"Sat at our office today, and my father came this day the first time to see us at my new office."
Chip: "I found the first line extraordinary, how Pepys interchanges the plural possessive pronoun for the singular. Note it is our office that then becomes my new office."
I think "Sat at our office today" is missing "We sat ..." meaning the Navy Board was in session. Then his father stops by to see where his son's new desk is located.
Later it will be additionally confusing because Pepys has an office at the Navy Board AND an office in his house for his non-Navy work and accounts. My office and our office become, while Elizabeth sat home eating b quite confusing.
It's our house, because he shares it with Elizabeth and the two Wills and Jane. I think that's generous, because men owned everything in those days, unless you were a wealthy widow with a good lawyer.
But it's his money because he earned it with all these late nights at Westminster, while Elizabeth sat home eating bon-bons.
Navigation depends on accurate mathematics. As the voyages got longer and could no longer hug the coastline, and the number of ships transporting people and supplies multiplied, so it became more important to be accurate and therefore timely.
This article mainly focuses on the French efforts to make sure their naval officers were qualified to do their jobs. Louis XIV set up schools of navigation -- in England it was concerned men like Pepys and Joseph Williamson. https://aeon.co/essays/how-europe…
In a ceremony as rich in pomp as it is ancient in history, and in total silence, the new Lord Mayor of London is sworn into office.
For over 800 years, on Michaelmas Day, the City’s liverymen elect a new Lord Mayor for the year ahead, and a few weeks later the Silent Ceremony takes place.
It’s not absolutely silent, as apart from the occasional muffled cough, or ringing of a mobile phone, the incoming Lord Mayor reads out a vow before signing the book to confirm his (and occasionally, her) office, and to take responsibility for the Mansion House.
There is also a lot of doffing of tricorne hats, bows and presentations. All in silence, except for that short declaration by the incoming Lord Mayor. It’s a great piece of theater.
I suspect that the Will Pepys is taking around with him these days is actually Will Hewer. Recently, he specified Will "the boy" was Elizabeth's boy. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Plus he's taken on Hewer as his help in the office. Since Pepys isn't in the office, there's not much for an untrained teenager to do. Having him along for conversation and exposure would be more efficient -- plus he can provide protection if walking around at night.
German wine from the Rhine was so popular in England, it compelled Henry II to grant the merchants of Cologne royal protection and the right to settle in their own trading yard.
Henry II’s son, Richard the Lionheart, granted them relief from all taxes and dues in exchange for fitting out 3 ships for the crusades, a deal of truly epic stupidity.
The Cologne merchants were not the only foreigners who showed up in England in the 13th century. Hansards from Gdansk and other Baltic cities who had no local salt sailed down to Brittany, picked up the salt, and got in on the Herring trade, squeezing out the English from their markets in Scania and Bergen. Next they took over the entirety of English trade by bringing their products (beeswax, furs etc.) to ports like King’s Lynn, Boston, Yarmouth and Hull.
Edward III, of Crecy and Poitiers fame, was also a great fan of the German merchants. He granted them favors throughout his reign. In return the Hansards helped him with what he needed most – money. Edward III’s hundred-years war was an expensive undertaking and he borrowed money across Europe, mostly from Italy. His biggest creditors were the Bardi and Peruzzi in Florence who lent him 210,000/.s. The Hanseatic merchants also helped. Their resources were smaller, but they made up for it by focusing on sentimental value: Edward III pawned his crown to the archbishop of Trier for 50,000 Ecu and the smaller Queen's crown for 10,000 to a consortium of Cologne bankers. When the creditors threatened to sell them to the highest bidder, the Steelyard merchants stepped in and paid them off in 1344, saving the king from humiliation. Edward, in 1345, then defaulted on the loans from the Bardi and Peruzzi, creating the first international banking crisis, a crisis which allowed the Medici to rise from the second tier to becoming the world’s largest banking house and rulers of Florence.
Germans in the Steelyard now wound down their lending operations, because of the risk, but also because the locals hated their taxes going offshore as interest payments.
Edward III died in 1377 and with it the great supporter of the Hanse in London went away. A new generation of merchant adventurers took on the Hansards, sailing into the Baltic to buy and ship the eastern goods so desired at home.
The Steelyard lived on, now helping with the export of English woolen cloth, but by Pepys time it was just a memory.
