arrived at the innumerable small coves and inlets of Kent and Sussex. The pickings were rich and the networks that made them possible were truly transnational.
"Britain’s jagged shape and the existence of its surrounding seas are the result of massive geological and climatic changes over vast spans of time. That this island was, until 9,000 years ago, connected to mainland Europe by a chalk bridge represented a profound challenge to the notion of divine and impregnable isolation.
"In a chapter titled ‘The impossibility of an island’, a pun on Michel Houellebecq’s 2005 novel 'The Possibility of an Island', Morieux traces successive shifts in public discourse, both sides of the Channel, about the formation of Britain as a physical entity encircled by protecting water – “this scepter'd isle” and “precious stone set in the silver sea” immortalised by Shakespeare in Richard II.
HIGHLIGHTS FROM A BOOK REVIEW:
'The Channel: England, France and the Construction of a Maritime Border in the Eighteenth Century' by Renaud Morieux, published by Cambridge University Press in 2016.
https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/fe…
About English Channel
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
"In The Channel, Morieux paints a portrait of a sea alive with activity and peopled by communities who were intimately connected as ‘transnationals’ benefitting from networks that operated regardless of national boundaries. For the Minet family, who as Huguenots (Protestants) were forbidden to practise their religion in Roman Catholic France, this narrow stretch of water offered an escape route.
"Isaac Minet, who was born in Calais in September 1660 and died in Dover in April 1745, recorded personal and family details in his accounts book. His recollections included the family’s undercover crossing from France to the safety of Protestant England, a trip that meant evading a posse of French customs’ officials.
"Isaac Minet had well-established contacts in Dover, and within a single generation he and his family became integrated into civic society. He was naturalised English in 1705 and was elected ‘jurrat’ of the town corporation in 1731. Isaac’s grandson Hugues became mayor of the city in 1765. ...
'The Channel: England, France and the Construction of a Maritime Border in the Eighteenth Century' by Renaud Morieux, published by Cambridge University Press. 2016
https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/fe…
"The first book to look at the history of the narrow seas which connect Britain and the Continent, 'The Channel' examines the enduring symbolism, and permeability, of one of the world’s most iconic borders. Morieux was born and raised in France and now teaches British history at Cambridge. He is ideally qualified to explore the narratives of the stretch of water that separates and joins Britain and France.
"The Channel, a strait only 21 miles at its narrowest, has for centuries been perceived as a divider – a body of water that gives Britain its unique, and much trumpeted, identity as an island. ... “Nature has placed England and France in a geographical location which must necessarily set up an eternal rivalry between them.”
"Morieux’s thesis is that the narrow Channel joined as well as divided – and acts as a zone for contact as well as conflict. As a body of water, it creates opportunities for trade and transport, informal and cultural exchanges.
"Britain and France were famously at war for much of the ‘long’ 18th century, between the Nine Years’ War of 1689-1697, which set William III’s England and his European allies against Louis XIV’s France and the wars of the French Revolution, which ended with Waterloo in 1815.
"But even in times of war, for the maritime and coastal communities of Britain and France, business continued much as usual. Fishermen harvested the ocean’s resources, sold their wares in ‘enemy’ ports and even joined forces to lobby national governments. Postal services were maintained as a result of ‘postal truces’ which safeguarded the passage of packet boats.
About English Channel
San Diego Sarah • Link
On 12 July 1660, [MONTAGU] was created Baron Montagu of St. Neots, Viscount Hinchingbrooke, and Earl of Sandwich.
Charles II also made him a Knight of the Garter and appointed him Master of the Great Wardrobe, Admiral of the narrow seas (the English Channel and southern North Sea), and Lieutenant Admiral to The Duke of York, Lord High Admiral of England.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
[So Sandwich was responsible for protecting southern and eastern England, or was being the Admiral of the Narrow Seas just a title?]
@@@
"During the 17th and 18th centuries, debates about the origins of the people of the British Isles became increasingly conflicted. Commentators wrestled with Biblical teachings about creation and the growing evidence for what later become known as evolutionary theory.
"As early as 1677 Matthew Hale wrote: “We have reason to believe that we of this island [Britain] are not aborigines, but came hither by migrations, colonies, or plantations from other parts of the world.”
"Earlier still, Andre Du Chesne (1584-1640) doubted “that in the first age of the world men were drawn out of the earth, like pumpkins or mushrooms that are born of moisture in woods and forests”.
