There is no entry about John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater (1623 - 1686) in the L&M Companion.
However, I found this enlightening episode about him in Oxford DNB Isaac Penington's biography:
About May 1665, Quaker landowner and writer Isaac Penington was arrested again, this time at the behest of John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, who was offended because Penington had refused to address him as 'My lord'.
During Penington’s 1665 imprisonments his pen remained active, partly with letters to his wife, Mary Proude Springett Penington, magistrates, relatives, Quaker meetings, and even to the Earl of Bridgewater explaining why he could not use worldly titles.
Monck's discretion was appreciated, and after a year, he was recalled to play prominent roles in both the conquest of Scotland and the first Anglo- Dutch War (1652–3);
Monck was made the military governor of Scotland in 1654.
Monck received nearly 20,000 acres of land in Wexford under the Cromwellian plantations.
So when the republic collapsed in 1659–60, Monck took the initiative, leading his troops down to London from Scotland to restore order and, after considering his options, declared for the Restoration of the monarchy.
Throughout his careful progression, Monck kept in close touch with the leaders of the successful coup mounted in Ireland in December 1659, encouraged their efforts to consolidate their position, and used his influence on their behalf in London. [Having secured power at the end of 1659, a group of Cromwellian army officers, Sir Theophilus Jones, Sir Charles Coote, and Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill opened negotiations with Charles II before Monck did.]
It was to Monck, in his role as Commander-in-Chief of all the forces of the Commonwealth, that the army in Ireland addressed its guarded acceptance of the Restoration on 7 May, 1660. Fittingly, Monck's rewards for the services he had rendered were drawn from Ireland as well as England.
George Monck was knighted on 25 May, 1660, on 7 July he was created Duke of Albemarle and endowed with a huge pension and extensive tracts of land (including around 3,500 acres in Connacht, mainly in Mayo). His Irish lands alone were worth £4,000 a year.
Finally, Monck was made Lord Lt. of Ireland in August, 1660, but he had no interest in going to Dublin. He did try to influence Irish policy, which immediately led to a clash with Ormonde about the contours of the Restoration settlement in Ireland. In opposition to Ormonde and others, Monck counselled moderation towards the defeated Puritan interest, but not so forcefully as to imperil his own political and financial prospects.
SPOILER: By 1661, Monck pushed successfully for Ormonde to replace him as Lord Lt. as he believed only the now Duke had the requisite standing to bring about a durable land settlement in Ireland, thereby provide Monck with a secure title to his extensive Irish property holdings.
Another case of former enemies coming together for their own mutual benefit -- they didn't even try to solve Ireland's problems which had been amplified by Cromwell's and Charles II's gifts.
Rev. Ralph tells us George Monck, Duke of Albemarle has just been made the Lord Lt. of Ireland. He was a Devonian, but had travelled far under Cromwell:
Skipping over the first third of his Irish biography: In Sept. 1647, Monck became Parliament's Major General in Ulster. He had an uneasy relationship with the Scottish troops stationed there under Robert Monro, and based himself at Dundalk. As relations between England and the Scots soured, Monck struck against the demoralised Scots at Carrickfergus on 16 Sept. 1648, capturing Monro. The other Scottish garrisons surrendered bringing Ulster under Parliament's control.
But many Protestant commanders in Ulster retained Royalist sympathies and the Presbytery at Lisburn regarded him warily. The execution of King Charles in Jan. 1649 provoked a general rising in Ulster against Parliament, forcing Monck, starved of supplies, to retreat to Dundalk. Meanwhile, James Burtler, Earl of Ormonde, had secured the support of the Catholic confederates for the Royalist cause. The major exception was the Ulster army commanded by Owen Roe O'Neill, who, desperately short of supplies and munitions, wrote to Monck in March proposing a cessation of hostilities. Monck reacted cautiously but perceived that such an agreement would both deepen the rift between Ormonde and O'Neill and buy him time. After receiving vague directions from Westminster, Monck concluded an agreement for a 3-month cessation on 8 May. He kept this agreement a secret from nearly all his men and his dispatch to London stressed the cessation was the result of extreme military necessity. Under the terms of this truce, both sides agreed to help the other if either was attacked by Royalists; they also agreed to maintain each other's cattle and Monck pledged to share any supplies he received from England with O'Neill.
In July, as Royalist forces advanced on Dundalk, Monck contacted O'Neill who agreed to help defend Dundalk in exchange for munitions. Monck camped about 7 miles from the town and sent a detachment to collect the ammunition. But these men became drunk in Dundalk. The Royalists were informed of their condition and ambushed them after they left the town, seizing the munitions intended for O'Neill, who was forced to withdraw.