Without repeating the above information, here are a few out-takes I found enlightening:
In the 14th century the Hanseatic Counting Houses, or Kontors, were the most visible manifestations of the League, an organization that had no common foundation treaty, no statutes, no administration (at least not until 1556), no army, no treasury and no seal. They are like the tip of the iceberg that points to the mass of interconnections below the surface. The Counting Houses were also one of the key reasons first individual merchants, and then whole cities, wanted to be part of the association.
Being admitted to the Kontor of, say Bruges, meant merchants could trade freely with other foreigners on the greatest exchange in Europe, protected from local justice -- nobody could call you out for a trial by combat. And, they paid either no or much reduced tariffs on the imported or exported wares, plus the merchandise was weighed by the Kontor, a place trusted more than the local scales.
The Kontor in London goes back to 1176 when Henry II of England declared: “Henry, by the grace of God king of England, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, count of Anjou to all his viscounts and baillies of London – greetings. I hereby allow the people of Cologne to sell their wine on the same market where the French wine is sold, and at a price of 3 pence per pint. And I prohibit anyone from hindering them or doing them any harm”.
In a second ordinance Henry II grants them the right to a Guildhall where they and their wares should be protected. That guildhall became the Steelyard.
This privilege is not given to all the merchants of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Hanseatic League, but only to merchants from Cologne -- and only for their import of WINE!
Cologne merchants largest product was in what they called 'the wine of the Rhine'. This was the mainly white wine, from the classic Rheingau and Rheinhessen region between Bonn and Speyer, and also the valleys of the tributaries, the Ahr, Moselle, Saar, Ruwer and Main and from even further upriver.
The largest supply came from Alsace, which was amongst the most popular across Northern Europe. The quantities were astounding. In the 14th century the region around Colmar produced about 13,000,000 bottles of wine. Today the whole of Alsace produces 150,000,000 bottles (remember not just improved agricultural methods, but also Europe’s population has grown by factor 15).
Lodowicke Muggleton was not one for imposing rules on followers: he preferred those correspondents who sought his advice to make up their own minds. He did not want them, for example, to go to church, but he turned a blind eye on some who did. He thought praying was unnecessary, but condoned the practice if it gave pleasure to his followers. He believed they were wrong to set so much store on written blessings from him, when oral ones were sufficient, but he still gave them when asked. His ascendancy manifested itself in his casuist skills, not in claims to infallibility. Lodowicke Muggleton believed that witches and ghosts, just like dreams, were produced by fear; hell was inside the self; the Devil was a creation of the imagination; and parents should love their children, but the converse did not follow.
Muggleton continued with vigor to exercise the power conferred on him since 1652 to bless and to curse; it was not until the 18th century that such powers were questioned.
The Muggletonian creed which Lodowicke fashioned had no time for churches, ceremony, and priestcraft. Believers met where they could, often in pubs. There they would find a side-room to extol the qualities of Lodowicke Muggleton and John Reeve to the tune of patriotic ballads of the day.
This association with pubs made Macaulay designate the ascetic Muggleton as a 'tippler' (History of England, 1.164).
The archives showed that Lodowicke Muggleton was no more a drunkard than he was a psychotic (A. Jessopp, The prophet of Walnut Tree Yard, Nineteenth Century, 1884).
The recovery of the archive showed the positive qualities of a great and underrated spiritual casuist.
I can understand why there was a desire to rein in the more extremely unconventional sects that had emerged. But they didn't all just go away.
One, the Muggletonians, survived for over 300 years.
The problems their leader, Lodowicke Muggleton, encountered after the Restoration: He was committed to gaol in Derby in 1663, his books were seized in London in 1670, he was tried for blasphemy at the Old Bailey in 1677. He was found guilty, condemned to the pillory on 3 separate days, had his books burnt before his face, and was confined to Newgate until 19 July, 1677.
That date of release (later reckoned as 30 July after the alteration of the calendar) became one of two special anniversaries in the Muggletonian history. The other was the 3 days when God spoke to co-founder John Reeve, later reckoned as 14, 15, and 16 February. These 'holidays' were commemorated by believers well into the 20th century.
Lodowicke Muggleton's funeral on 17 March, 1698, was attended by 248 believers; he had died at his lodgings in the Postern, London Wall, 3 days earlier. He was buried in Bethlehem new churchyard (opposite where Liverpool Street Station stands).
Numbers went into decline. Muggletonians were not an evangelizing sect: the initiative had to come from the seeker, or, as Muggleton put it, 'God only opens the door to those who knock themselves'. This self-denying ordinance imposed strains which emerge in the correspondence of later Muggletonians. But they were free from the usual sectarian conceit that only believers would be saved. Only believers had the assurance of salvation, but many would be saved (Muggleton thought perhaps half the world) without that assurance. Certainly ALL children would be saved; equally certainly, NO clergymen.