"Maps are attempts to define the outlines of land and sea – and identify who owns what. Names, especially the naming of geographical features at points where national borders meet, are loaded with meaning and fraught with potential conflict.
"In the 1607 edition of William Camden’s 'Britannia', a section was devoted to the ‘British Ocean’: “This sea which is generally called MARE BRITANNICUM, and OCEANUS CALEDONIUS, … hath sundry and distinct names. Eastward… they call it the German sea. But Southward where it inter-floweth France & Britain, it is properly called the BRITISH sea, & by the common mariners, The Chanel: by the English sailers, THE SLEEVE, and in the same sense, Le Manche in French, because it grow narrow in maner of a sleeve.”
"In the 18th century, new names emerged for the Channel. The French monarchy aligned France’s territorial boundaries with the French shore – hence ‘La Manche’ in French, a neutral place-name – while the British viewed the Channel as an integral part of their territory. Seen from its northern shores, the Channel was ‘English’ or ‘British’.
"Sharing the rich resources of the sea, and regulating fishing and other harvests, remained a matter of constant debate. Where did one state’s territorial waters begin and end? Was it possible to own parts of the sea and its wealth, or was the sea a common resource, belonging to all? Fisherman did not have the same relationship to, and imagination of, the coast as a cartographer, whose own conceptions differed from those of the customs officer."
About Nell (a, Pepys' maid)
San Diego Sarah • Link
L&M: Nell proved 'a simple slut' and left after one-half-year.
About Newcastle
San Diego Sarah • Link
Terry Foreman on 14 Nov. 2013, after reading the only Pepys mention of The Newcastle on 17 January, 1661, tells us:
"From thence on board the Newcastle, to show my Lady the difference between a great and a small ship."
Newcastle was a 44-gun fourth-rate frigate of the English Royal Navy, originally built for the navy of the Commonwealth of England by Phineas Pett II at Ratcliffe, and launched in May 1653. ... Her first action came in 1655 when, along with fourteen other warships, she sailed into Porto Farina in Algiers to engage Barbary Pirates. This action resulted in the destruction of the entire pirate fleet, which won the Newcastle lineage its first battle honour. In 1657 she took part in Admiral Blake's daring attack on Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and in 1665, she fought at the Battle of Lowestoft.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS…
On October 15, 1661, Sandwich mentions The Newcastle FRIGATE serving with Adm. Sir John Lawson in the Med.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Early Modern frigates were small and fast.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
By the beginning of the 18th century frigates were classified as 5th and 6th rated, and had around 25 guns. It's possible they are two different ships -- or in 1661 the design of a frigate was less structured.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Tuesday 15 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the bay of Tangier:
October 15. Tuesday.
About noon Sir John Lawson with the Newcastle and Martin frigates came into Tangier Bay to us. By whom I understood that the Martin did not arrive at Alicante until Wednesday the 22nd of October [SIC] but met with him at sea in the offing of Alicante the 5th of October.
The captain of the Martin frigate gave me a couple of packets to the Governor of Tangier which were delivered him by the Governor of Lagos to convey; but he says he was put into Cadiz by a storm and kept there for 7 days, and when he came through the gut of the Straits the wind hung such that he could not fetch Tangier nor hardly weather Tarifa.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Adm. Sir John Lawson
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Newcastle
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Martin
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Alicante
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Governor of Tangier -- Don Luis d'Almeida, count d'Avintes, Governor of Tangier (he must also have been the Captain General, as he gets other correspondence in that role)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui…
Lagos, Portugal -- no idea who the Governor was --
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
The Straits of Gibraltar
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Tarifa
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Martin
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Martin was a frigate
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Wednesday 23 May 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
In another article it's said that Adm. William Penn was knighted (for a second time, the first being in Ireland during the Interregnum), and that Monck had sent him with Montagu on this voyage. It implies he was knighted today -- but Penn's Parliamentary bio has another date. Who knows. Maybe he was the captain of another ship?
Either way, it's very possible Pepys and Penn met during this voyage.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Admiral William Penn
San Diego Sarah • Link
'[NOTE FROM THE TOP: Kntd. 9 June 1660.]'
and
'When Charles II came aboard the "Naseby" one of his first acts was to knight Adm. Penn. Charles also changed the name of the Naseby to the "Royal Charles".'