A now-isolated Monck had to withstand a Royalist siege. Worse still, having seen O'Neill's troops collect the munitions, his men were horrified that their commander would ally himself with Irish Catholics. After a 2-day siege, they mutinied and forced Monck to surrender Dundalk on 17 July, 1649.
Monck was permitted to return to England. One of his officers arranged for Monck's correspondence with O'Neill to be published in London, much to the consternation of the republican regime. The Council of State, who had known about and tacitly accepted the truce, now distanced itself and Monck was obliged to accept full responsibility; he was formally censured in parliament.
Rev. Ralph: "... Dr. Pullein now an Archbishop being to remove from us, occasioned great feastings, which are vain tainting things to our minds, god in some measure abased my heart(,) ..."
Samuel Pullen (also Pullein and Pulleyne) (1598–1667) ... On the outbreak of the Catholic rebellion in October 1641, Pullen, who was living in Cashel, Tipperary, was plundered of all his goods, to the value of 4,000/. or 5,000/.s, and, with his wife and children, only escaped murder by the protection of a Jesuit father ... who sheltered him for 3 months. On his escape to England, Pullen became chaplain to Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford. ... [INTERESTING BUT IRRELEVANT STORY]
Pullen was collated on 28 October, 1642, to a prebend in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin which he held until the Restoration*, when he was incorporated D.D. of Dublin, and, through the Duke of Ormonde's** influence, elevated to the see of Tuam, with that of Kilfenoragh (19 January, 1661). ... For the complete entry see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam…
@@@ * Which means OFFICIALLY Pullen was a prebend at Protestant St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin for the duration of the Civil Wars, but as he had been run out of Ireland he was really employed by Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (1627 – 1703) and his first wife, Anne Bayning de Vere, Countess of Oxford (died 1659). ** This is August 1660, so James Butler is the Marquis of Ormonde. He's elevated to the 1st Duke on 30 March, 1661, after Pullen has left for Tuam.
The question is why [Presbyterian] Josselin and his parishoners in rural Essex were so delighted to hear [CofI] Pullen was going back to Ireland.
Castle Hedingham turns out to be about 8 miles away from Earls Colne. Heningham had been in the De Vere family since the 11th century. "After the death of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, Henry VII returned Hedingham to the de Veres in the person of Lancastrian supporter John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. In 1713 the castle was purchased by William Ashhurst; after his death in 1720, ..." So the 20th Earl owned it during the Interregnum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hed…
My guess therefore is that Aubrey and Anne Bayning de Vere, 20th Earl and Countess of Oxford were living at Hedingham Castle with their chaplain, Samuel Pullen. Pullen was probably speaking out firmly about the return of the Church of England and the mandatory use of the Book of Common Prayer. That would upset the local Essex citizens.
SPOILER: Pullen leaving for Ireland isn't going to bring any relief to them. Party on, folks.
I think you're right, Peter Johnson. The use of a full stop and a new paragraph would clarify things, Pepys et al! (But that won't happen for another couple of centuries. Even Dickens didn't have it down.)
Your reading that Carteret, Pepys and Turner made up the Navy accounts at Carteret's office makes more sense. Presumably the books are there, since he is now the Treasurer of the Navy. "… [Carteret] had official lodgings at Whitehall, a house in Pall Mall, an official residence at Deptford and a country mansion near Windsor, ..." and Pepys says they were bound for Whitehall.
Pepys letter to Sandwich therefore concerned changes York had made to his employment contract from what was suggested by the Admiralty's counsel.
@@@
One thing I had not appreciated before reading The Diary is how hard people worked. Double bookkeeping, balance sheets, and employment contracts were not my impression of the Stuarts.
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units -- equal to one eighth of a mile, equivalent to 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains or approximately 201 metres. -- Google librarian
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units -- equal to one eighth of a mile, equivalent to 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains or approximately 201 metres. -- Google librarian
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units -- equal to one eighth of a mile, equivalent to 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains or approximately 201 metres. -- Google librarian
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one eighth of a mile, equivalent to any of 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains or approximately 201 metres.
"... and so got a lanthorn to light us home, there being Mr. Morrice the wine cooper with us, ..."
A lanthorn is a 16th century word for a lantern, presumably a bit more sturdy and dependable than a linkboy's flare. I also presume a man carried the lantern, and might therefore have cost more, but since Mr. Morrice was walking with Pepys and Batten and could share the cost, it was worth the expense.
Or maybe Pepys got (i.e. found) a lantern at the Customs House, and the three of them made off with it.
It was a bit of a hike in the dark: Aqua Scripto says: "It be two furlongs from Office to the Customs House ... Down Seething Lane, across Tower Street to Beer Lane, down the lane across the street again into the Building ... The Customs House Quay be a stones throw from the Tower and the Tower dock and Tower Stairs"
Now, what's a furlong?