So Muggletonianism never expanded as the Quakers did. What is surprising is that they should have lasted for over 300 years.
Chambers's Encyclopaedia in 1881 pronounced the sect as extinct, but their archives were tracked down in 1974, when it was found in the possession of a Kent farmer, who gave the 88 volumes of papers to the British Library, where they are now housed.
The recovery of the manuscripts has enhanced Lodowicke Muggleton's reputation.
Through Lodowicke Muggleton's lens, John Reeve dominates the earliest years (1652–8). The story is different afterwards. Muggleton exerts a powerful grip on the movement, mainly by letters. He did not travel: he hated the sea, and he was baffled by the motives of migrants. He once forbade his lieutenant Tomkinson to think of emigrating. This was an unusual assertion of leadership.
1612 was a busy year for Baptist Hicks MP, who was, simultaneously, building Campden House in Kensington and Hickes Hall for the Middlesex magistrates, as well as an estate at Chipping Campden.
In 1628, Sir Baptist Hickes MP was elevated to the peerage as Baron Hicks of Ilmington, Warwickshire and 1st Viscount Campden of Campden, Gloucestershire.
Lord Hickes named both his Kensington home and his Chipping Campden estate "Campden House". The Sessions House for the Middlesex Magistrates was called Hickes Hall in his honor.
The Sunday Times “Richest of the Rich: 250 wealthiest people in Britain since 1066” lists Sir Baptist Hickes MP as the 2nd wealthiest man in England during his lifetime, worth the equivalent of £9.2 billion today.
"L&M: Baptist HICKES MP (1612 - 1682), 3rd Lord Campden" IS WRONG -- Phil and L&M are right.
SHOULD BE:
L&M: Baptist NOEL MP (1612 - 1682), 3rd Lord Campden. His London house (Campden House' taxed on 32 hearths in 1664) on what is now Campden Hill, Kensington. It was the largest house in the parish after Holland House.
Baptist Hickes MP (1551–1629) was a wealthy London merchant, and also represented Tavistock and Tewkesbury in the Commons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bap…
In 1627 Hickes was created baronet of Campden in the County of Gloucester, with remainder to heirs male of his body.
In 1628, Hickes was raised to the peerage as Baron Hicks, of Ilmington in the County of Warwick, and 1st Viscount Campden of Campden in the County of Gloucester, with remainder to his son-in-law, Edward Noel, husband of his daughter Juliana Hickes Noel.
At Baptist Hickes MP, 1st Lord Campden's death in 1629, he was succeeded in the barony and viscountcy -- according to the special remainder -- by son-in-law, Edward Noel MP (1582 - 1643) now the 2nd Viscount Campden.
Edward Noel had represented Rutland in Parliament, and in 1617, 12 years prior to succeeding his father-in-law, he had been raised to the peerage as Baron Noel of Ridlington after being raised to a baronetcy, of Brook, in the county of Rutland in 1611. https://www.historyofparliamenton…
Edward, Baron Noel of Ridlington and 2nd Viscount Campden MP’s son, another Baptist, also sat as a Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1640. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bap…
On Edward Noel, 2nd Viscount Campden MP’s death in 1682 the titles passed to his son, Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden MP.
Baptist Noel MP (1658 – 1690) represented Rutland and Hampshire and also served as Lord Lt. of Hampshire and of Rutland. https://www.historyofparliamenton…
In 1681, one year before succeeding his father, Edward Noel MP (1641–1689) was created Baron Noel of Titchfield.
In 1682, one month after his father's death, Edward, Baron Noel of Titchfield MP was further honored when he was made 1st Earl of Gainsborough. Both titles were created with remainder, failing male issue of his own, to the male issue of his father. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edw…
Edward Noel, 4th Viscount Campden (created 1st Earl of Gainsborough in 1682)'s son, Wriothesley Baptist Noel, 2nd Earl of Gainsborough (1661 – 1690), sat briefly as a Member of Parliament for Hampshire.
On the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough’s death, the line of Baptist Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough failed.
The 2nd Earl of Gainsborough was succeeded -- according to the special remainder -- by his cousin, the 3rd Earl. He was the son of Baptist Noel, son of the 3rd Viscount Campden from his fourth marriage and half-brother of Baptist Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough.