Pepys on Wednesday 23 May, 1660 recorded the renaming of the Naseby. Even allowing for the Diary being Old Style dating, and the House of Commons bio. possibly being New Style dating, we have a discrepancy here. It's not the first error I've found in the Parliamentary bios., but the librarians won't update the website as it reflects the book which was published in 1983.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Whatever -- but we can think it's highly likely Pepys met Adm. Penn during this voyage, before either of them dreamed of became Navy Commissioners.
About Admiral William Penn
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Adm. Penn's House of Common's bio:
... When Batten went over to the Royalists in 1648, Adm. Penn came under suspicion; he was quickly reinstated in the Irish fleet.
Clarendon asserts that he offered his services to Charles II in 1655, when in command of the West Indies fleet. It is doubtful his royalism took him beyond drinking the King’s health in private.
He was knighted by Henry Cromwell in 1658 in Ireland, where he held an estate in right of his wife.
In 1659 Penn crossed to England, and offered his services to the Rump, which were refused, although George Monck undertook to support his application. ... Monck secured his election for Weymouth, and ... entrusting to him the getting to sea of the fleet which under Edward Montagu was to bring Charles II over from Holland.
Of the 3 flag rank seamen who transferred their services from the Commonwealth to the monarchy at the Restoration, according to Clarendon, ‘Penn, with much the worst understanding, had a great mind to appear better bred and to speak like a gentleman’; nevertheless, in the presence of real gentlemen, even one so ill-educated as Sir George Carteret, he found himself longing for ‘a grain or two’ of the self-confidence of the tailor’s son, Samuel Pepys.
[NOTE FROM THE TOP: Kntd. 9 June 1660.]
https://www.historyofparliamenton…
And from The Three Worlds of William Penn
Eva D. Noll
https://tehistory.org/hqda/html/v…
During the summer of 1656, when William Penn Jr. was 11 years old, the family left Wanstead, Essex for their estate in Macroom, near Cork. By this time William had a sister, Margaret, aged 4, and a baby brother, Richard.
Adm. Penn had fallen out of favor with Cromwell, and after a brief imprisonment in the Tower was retired from the navy.
The Penns spent 4 years at Macroom Castle, a 13th century fortification of the MacCarthy family. During this time William was educated by tutors and by his own reading.
The Quaker movement began in England around 1647, but did not reached Ireland until 1654. An Quaker preacher named Thomas Loe was in Cork in 1657, and Adm. Penn invited him to hold a meeting at Macroom Castle. Loe spoke with such feeling that Adm. Penn was brought to tears. While this was not forgotten, it had no immediate effect on the family.
Oliver Cromwell died in 1658. After a period of political instability following his death, the time was right for the restoration of the Stuart heir to the throne.
The Penns returned to England in March 1660, and Adm. Penn was named to the delegation to bring Charles II to London from the Dutch Republic.
When Charles II came aboard the "Naseby" one of his first acts was to knight Adm. Penn. Charles also changed the name of the Naseby to the "Royal Charles".
Adm. Penn was not only knighted, but was appointed as one of 3 commissioners of the Navy, under James, Duke of York.
About Magna Carta
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 4
The Black Rod was then sent to summon the culprits, but returned to say that Buckingham was not about the House, and further that a gentleman had seen the Duke, with his head bent and muffling up his order, go forth to embark in a small boat.
The boatmen were then cited, and in their turn reported that Buckingham had caused himself to be first taken to the Savoy, next to Somerset House, and finally to the Temple, where, having landed, they saw him get into a hack coach.
Thereupon, Black Rod was sent to seek Buckingham in his own house, but neither could he be found there.
... the Peers, for they were now transported into "such a rage," that they designed a proclamation for stopping the ports, apprehending him wherever he should be discovered and bringing him to the Tower, there to remain prisoner until he should be delivered in due course of law.
CHAPTER XIII
BUCKINGHAM IN THE TOWER
If Buckingham had considered an escape, reflection soon caused him to abandon the scheme.
On the following day, Buckingham walked into the House of Lords and quietly resumed his accustomed seat.
The assembly, still seething with excitement, had so far settled down to its ordinary routine that the "Frauds and Perjuries and the Unnecessary Suits Bill" had just passed the first reading.