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one eighth of a mile, equivalent to any of 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains or approximately 201 metres.
Two of those in this case, plus a stone's throw to get you to the dock.
"I calling on Dr. Walker for the papers I did give him the other day, which he had perused and found that the Duke’s counsel had abated something of the former draught which Dr. Walker drew for my Lord) to Sir G. Carteret, where we there made up an estimate of the debts of the Navy for the Council."
"Wrote letters by the post to my Lord ..."
I bet you did. I would, too. "Cousin -- HELP -- York cut thousands out of the budget. How do I navigate this and get the money we need without upsetting the boss?"
The new prison at Clerkenwell was built next door to the Clerkenwell Bridewell prison.
There were dozens of Bridewell prisons built around England, for very poor people, loose women (well, that is how they supported their miserable lives), and vagrants. Pepys notes are ambiguous about visiting the "new Bridewell" in 1664 -- when they were all about 60 years old. It's possible these annotations belong here: https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
In March 1657, England and France entered a formal military alliance against Spain during which English troops served alongside the French under Marshal Turenne in Flanders [AND JAMES, DUKE OF YORK - SDS].
Under the terms of the alliance, the port of Dunkirk was ceded to England after the Anglo-French victory over the Spanish at the battle of the Dunes in June 1658. [This turned out to be an uncomfortable accommodation as the English Commonwealth troops were very Presbyterian, and the Dunkirkers were very Catholic, and somewhat unruly by disposition regardless of who was supposedly "in control".]
The war between France and Spain ended with the signing of the Peace of the Pyrenees on 28 October, 1659.
The troops Charles II contemplates sending to Dunkirk are -- of course -- his Royalist regiments, which included many of the Catholic persuasion. If he can't have a Royalist standing army in England, he will at least have one close by should he need them to put down an insurrection.
L&M Companion has nothing about the background to Dunkirk in Pepys' days.
The BCW Project to the rescue:
After the ending of the Anglo-Dutch war in April 1654, Lord-Protector Cromwell and the Council of State turned their attention to England's traditional enemies France and Spain, which were at war with one another in the Spanish Netherlands. French and Spanish revulsion at the execution of King Charles had given way to pragmatism, and both nations sought an alliance with the increasingly powerful English Protectorate. Throughout 1654, the ambassadors Antoine de Bordeaux-Neufville of France and Alonso de Cardenas of Spain vied with one another to secure Cromwell's favour.
Most members of the Council of State favoured an alliance with France, although a minority, headed by John Lambert, argued that the loss of trade with Spain would be too high a price to pay. Cromwell eventually decided to support France, initially through a commercial treaty rather than a military alliance. Although he had apparently abandoned the idea of intervening in the European war, Cromwell secretly planned the Western Design, an attack on Spanish territories in the West Indies, which was put into operation in 1655 and resulted in the capture of Jamaica by England. Meanwhile, the English fleet imposed an unofficial blockade to prevent supplies and reinforcements sailing from Spain to the West Indies.
War was openly declared in October 1655 and endorsed when the Second Protectorate Parliament assembled the following year. The blockade of Spain by the English navy continued during 1656-7 and severely disrupted the Spanish economy. In March 1657, England and France entered a formal military alliance against Spain during which English troops served alongside the French under Marshal Turenne in Flanders [AND JAMES, DUKE OF YORK]. Under the terms of the alliance, the port of Dunkirk was ceded to England after the Anglo-French victory over the Spanish at the battle of the Dunes in June 1658.
The war between France and Spain ended with the signing of the Peace of the Pyrenees on 28 October 1659.
After the Restoration, the Anglo-Spanish war was formally terminated in September 1660. Charles II sold Dunkirk back to Louis XIV in November 1662 — although less than £300,000 of the promised £500,000 was ever paid. Jamaica remained a British colony; the Spanish formally recognised Britain's ownership of the island in 1670. http://bcw-project.org/military/a…
"... (in our way I calling on Dr. Walker for the papers I did give him the other day, which he had perused and found that the Duke’s counsel had abated something of the former draught which Dr. Walker drew for my Lord) to Sir G. Carteret, where we there made up an estimate of the debts of the Navy for the Council."
The Duke of York -- and presumably his secretary Coventry -- had reduced the numbers Dr. Walter Walker, the state's advocate at civil law for the Admiralty, had compiled of the Commonwealth Navy's debts? I wonder why Walker had the estimating job, and not one of the former Commissioners? Mr. Blackborne seems to be amenable to working with the new regime.
Luckily Pepys has Thomas Turner (or Tourner), the former General Clerk at the Navy Office and now appointed as clerk to the Comptroller ( Sir Robert Slingsby), with him so he would be able to discuss Walker's figures -vs- York's figures.