Then came Baptist Noel, 3rd Earl of Gainsborough (1684–1714) Baptist Noel, 4th Earl of Gainsborough (1708–1751) Baptist Noel, 5th Earl of Gainsborough (1740–1759) etc. All titles became extinct on the death of the 6th Earl, in 1798.
L&M: Baptist HICKES MP (1612 - 1682), 3rd Lord Campden, His London house (Campden House' taxed on 32 hearths in 1664) on what is now Campden Hill, Kensington.
It was the largest house in the parish after Holland House.
Paul Brewster kindly transcribed and posted the first sentence of the L&M Companion article on Religion: "When the diary opens, Pepys was attending the illegal Anglican services which survived, with only occasional interruption from the authorities, in the London of the Commonwealth."
L&M goes on to describe in an extended entry the middling course that Pepys tried to navigate on matters of faith and religion.
He, like many, was seeking answers, and so he visited the churches of other faiths and read progressive books in order to further his knowledge and perspective. IMHO, it didn't seem to help, at least during the Diary years. Now I'll have to read L&M and see what they think.
Bergen was never a member of the Hanseatic League, but -- like the St. Peter’s yard in Novgorod, the steelyard in London, and the Kontor of Bruges -- the Bryggen in Bergen was a key element of the Hanseatic trading network.
Ruslan clarified for us the truth behind the name "Blackboy Hill" in Bristol.
The street name comes from the Black Boy Inn. The pub's name was probably linked to Charles II, who was known as ‘the Black Boy’ because of his dark hair and complexion, rather than to the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans.
This information comes from an informative website hosted by Bristol Museum, entitled "Myths and Truths: The transatlantic traffic in enslaved Africans is a dark area of Bristol’s history, and it’s important we can understand the city’s role in it. Do you know your fact from your myth?" https://collections.bristolmuseum…
The Castle of Breda and its relationship to the river -- oh, no, that's the moat -- are the opening picture in this article.
Plus there is a slide show of interiors and family members of the early Nassau family.
The city of Breda has a deep connection to the Dutch Royal Family because of the marriage of the 11-year-old heiress, Johanna van Polanen (1382 - 1445), the only child of John III, Lord of Polanen and the Lord of Breda (1340 – 1394), and 23-year-old Engelbert I, Count of Nassau (1370 - 1442). They were the great-great-grandparents of William I "The Silent", Prince of Orange (1533-1584) and thus ancestors of the Dutch Royal Family.
The Stedelijk Museum in Breda now has a permanent exhibition about the Nassaus of Breda. As a visitor, you travel through three centuries of struggles, intrigue, love, marriage and loss. [I.E. probably until the birth of William III, Prince of Orange,]
Upon entry, you are greeted by a model of the Castle of Breda. The castle still exists and can be visited occasionally with a tour, but it is now in use by the Dutch Military Academy.
The exhibition holds some impressive items, such as Johanna and Engelbert’s Joyeus Entry charter, Cimburga of Baden’s (Johanna’s granddaughter-in-law) manuscript, an altar which includes St. Elisabeth of Hungary, and a portrait of Barbara of Nassau, an illegitimate daughter of Engelbert II, Count of Nassau and thus Johanna’s great-granddaughter.
Moniek Bloks, the author of this review, was impressed with the exhibition. She says there was no annoying audio guide, a logical walking route, plenty of information in Dutch and English, and some extras for children which did not take away from the exhibition.
Charles II continues his "thank you's" at Whitehall today:
John Shaw settled in Antwerp as a merchant with his brother George, and advanced £1,810 to Charles II’s agents for the purchase of arms during the Civil Wars.
With his first wife’s uncle, Sir Joseph Ashe, John Shaw operated the principal channel of communication between the English Royalists and the exiled Court.
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon wrote that at one time without John Shaw, Charles II 'could have not got bread'.
At the Restoration John Shaw became, together with Sir George Carteret, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon’s closest confidant in business matters.
He was appointed as a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in June 1660, and served there until 1680 when he died. He was knighted on 28 July, 1660.
After the Restoration, the manor of Eltham was bestowed by Charles II on Sir John Shaw, in recognition of his friendship to him when in exile at Brussels and Antwerp; and, with the exception of certain portions of land originally in the royal park which are still vested in the Crown, it continued in the possession of his descendants.
That would seem to be ample repayment, but to say otherwise would be SPOILERS ... If you want to know some spoilers, they are at https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Comments
Third Reading
About Monday 30 July 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"My office and our office become, while Elizabeth sat home eating b quite confusing."
SHOULD READ: My office and our office become quite confusing.
Sorry
About Monday 30 July 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Sat at our office today, and my father came this day the first time to see us at my new office."