But all calm and decorum vanished with the reappearance of Buckingham. The vociferations of the Court Lords crying out, "To the Bar! to the Bar!" converted the Upper Chamber into a pandemonium, until His Grace, who could easily turn anything into a jest and extricate himself out of any difficulties, rose up and said that he begged their Lordships' pardon for retiring the night before; that they well knew the exact economy he kept in his family, and perceiving their Lordships intended he should be some time in another place, he only went home to set his house in order, and was now come to submit himself to their Lordships' pleasure.
The House was not to be disarmed by Buckingham's pleasant wit. He, Shaftesbury, Wharton and Salisbury all were immediately sent to close confinement in the Tower for a considerable time.
Excerpt based on
GEORGE VILLIERS, SECOND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM -- 1628-1687 : A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION -- starting at page 315
By WINIFRED Anne Henrietta Christine Herbert Gardner, LADY BURGHCLERE
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. LONDON
1903
https://archive.org/stream/cu3192…
About Magna Carta
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 3
Finally, Buckingham rose again, and, turning to the judges and the bishops, asked them whether a new proposition he had just drawn up "was not a true syllogism?"
This "maxim" asserted that "since any order or direction of the Kings of England is only binding if made pro bono publico" it follows that the last prorogation being “contrary to an Act of Edward III's for the greatest common good, was consequently null and void in law."
This was the last touch needed to goad the Lords to frenzy. The debate "rose to that height that all the 4 lords — Buckingham, Shaftesbury, Wharton and Salisbury — were ordered to be sent to the Tower for contempt of the authority and being of the present Parliament, and the House of Peers."
Buckingham had only succeeded in rallying 3 Peers to his "syllogism"; but Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey (in happier times a trusted adviser of Cromwell's) although he did not endorse all Buckingham's arguments, now mustered courage to remind their Lordships that their vindictive action bade fair to endanger the most precious of their privileges — Free Speech.
Reason and common sense were impotent to stem the tide of passion.
Charles II must have rejoiced to see the House, generally so stubborn, fighting the battle in favor of his dispensing power.
Buckingham, Shaftesbury, Wharton and Salisbury were ordered to retire, and in their absence it was voted that they should be called and make an acknowledgement at the Bar in these words, "I do acknowledge that my endeavoring that this Parliament is dissolved was an unadvised thing, for which I humbly beg pardon of His Majesty and this honorable House."
About Magna Carta
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
Next to the distrust the Peers harbored against the Commons, was their dread of encroachments from the royal prerogative, and Buckingham did not fail to play on this responsive chord. Either Magna Charta bound the Kings of England, "or else the government of England by parliaments and law is absolutely at an end; for if the Kings of England have power by an order of theirs to invalidate an Act made for the maintenance of Magna Charta, they have also power by an order of theirs to invalidate Magna Charta."
For these and many other reasons, Buckingham wound up with a motion "that we humbly address ourselves to His Majesty, and beg of him for his own sake as well as for the people's sake to give us a new Parliament; that so we may unanimously, before it be too late, use our utmost endeavors for the safety, the welfare and the glory of His Majesty's service."
In so condensed a version of this lengthy speech it is difficult to give an adequate notion of the consummate art with which Buckingham handled his subject. He carefully abstained from anything that could justly irritate his audience.
The jokes with which the discourse is besprinkled are strictly decorous.
Buckingham appealed alike to the Englishman's passion for freedom and to his ingrained reverence for precedent.
He pleaded for the rights of the people, while he deprecated the inordinate pretensions of the Commons.
Nor can his tactics have been much at fault as Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, the most accomplished wire-puller of his generation, backed Buckingham's arguments with all the resources of his eloquence.
It soon became clear that if the Peers regarded the ascendency of the Commons with impatience, they resented infinitely more the action of one of their own calling their existence into question.
When Buckingham ceased speaking, Lord Rosherville sprang to his feet and demanded that the bold speaker should instantly be summoned to the Bar to answer for the "insult" he had offered the House.
Buckingham's supporters were fewer than on previous occasions, but Shaftesbury, Philip, 4th Baron Wharton and James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, valiantly defended him.
Chancellor Finch strove to prove that the passing of the Triennial Act of 1641 overruled Buckingham's contention.
But their Lordships were less anxious to deliver an equitable decision on a disputed point of law than to avenge the fancied slight perpetrated by Buckingham.
For 5 hours the turmoil raged.
About Magna Carta
San Diego Sarah • Link
"In the early 17th century, members of Parliament revived Magna Carta as a weapon in their quarrels with the autocratic Stuart monarchs."