This must have been an uncomfortable meeting. Did they correct the estimates, and ask for as much money as possible from Parliament (who are sure to send them less), or go with the lower numbers to please the boss and risk coming up very short when they try to pay their bills?
Good observation, Martin VT, and something I had not thought about. Maybe this also accounts for the need of so many new clothes?! I've noted the number of coach rides home recently after evenings of drinking with pals.
"... and so to the Admiralty chamber, where we and Mr. Coventry had a meeting about several businesses."
Phineas Pett had been confirmed as Assistant Master-Shipwright, Chatham, on June 11, but was dismissed on 15 October. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
So, although Pepys is ambiguous about who "we" was, I think this was a Navy Board meeting with Coventry in the Admiralty Offices at Whitehall. Probably they had to sort out how things were going to work with Sandwich out of town, and James, Duke of York and Coventry were not up-to-speed on running the vast industrial empire which was the Navy. The Admiralty only met to advise about war and tactics, not employment and victualling issues. Mr. Pett libelling Charles II and Queen Henrietta Maria was an employment issue. And the fact he was related to Commissioner Pett further muddied the issue. That Pett didn't get fired until October shows how confused and delicate matters must have been. If they had been clear on who-did-what-and-when, Pett would have been canned in days, not months. This confirms my impression that Sandwich left rather than make decisions that York should make; if he'd made a call James didn't like he would have been fired or worse and all the honors he'd just received would have evaporated.
No doubt, if there is a need for the Admiral of the Narrow Seas, he'll be back in a heartbeat.
Of course, I may be reading too much into unrelated events.
"Amongst others, it was moved that Phineas Pett (kinsman to the Commissioner) of Chatham, should be suspended his employment till he had answered some articles put in against him, as that he should formerly say that the King was a bastard and his mother a whore."
Mr. Pett wasn't alone -- gossip of this nature was going around the kingdom. It was even a concern to the House of Commons. See https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
"According to Priceonomics, the idea that breakfast is the most important meal of the day is nothing more than the result of a clever marketing campaign put forth by General Mills in 1944.
"As The Atlantic notes, eating early in the day was shunned by most people throughout the Middle Ages. Italian philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas looked upon eating in the morning as a form of gluttony. But that attitude changed when people began working outside of their homes.
"As reported by History Extra, the Tudors were responsible for creating our modern idea of breakfast in the 16th century, and they did so as a side effect of inventing employment.
"BBC News further explains that the Industrial Revolution solidified the idea that breakfast should be consumed since eating early in the day before leaving home helped fuel laborers during their long work days. It makes sense to eat before you leave for work, especially for the type of physical labor many workers did during the Industrial Revolution, ..."
"English settlers in the 17th century ate 3 meals a day, as they had in England ... For most people, breakfast consisted of bread, cornmeal mush and milk, or bread and milk together, and tea. Even the gentry might eat modestly in the morning, although they could afford meat or fish... Dinner, as elsewhere in the colonies, was a midday, through the wealthy were like to do as their peers in England did, and have it mid-afternoon... new England's gentry had a great variety of food on the table... An everyday meal might feature only one or two meats with a pudding, tarts, and vegetables... The different between the more prosperous households and more modest ones might be in the quality and quantity of the meat served... Supper was a smaller meal, often similar to breakfast: bread, cheese, mush or hasty pudding, or warmed-over meat from the noon meal. Supper among the gentry was also a sociable meal, and might have warm food, meat or shellfish, such as oysters, in season." -- Food in Colonial and Federal America, Sandra L. Oliver [Greenwood Press:Westport CT] 2005(p. 157)
All Pepys mentions is his small beer and liquid breakfasts. No doubt if he was hungry, he grabbed some bread and cheese, or a chicken leg, or whatever was in the cupboard. I don't think he was trying to creating employment for 90 per cent of the Diary.
Comments
Third Reading
About John Egerton (2nd Earl of Bridgewater)
San Diego Sarah • Link
There is no entry about John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater (1623 - 1686) in the L&M Companion.
However, I found this enlightening episode about him in Oxford DNB Isaac Penington's biography:
About May 1665, Quaker landowner and writer Isaac Penington was arrested again, this time at the behest of John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, who was offended because Penington had refused to address him as 'My lord'.
During Penington’s 1665 imprisonments his pen remained active, partly with letters to his wife, Mary Proude Springett Penington, magistrates, relatives, Quaker meetings, and even to the Earl of Bridgewater explaining why he could not use worldly titles.
Highlights from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10…
Hard head hits stone wall!
About Sunday 26 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
OOOOPS ... CORRECTION:
Anne Bayning de Vere, Countess of Oxford (died 1659). So she couldn't be living at Hedingham Castle now. Sorry.