Chip: "I found the first line extraordinary, how Pepys interchanges the plural possessive pronoun for the singular. Note it is our office that then becomes my new office."
I think "Sat at our office today" is missing "We sat ..." meaning the Navy Board was in session.
Then his father stops by to see where his son's new desk is located.
Later it will be additionally confusing because Pepys has an office at the Navy Board AND an office in his house for his non-Navy work and accounts. My office and our office become, while Elizabeth sat home eating b quite confusing.
It's our house, because he shares it with Elizabeth and the two Wills and Jane. I think that's generous, because men owned everything in those days, unless you were a wealthy widow with a good lawyer.
But it's his money because he earned it with all these late nights at Westminster, while Elizabeth sat home eating bon-bons.
About William Man
San Diego Sarah • Link
L&M just says William Man was the Sword Bearer for the City of London. He must have done something to earn this position.
About Mathematics
San Diego Sarah • Link
Navigation depends on accurate mathematics. As the voyages got longer and could no longer hug the coastline, and the number of ships transporting people and supplies multiplied, so it became more important to be accurate and therefore timely.
This article mainly focuses on the French efforts to make sure their naval officers were qualified to do their jobs. Louis XIV set up schools of navigation -- in England it was concerned men like Pepys and Joseph Williamson.
https://aeon.co/essays/how-europe…
About Lord Mayor
San Diego Sarah • Link
In a ceremony as rich in pomp as it is ancient in history, and in total silence, the new Lord Mayor of London is sworn into office.
For over 800 years, on Michaelmas Day, the City’s liverymen elect a new Lord Mayor for the year ahead, and a few weeks later the Silent Ceremony takes place.
It’s not absolutely silent, as apart from the occasional muffled cough, or ringing of a mobile phone, the incoming Lord Mayor reads out a vow before signing the book to confirm his (and occasionally, her) office, and to take responsibility for the Mansion House.
There is also a lot of doffing of tricorne hats, bows and presentations. All in silence, except for that short declaration by the incoming Lord Mayor. It’s a great piece of theater.
https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/artic…
About Monday 30 July 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
I suspect that the Will Pepys is taking around with him these days is actually Will Hewer. Recently, he specified Will "the boy" was Elizabeth's boy. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Plus he's taken on Hewer as his help in the office. Since Pepys isn't in the office, there's not much for an untrained teenager to do. Having him along for conversation and exposure would be more efficient -- plus he can provide protection if walking around at night.
About Steelyard
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
German wine from the Rhine was so popular in England, it compelled Henry II to grant the merchants of Cologne royal protection and the right to settle in their own trading yard.
Henry II’s son, Richard the Lionheart, granted them relief from all taxes and dues in exchange for fitting out 3 ships for the crusades, a deal of truly epic stupidity.
The Cologne merchants were not the only foreigners who showed up in England in the 13th century. Hansards from Gdansk and other Baltic cities who had no local salt sailed down to Brittany, picked up the salt, and got in on the Herring trade, squeezing out the English from their markets in Scania and Bergen. Next they took over the entirety of English trade by bringing their products (beeswax, furs etc.) to ports like King’s Lynn, Boston, Yarmouth and Hull.
Edward III, of Crecy and Poitiers fame, was also a great fan of the German merchants. He granted them favors throughout his reign.
In return the Hansards helped him with what he needed most – money.
Edward III’s hundred-years war was an expensive undertaking and he borrowed money across Europe, mostly from Italy.
His biggest creditors were the Bardi and Peruzzi in Florence who lent him 210,000/.s.
The Hanseatic merchants also helped. Their resources were smaller, but they made up for it by focusing on sentimental value:
Edward III pawned his crown to the archbishop of Trier for 50,000 Ecu and the smaller Queen's crown for 10,000 to a consortium of Cologne bankers. When the creditors threatened to sell them to the highest bidder, the Steelyard merchants stepped in and paid them off in 1344, saving the king from humiliation.
Edward, in 1345, then defaulted on the loans from the Bardi and Peruzzi, creating the first international banking crisis, a crisis which allowed the Medici to rise from the second tier to becoming the world’s largest banking house and rulers of Florence.
Germans in the Steelyard now wound down their lending operations, because of the risk, but also because the locals hated their taxes going offshore as interest payments.
Edward III died in 1377 and with it the great supporter of the Hanse in London went away. A new generation of merchant adventurers took on the Hansards, sailing into the Baltic to buy and ship the eastern goods so desired at home.