As we know, both Jameses and both Charleses believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and prorogued Parliament whenever it pleased them.
This story, from 1677, illustrates that the House of Lords was also no friend of Magna C(h)arta:
On 15 February, 1677, after the longest prorogation known, Parliament reassembled. The gossips declared that Buckingham would not be able to take his place in the House of Lords, as he "had been suffering from a generous attack of gout."
When Charles II's and Lord Chancellor Sir Heneage, Baron Finch's speeches came to an end, Buckingham rose "in great bravery, in liveries of blue, but all diversified," ready and eager for the fray. It was clear the Government had no intention of going to the country, and the Duke was equally determined to force a general election.
The fact that an Act of Edward III enjoined that a Parliament should be held once every year proved to his satisfaction that since the present assembly had not been called together within the twelvemonth, it was consequently dissolved, and that fresh writs were needed before it could have a legal status.
"Statutes of the realm," he exclaimed "are not like women, for they are not a jot worse for being old."
The words of this "just statute are as plain as a pike-staff, and no man that is not a scholar," Buckingham feelingly remarked, "could mistake them." He deprecated being considered "an unquiet or pragmatical man; for in this age every man that cannot bear everything is called unquiet."
But the fear of being false to his own convictions touched Buckingham yet more nearly, for "though it does not always follow that he is pragmatical whom others take to be so, yet this never fails to be true that he is most certainly a knave who takes himself to be so."
He did not depend on legal technicalities alone to support his case. With some astuteness he pointed out that the perpetual conflicts between the two Houses might well be due to the nature of the House of Commons having suffered a complete alteration. "They do not think now that they are an assembly that are to return to their houses and become private men again; they look upon themselves as a standing Senate and as a number of men picked out to be legislators for the rest of their lives; and if that be the case they have reason to believe themselves to be our equals."
About Sunday 13 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
They were still into puffy pants, Dorset. We've got a few years to go before Charles changes the look, which will cause many Diary entries from fashion-conscious but penny-wise Pepys.
Think or Charles II's coronation picture -- exagerated, yes, but the general idea.
https://www.rct.uk/collection/404…
About Monday 14 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
You're welcome, LKvM -- you share my learning curve.
@@@
"... and found a good answer from my father ..."
We have lots of information about the fledgling Post Office.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
and https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Monday 14 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, in the bay of Tangier:
October 14. Monday.
I sent the Forester with a packet from the Governor of Tangier and Mr. Myles to the Governor of the Algarves at Lagos: and a packet of my own to him including letters to the Conde da Ponte, Sir R. Fanshawe, the D. of Y., Mr. Coventry, Lord Chancellor, S. Pepys, Lady Sandwich.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
The Forester - probably a frigate, with Capt. Finch in charge
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Governor of Tangier -- Don Luis d'Almeida, count d'Avintes, Governor of Tangier (he must also have been the Captain General, as he gets other correspondence in that role) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui…
Mr. Myles -- he came aboard Sandwich's ship on September 22
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
The Governor of the Algarves at Lagos -- ideas anyone?
Lagos, Portugal https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Lagos is one of the Algarve’s top destination cities. Boasting a historic oldtown, marina, cultural attractions, with some incredible beaches and scenery it combines much of what the Algarve is famous for. ... It’s a perfect place to spend a long weekend, or longer holiday. With a wide variety of bars, pubs, and restaurants it’s a lively place that doesn’t suffer from seasonality.
https://wetravelportugal.com/lago…
Amb. Francisco de Mello e Torres, Conde da Ponte
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Amb. Sir Richard Fanshawe https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The D. of Y., the boss, James, Duke of York, and presumably the Lord High Admiral's private Secretary
Mr. [WILLIAM] Coventry https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, the Lord Chancellor
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Lady Sandwich -- yes, he didn't say my wife, or Jemima as this is a formal record of events, maintained for the Admiralty
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Tuesday 12 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Holmes had insisted upon the Swede’s lowering his flag, and had even fired a shot to enforce the observance of the usual tribute of respect, but the ambassador sent his secretary and another gentleman on board the English frigate, to assure the captain, upon the word and honour of an ambassador, that the king, by a verbal order, had given him leave and a dispensation in that particular, and upon this false representation he was allowed to proceed on his voyage without further question."
That Holmes was captain of a frigate was significant. They were not warships.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…