About Sunday 26 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
Monck's discretion was appreciated, and after a year, he was recalled to play prominent roles in both the conquest of Scotland and the first Anglo- Dutch War (1652–3);
Monck was made the military governor of Scotland in 1654.
Monck received nearly 20,000 acres of land in Wexford under the Cromwellian plantations.
So when the republic collapsed in 1659–60, Monck took the initiative, leading his troops down to London from Scotland to restore order and, after considering his options, declared for the Restoration of the monarchy.
Throughout his careful progression, Monck kept in close touch with the leaders of the successful coup mounted in Ireland in December 1659, encouraged their efforts to consolidate their position, and used his influence on their behalf in London.
[Having secured power at the end of 1659, a group of Cromwellian army officers, Sir Theophilus Jones, Sir Charles Coote, and Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill opened negotiations with Charles II before Monck did.]
It was to Monck, in his role as Commander-in-Chief of all the forces of the Commonwealth, that the army in Ireland addressed its guarded acceptance of the Restoration on 7 May, 1660.
Fittingly, Monck's rewards for the services he had rendered were drawn from Ireland as well as England.
George Monck was knighted on 25 May, 1660,
on 7 July he was created Duke of Albemarle and endowed with a huge pension and extensive tracts of land (including around 3,500 acres in Connacht, mainly in Mayo).
His Irish lands alone were worth £4,000 a year.
Finally, Monck was made Lord Lt. of Ireland in August, 1660, but he had no interest in going to Dublin. He did try to influence Irish policy, which immediately led to a clash with Ormonde about the contours of the Restoration settlement in Ireland.
In opposition to Ormonde and others, Monck counselled moderation towards the defeated Puritan interest, but not so forcefully as to imperil his own political and financial prospects.
SPOILER: By 1661, Monck pushed successfully for Ormonde to replace him as Lord Lt. as he believed only the now Duke had the requisite standing to bring about a durable land settlement in Ireland, thereby provide Monck with a secure title to his extensive Irish property holdings.
For more see https://www.dib.ie/biography/monc…
Another case of former enemies coming together for their own mutual benefit -- they didn't even try to solve Ireland's problems which had been amplified by Cromwell's and Charles II's gifts.
About Sunday 26 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
Rev. Ralph tells us George Monck, Duke of Albemarle has just been made the Lord Lt. of Ireland. He was a Devonian, but had travelled far under Cromwell:
Skipping over the first third of his Irish biography:
In Sept. 1647, Monck became Parliament's Major General in Ulster.
He had an uneasy relationship with the Scottish troops stationed there under Robert Monro, and based himself at Dundalk.
As relations between England and the Scots soured, Monck struck against the demoralised Scots at Carrickfergus on 16 Sept. 1648, capturing Monro.
The other Scottish garrisons surrendered bringing Ulster under Parliament's control.
But many Protestant commanders in Ulster retained Royalist sympathies and the Presbytery at Lisburn regarded him warily.
The execution of King Charles in Jan. 1649 provoked a general rising in Ulster against Parliament, forcing Monck, starved of supplies, to retreat to Dundalk.
Meanwhile, James Burtler, Earl of Ormonde, had secured the support of the Catholic confederates for the Royalist cause. The major exception was the Ulster army commanded by Owen Roe O'Neill, who, desperately short of supplies and munitions, wrote to Monck in March proposing a cessation of hostilities.
Monck reacted cautiously but perceived that such an agreement would both deepen the rift between Ormonde and O'Neill and buy him time.
After receiving vague directions from Westminster, Monck concluded an agreement for a 3-month cessation on 8 May.
He kept this agreement a secret from nearly all his men and his dispatch to London stressed the cessation was the result of extreme military necessity.
Under the terms of this truce, both sides agreed to help the other if either was attacked by Royalists; they also agreed to maintain each other's cattle and Monck pledged to share any supplies he received from England with O'Neill.
In July, as Royalist forces advanced on Dundalk, Monck contacted O'Neill who agreed to help defend Dundalk in exchange for munitions.
Monck camped about 7 miles from the town and sent a detachment to collect the ammunition. But these men became drunk in Dundalk.
The Royalists were informed of their condition and ambushed them after they left the town, seizing the munitions intended for O'Neill, who was forced to withdraw.
A now-isolated Monck had to withstand a Royalist siege.
Worse still, having seen O'Neill's troops collect the munitions, his men were horrified that their commander would ally himself with Irish Catholics.
After a 2-day siege, they mutinied and forced Monck to surrender Dundalk on 17 July, 1649.
Monck was permitted to return to England. One of his officers arranged for Monck's correspondence with O'Neill to be published in London, much to the consternation of the republican regime.