The Steelyard lived on, now helping with the export of English woolen cloth, but by Pepys time it was just a memory.
About Steelyard
San Diego Sarah • Link
London's Steelyard now has its own blog and podcast.
HTTPS://HISTORYOFTHEGERMANS.COM/2…
Without repeating the above information, here are a few out-takes I found enlightening:
In the 14th century the Hanseatic Counting Houses, or Kontors, were the most visible manifestations of the League, an organization that had no common foundation treaty, no statutes, no administration (at least not until 1556), no army, no treasury and no seal.
They are like the tip of the iceberg that points to the mass of interconnections below the surface.
The Counting Houses were also one of the key reasons first individual merchants, and then whole cities, wanted to be part of the association.
Being admitted to the Kontor of, say Bruges, meant merchants could trade freely with other foreigners on the greatest exchange in Europe, protected from local justice -- nobody could call you out for a trial by combat. And, they paid either no or much reduced tariffs on the imported or exported wares, plus the merchandise was weighed by the Kontor, a place trusted more than the local scales.
The Kontor in London goes back to 1176 when Henry II of England declared: “Henry, by the grace of God king of England, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, count of Anjou to all his viscounts and baillies of London – greetings. I hereby allow the people of Cologne to sell their wine on the same market where the French wine is sold, and at a price of 3 pence per pint. And I prohibit anyone from hindering them or doing them any harm”.
In a second ordinance Henry II grants them the right to a Guildhall where they and their wares should be protected. That guildhall became the Steelyard.
This privilege is not given to all the merchants of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Hanseatic League, but only to merchants from Cologne -- and only for their import of WINE!
Cologne merchants largest product was in what they called 'the wine of the Rhine'. This was the mainly white wine, from the classic Rheingau and Rheinhessen region between Bonn and Speyer, and also the valleys of the tributaries, the Ahr, Moselle, Saar, Ruwer and Main and from even further upriver.
The largest supply came from Alsace, which was amongst the most popular across Northern Europe. The quantities were astounding. In the 14th century the region around Colmar produced about 13,000,000 bottles of wine. Today the whole of Alsace produces 150,000,000 bottles (remember not just improved agricultural methods, but also Europe’s population has grown by factor 15).
About Bill of Comprehension
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
Lodowicke Muggleton was not one for imposing rules on followers: he preferred those correspondents who sought his advice to make up their own minds.
He did not want them, for example, to go to church, but he turned a blind eye on some who did.
He thought praying was unnecessary, but condoned the practice if it gave pleasure to his followers.
He believed they were wrong to set so much store on written blessings from him, when oral ones were sufficient, but he still gave them when asked.
His ascendancy manifested itself in his casuist skills, not in claims to infallibility.
Lodowicke Muggleton believed that witches and ghosts, just like dreams, were produced by fear; hell was inside the self; the Devil was a creation of the imagination; and parents should love their children, but the converse did not follow.
Muggleton continued with vigor to exercise the power conferred on him since 1652 to bless and to curse; it was not until the 18th century that such powers were questioned.
The Muggletonian creed which Lodowicke fashioned had no time for churches, ceremony, and priestcraft.
Believers met where they could, often in pubs. There they would find a side-room to extol the qualities of Lodowicke Muggleton and John Reeve to the tune of patriotic ballads of the day.
This association with pubs made Macaulay designate the ascetic Muggleton as a 'tippler' (History of England, 1.164).
The archives showed that Lodowicke Muggleton was no more a drunkard than he was a psychotic (A. Jessopp, The prophet of Walnut Tree Yard, Nineteenth Century, 1884).
The recovery of the archive showed the positive qualities of a great and underrated spiritual casuist.
FOR MORE, SEE https://www.oxforddnb.com/display…
@@@
Please add information about other unusual sects and personalities that we don't generally discuss in conventional history circles.
About Bill of Comprehension
San Diego Sarah • Link
I can understand why there was a desire to rein in the more extremely unconventional sects that had emerged. But they didn't all just go away.
One, the Muggletonians, survived for over 300 years.
The problems their leader, Lodowicke Muggleton, encountered after the Restoration:
He was committed to gaol in Derby in 1663,
his books were seized in London in 1670,
he was tried for blasphemy at the Old Bailey in 1677. He was found guilty, condemned to the pillory on 3 separate days, had his books burnt before his face, and was confined to Newgate until 19 July, 1677.
That date of release (later reckoned as 30 July after the alteration of the calendar) became one of two special anniversaries in the Muggletonian history.