The Council of State, who had known about and tacitly accepted the truce, now distanced itself and Monck was obliged to accept full responsibility; he was formally censured in parliament.
About Sunday 26 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
Rev. Ralph: "... Dr. Pullein now an Archbishop being to remove from us, occasioned great feastings, which are vain tainting things to our minds, god in some measure abased my heart(,) ..."
Samuel Pullen (also Pullein and Pulleyne) (1598–1667)
... On the outbreak of the Catholic rebellion in October 1641, Pullen, who was living in Cashel, Tipperary, was plundered of all his goods, to the value of 4,000/. or 5,000/.s, and, with his wife and children, only escaped murder by the protection of a Jesuit father ... who sheltered him for 3 months. On his escape to England, Pullen became chaplain to Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford. ... [INTERESTING BUT IRRELEVANT STORY]
Pullen was collated on 28 October, 1642, to a prebend in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin which he held until the Restoration*, when he was incorporated D.D. of Dublin, and, through the Duke of Ormonde's** influence, elevated to the see of Tuam, with that of Kilfenoragh (19 January, 1661). ...
For the complete entry see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam…
@@@
* Which means OFFICIALLY Pullen was a prebend at Protestant St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin for the duration of the Civil Wars, but as he had been run out of Ireland he was really employed by Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (1627 – 1703) and his first wife, Anne Bayning de Vere, Countess of Oxford (died 1659).
** This is August 1660, so James Butler is the Marquis of Ormonde. He's elevated to the 1st Duke on 30 March, 1661, after Pullen has left for Tuam.
The question is why [Presbyterian] Josselin and his parishoners in rural Essex were so delighted to hear [CofI] Pullen was going back to Ireland.
Castle Hedingham turns out to be about 8 miles away from Earls Colne.
Heningham had been in the De Vere family since the 11th century. "After the death of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, Henry VII returned Hedingham to the de Veres in the person of Lancastrian supporter John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. In 1713 the castle was purchased by William Ashhurst; after his death in 1720, ..." So the 20th Earl owned it during the Interregnum.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hed…
My guess therefore is that Aubrey and Anne Bayning de Vere, 20th Earl and Countess of Oxford were living at Hedingham Castle with their chaplain, Samuel Pullen. Pullen was probably speaking out firmly about the return of the Church of England and the mandatory use of the Book of Common Prayer.
That would upset the local Essex citizens.
SPOILER: Pullen leaving for Ireland isn't going to bring any relief to them. Party on, folks.
About Saturday 25 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
I think you're right, Peter Johnson. The use of a full stop and a new paragraph would clarify things, Pepys et al! (But that won't happen for another couple of centuries. Even Dickens didn't have it down.)
Your reading that Carteret, Pepys and Turner made up the Navy accounts at Carteret's office makes more sense. Presumably the books are there, since he is now the Treasurer of the Navy. "… [Carteret] had official lodgings at Whitehall, a house in Pall Mall, an official residence at Deptford and a country mansion near Windsor, ..." and Pepys says they were bound for Whitehall.
Pepys letter to Sandwich therefore concerned changes York had made to his employment contract from what was suggested by the Admiralty's counsel.
@@@
One thing I had not appreciated before reading The Diary is how hard people worked. Double bookkeeping, balance sheets, and employment contracts were not my impression of the Stuarts.
About Halfway House
San Diego Sarah • Link
So what's a furlong?
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units --
equal to one eighth of a mile,
equivalent to 660 feet,
220 yards,
40 rods,
10 chains
or approximately 201 metres.
-- Google librarian
About Custom House
San Diego Sarah • Link
So what's a furlong?
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units --
equal to one eighth of a mile,
equivalent to 660 feet,
220 yards,
40 rods,
10 chains
or approximately 201 metres.
-- Google librarian
About Mark Lane
San Diego Sarah • Link
So what's a furlong?
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units --
equal to one eighth of a mile,
equivalent to 660 feet,
220 yards,
40 rods,
10 chains
or approximately 201 metres.
-- Google librarian
About Friday 2 January 1662/63
San Diego Sarah • Link
So what's a furlong?
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one eighth of a mile,
equivalent to any of 660 feet,
220 yards,
40 rods,
10 chains
or approximately 201 metres.
About Tuesday 26 August 1662
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... and so got a lanthorn to light us home, there being Mr. Morrice the wine cooper with us, ..."
A lanthorn is a 16th century word for a lantern, presumably a bit more sturdy and dependable than a linkboy's flare. I also presume a man carried the lantern, and might therefore have cost more, but since Mr. Morrice was walking with Pepys and Batten and could share the cost, it was worth the expense.
Or maybe Pepys got (i.e. found) a lantern at the Customs House, and the three of them made off with it.