The other was the 3 days when God spoke to co-founder John Reeve, later reckoned as 14, 15, and 16 February.
These 'holidays' were commemorated by believers well into the 20th century.
Lodowicke Muggleton's funeral on 17 March, 1698, was attended by 248 believers; he had died at his lodgings in the Postern, London Wall, 3 days earlier. He was buried in Bethlehem new churchyard (opposite where Liverpool Street Station stands).
Numbers went into decline. Muggletonians were not an evangelizing sect: the initiative had to come from the seeker, or, as Muggleton put it, 'God only opens the door to those who knock themselves'.
This self-denying ordinance imposed strains which emerge in the correspondence of later Muggletonians.
But they were free from the usual sectarian conceit that only believers would be saved. Only believers had the assurance of salvation, but many would be saved (Muggleton thought perhaps half the world) without that assurance.
Certainly ALL children would be saved; equally certainly, NO clergymen.
So Muggletonianism never expanded as the Quakers did. What is surprising is that they should have lasted for over 300 years.
Chambers's Encyclopaedia in 1881 pronounced the sect as extinct, but their archives were tracked down in 1974, when it was found in the possession of a Kent farmer, who gave the 88 volumes of papers to the British Library, where they are now housed.
The recovery of the manuscripts has enhanced Lodowicke Muggleton's reputation.
Through Lodowicke Muggleton's lens, John Reeve dominates the earliest years (1652–8).
The story is different afterwards. Muggleton exerts a powerful grip on the movement, mainly by letters. He did not travel: he hated the sea, and he was baffled by the motives of migrants. He once forbade his lieutenant Tomkinson to think of emigrating. This was an unusual assertion of leadership.
About Kensington
San Diego Sarah • Link
1612 was a busy year for Baptist Hicks MP, who was, simultaneously, building Campden House in Kensington and Hickes Hall for the Middlesex magistrates, as well as an estate at Chipping Campden.
In 1628, Sir Baptist Hickes MP was elevated to the peerage as Baron Hicks of Ilmington, Warwickshire and 1st Viscount Campden of Campden, Gloucestershire.
Lord Hickes named both his Kensington home and his Chipping Campden estate "Campden House".
The Sessions House for the Middlesex Magistrates was called Hickes Hall in his honor.
The Sunday Times “Richest of the Rich: 250 wealthiest people in Britain since 1066” lists Sir Baptist Hickes MP as the 2nd wealthiest man in England during his lifetime, worth the equivalent of £9.2 billion today.
You can see pictures of both the Chipping Campton estate and the Kensington Campton House at
https://www.chippingcampdenhistor…
For a bio of how Sir Baptist made his billions, see
https://www.chippingcampdenhistor…
About Baptist Noel (3rd Viscount Campden)
San Diego Sarah • Link
"L&M: Baptist HICKES MP (1612 - 1682), 3rd Lord Campden" IS WRONG
-- Phil and L&M are right.
SHOULD BE:
L&M: Baptist NOEL MP (1612 - 1682), 3rd Lord Campden. His London house (Campden House' taxed on 32 hearths in 1664) on what is now Campden Hill, Kensington. It was the largest house in the parish after Holland House.
About Baptist Noel (3rd Viscount Campden)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Can Wikipedia sort this out?
Baptist Hickes MP (1551–1629) was a wealthy London merchant, and also represented Tavistock and Tewkesbury in the Commons.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bap…
In 1627 Hickes was created baronet of Campden in the County of Gloucester, with remainder to heirs male of his body.
In 1628, Hickes was raised to the peerage as Baron Hicks, of Ilmington in the County of Warwick, and 1st Viscount Campden of Campden in the County of Gloucester, with remainder to his son-in-law, Edward Noel, husband of his daughter Juliana Hickes Noel.
At Baptist Hickes MP, 1st Lord Campden's death in 1629, he was succeeded in the barony and viscountcy -- according to the special remainder -- by son-in-law, Edward Noel MP (1582 - 1643) now the 2nd Viscount Campden.
Edward Noel had represented Rutland in Parliament, and in 1617, 12 years prior to succeeding his father-in-law, he had been raised to the peerage as Baron Noel of Ridlington after being raised to a baronetcy, of Brook, in the county of Rutland in 1611.
https://www.historyofparliamenton…
Edward, Baron Noel of Ridlington and 2nd Viscount Campden MP’s son, another Baptist, also sat as a Member of Parliament for Rutland in 1640.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bap…
On Edward Noel, 2nd Viscount Campden MP’s death in 1682 the titles passed to his son, Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden MP.