It was a bit of a hike in the dark: Aqua Scripto says:
"It be two furlongs from Office to the Customs House ...
Down Seething Lane, across Tower Street to Beer Lane, down the lane across the street again into the Building ...
The Customs House Quay be a stones throw from the Tower and the Tower dock and Tower Stairs"
Now, what's a furlong?
A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one eighth of a mile,
equivalent to any of 660 feet,
220 yards,
40 rods,
10 chains
or approximately 201 metres.
Two of those in this case, plus a stone's throw to get you to the dock.
About Saturday 25 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"I calling on Dr. Walker for the papers I did give him the other day, which he had perused and found that the Duke’s counsel had abated something of the former draught which Dr. Walker drew for my Lord) to Sir G. Carteret, where we there made up an estimate of the debts of the Navy for the Council."
"Wrote letters by the post to my Lord ..."
I bet you did. I would, too.
"Cousin -- HELP -- York cut thousands out of the budget. How do I navigate this and get the money we need without upsetting the boss?"
About Bridewell Prison (Clerkenwell)
San Diego Sarah • Link
The new prison at Clerkenwell was built next door to the Clerkenwell Bridewell prison.
There were dozens of Bridewell prisons built around England, for very poor people, loose women (well, that is how they supported their miserable lives), and vagrants.
Pepys notes are ambiguous about visiting the "new Bridewell" in 1664 -- when they were all about 60 years old. It's possible these annotations belong here:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Saturday 25 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
In March 1657, England and France entered a formal military alliance against Spain during which English troops served alongside the French under Marshal Turenne in Flanders [AND JAMES, DUKE OF YORK - SDS].
Under the terms of the alliance, the port of Dunkirk was ceded to England after the Anglo-French victory over the Spanish at the battle of the Dunes in June 1658.
[This turned out to be an uncomfortable accommodation as the English Commonwealth troops were very Presbyterian, and the Dunkirkers were very Catholic, and somewhat unruly by disposition regardless of who was supposedly "in control".]
The war between France and Spain ended with the signing of the Peace of the Pyrenees on 28 October, 1659.
After the Restoration, the Anglo-Spanish War was formally terminated in September 1660.
http://bcw-project.org/military/a…
The troops Charles II contemplates sending to Dunkirk are -- of course -- his Royalist regiments, which included many of the Catholic persuasion. If he can't have a Royalist standing army in England, he will at least have one close by should he need them to put down an insurrection.
About Dunkirk, France
San Diego Sarah • Link
L&M Companion has nothing about the background to Dunkirk in Pepys' days.
The BCW Project to the rescue:
After the ending of the Anglo-Dutch war in April 1654, Lord-Protector Cromwell and the Council of State turned their attention to England's traditional enemies France and Spain, which were at war with one another in the Spanish Netherlands.
French and Spanish revulsion at the execution of King Charles had given way to pragmatism, and both nations sought an alliance with the increasingly powerful English Protectorate.
Throughout 1654, the ambassadors Antoine de Bordeaux-Neufville of France and Alonso de Cardenas of Spain vied with one another to secure Cromwell's favour.
Most members of the Council of State favoured an alliance with France, although a minority, headed by John Lambert, argued that the loss of trade with Spain would be too high a price to pay.
Cromwell eventually decided to support France, initially through a commercial treaty rather than a military alliance.
Although he had apparently abandoned the idea of intervening in the European war, Cromwell secretly planned the Western Design, an attack on Spanish territories in the West Indies, which was put into operation in 1655 and resulted in the capture of Jamaica by England.
Meanwhile, the English fleet imposed an unofficial blockade to prevent supplies and reinforcements sailing from Spain to the West Indies.
War was openly declared in October 1655 and endorsed when the Second Protectorate Parliament assembled the following year. The blockade of Spain by the English navy continued during 1656-7 and severely disrupted the Spanish economy.
In March 1657, England and France entered a formal military alliance against Spain during which English troops served alongside the French under Marshal Turenne in Flanders [AND JAMES, DUKE OF YORK].
Under the terms of the alliance, the port of Dunkirk was ceded to England after the Anglo-French victory over the Spanish at the battle of the Dunes in June 1658.
The war between France and Spain ended with the signing of the Peace of the Pyrenees on 28 October 1659.
After the Restoration, the Anglo-Spanish war was formally terminated in September 1660.
Charles II sold Dunkirk back to Louis XIV in November 1662 — although less than £300,000 of the promised £500,000 was ever paid.
Jamaica remained a British colony; the Spanish formally recognised Britain's ownership of the island in 1670.
http://bcw-project.org/military/a…
About Saturday 25 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... (in our way I calling on Dr. Walker for the papers I did give him the other day, which he had perused and found that the Duke’s counsel had abated something of the former draught which Dr. Walker drew for my Lord) to Sir G. Carteret, where we there made up an estimate of the debts of the Navy for the Council."
The Duke of York -- and presumably his secretary Coventry -- had reduced the numbers Dr. Walter Walker, the state's advocate at civil law for the Admiralty, had compiled of the Commonwealth Navy's debts?
I wonder why Walker had the estimating job, and not one of the former Commissioners? Mr. Blackborne seems to be amenable to working with the new regime.
Luckily Pepys has Thomas Turner (or Tourner), the former General Clerk at the Navy Office and now appointed as clerk to the Comptroller ( Sir Robert Slingsby), with him so he would be able to discuss Walker's figures -vs- York's figures.
This must have been an uncomfortable meeting.
Did they correct the estimates, and ask for as much money as possible from Parliament (who are sure to send them less), or go with the lower numbers to please the boss and risk coming up very short when they try to pay their bills?
About Saturday 25 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
Good observation, Martin VT, and something I had not thought about.
Maybe this also accounts for the need of so many new clothes?!
I've noted the number of coach rides home recently after evenings of drinking with pals.
About Thursday 23 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... and so to the Admiralty chamber, where we and Mr. Coventry had a meeting about several businesses."
Phineas Pett had been confirmed as Assistant Master-Shipwright, Chatham, on June 11, but was dismissed on 15 October.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
So, although Pepys is ambiguous about who "we" was, I think this was a Navy Board meeting with Coventry in the Admiralty Offices at Whitehall. Probably they had to sort out how things were going to work with Sandwich out of town, and James, Duke of York and Coventry were not up-to-speed on running the vast industrial empire which was the Navy. The Admiralty only met to advise about war and tactics, not employment and victualling issues.
Mr. Pett libelling Charles II and Queen Henrietta Maria was an employment issue. And the fact he was related to Commissioner Pett further muddied the issue.
That Pett didn't get fired until October shows how confused and delicate matters must have been. If they had been clear on who-did-what-and-when, Pett would have been canned in days, not months.
This confirms my impression that Sandwich left rather than make decisions that York should make; if he'd made a call James didn't like he would have been fired or worse and all the honors he'd just received would have evaporated.
No doubt, if there is a need for the Admiral of the Narrow Seas, he'll be back in a heartbeat.
Of course, I may be reading too much into unrelated events.
About Thursday 23 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Amongst others, it was moved that Phineas Pett (kinsman to the Commissioner) of Chatham, should be suspended his employment till he had answered some articles put in against him, as that he should formerly say that the King was a bastard and his mother a whore."
Mr. Pett wasn't alone -- gossip of this nature was going around the kingdom. It was even a concern to the House of Commons. See https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Thursday 23 August 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"According to Priceonomics, the idea that breakfast is the most important meal of the day is nothing more than the result of a clever marketing campaign put forth by General Mills in 1944.
"As The Atlantic notes, eating early in the day was shunned by most people throughout the Middle Ages. Italian philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas looked upon eating in the morning as a form of gluttony. But that attitude changed when people began working outside of their homes.
"As reported by History Extra, the Tudors were responsible for creating our modern idea of breakfast in the 16th century, and they did so as a side effect of inventing employment.
"BBC News further explains that the Industrial Revolution solidified the idea that breakfast should be consumed since eating early in the day before leaving home helped fuel laborers during their long work days. It makes sense to eat before you leave for work, especially for the type of physical labor many workers did during the Industrial Revolution, ..."
Read More: https://www.tastingtable.com/1096…
"English settlers in the 17th century ate 3 meals a day, as they had in England ... For most people, breakfast consisted of bread, cornmeal mush and milk, or bread and milk together, and tea. Even the gentry might eat modestly in the morning, although they could afford meat or fish...
Dinner, as elsewhere in the colonies, was a midday, through the wealthy were like to do as their peers in England did, and have it mid-afternoon...
new England's gentry had a great variety of food on the table...
An everyday meal might feature only one or two meats with a pudding, tarts, and vegetables...
The different between the more prosperous households and more modest ones might be in the quality and quantity of the meat served...
Supper was a smaller meal, often similar to breakfast: bread, cheese, mush or hasty pudding, or warmed-over meat from the noon meal.
Supper among the gentry was also a sociable meal, and might have warm food, meat or shellfish, such as oysters, in season."
-- Food in Colonial and Federal America, Sandra L. Oliver [Greenwood Press:Westport CT] 2005(p. 157)
All Pepys mentions is his small beer and liquid breakfasts. No doubt if he was hungry, he grabbed some bread and cheese, or a chicken leg, or whatever was in the cupboard. I don't think he was trying to creating employment for 90 per cent of the Diary.