Baptist Noel MP (1658 – 1690) represented Rutland and Hampshire and also served as Lord Lt. of Hampshire and of Rutland.
https://www.historyofparliamenton…
In 1681, one year before succeeding his father, Edward Noel MP (1641–1689) was created Baron Noel of Titchfield.
In 1682, one month after his father's death, Edward, Baron Noel of Titchfield MP was further honored when he was made 1st Earl of Gainsborough. Both titles were created with remainder, failing male issue of his own, to the male issue of his father.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edw…
Edward Noel, 4th Viscount Campden (created 1st Earl of Gainsborough in 1682)'s son, Wriothesley Baptist Noel, 2nd Earl of Gainsborough (1661 – 1690), sat briefly as a Member of Parliament for Hampshire.
On the 2nd Earl of Gainsborough’s death, the line of Baptist Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough failed.
The 2nd Earl of Gainsborough was succeeded -- according to the special remainder -- by his cousin, the 3rd Earl. He was the son of Baptist Noel, son of the 3rd Viscount Campden from his fourth marriage and half-brother of Baptist Noel, 1st Earl of Gainsborough.
Then came
Baptist Noel, 3rd Earl of Gainsborough (1684–1714)
Baptist Noel, 4th Earl of Gainsborough (1708–1751)
Baptist Noel, 5th Earl of Gainsborough (1740–1759)
etc.
All titles became extinct on the death of the 6th Earl, in 1798.
About Baptist Noel (3rd Viscount Campden)
San Diego Sarah • Link
L&M: Baptist HICKES MP (1612 - 1682), 3rd Lord Campden, His London house (Campden House' taxed on 32 hearths in 1664) on what is now Campden Hill, Kensington.
It was the largest house in the parish after Holland House.
About Episcopalianism
San Diego Sarah • Link
Paul Brewster kindly transcribed and posted the first sentence of the L&M Companion article on Religion:
"When the diary opens, Pepys was attending the illegal Anglican services which survived, with only occasional interruption from the authorities, in the London of the Commonwealth."
L&M goes on to describe in an extended entry the middling course that Pepys tried to navigate on matters of faith and religion.
He, like many, was seeking answers, and so he visited the churches of other faiths and read progressive books in order to further his knowledge and perspective. IMHO, it didn't seem to help, at least during the Diary years. Now I'll have to read L&M and see what they think.
About Steelyard
San Diego Sarah • Link
Bergen was never a member of the Hanseatic League, but -- like the St. Peter’s yard in Novgorod, the steelyard in London, and the Kontor of Bruges -- the Bryggen in Bergen was a key element of the Hanseatic trading network.
For more about Bergen, not the Steelyard, see https://historyofthegermans.com/2…
About Bristol
San Diego Sarah • Link
Ruslan clarified for us the truth behind the name "Blackboy Hill" in Bristol.
The street name comes from the Black Boy Inn. The pub's name was probably linked to Charles II, who was known as ‘the Black Boy’ because of his dark hair and complexion, rather than to the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans.
This information comes from an informative website hosted by Bristol Museum, entitled "Myths and Truths: The transatlantic traffic in enslaved Africans is a dark area of Bristol’s history, and it’s important we can understand the city’s role in it. Do you know your fact from your myth?"
https://collections.bristolmuseum…
About Breda, Netherlands
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Castle of Breda and its relationship to the river -- oh, no, that's the moat -- are the opening picture in this article.
Plus there is a slide show of interiors and family members of the early Nassau family.
The city of Breda has a deep connection to the Dutch Royal Family because of the marriage of the 11-year-old heiress, Johanna van Polanen (1382 - 1445), the only child of John III, Lord of Polanen and the Lord of Breda (1340 – 1394), and 23-year-old Engelbert I, Count of Nassau (1370 - 1442). They were the great-great-grandparents of William I "The Silent", Prince of Orange (1533-1584) and thus ancestors of the Dutch Royal Family.
The Stedelijk Museum in Breda now has a permanent exhibition about the Nassaus of Breda. As a visitor, you travel through three centuries of struggles, intrigue, love, marriage and loss. [I.E. probably until the birth of William III, Prince of Orange,]
Upon entry, you are greeted by a model of the Castle of Breda. The castle still exists and can be visited occasionally with a tour, but it is now in use by the Dutch Military Academy.
The exhibition holds some impressive items, such as Johanna and Engelbert’s Joyeus Entry charter,
Cimburga of Baden’s (Johanna’s granddaughter-in-law) manuscript,
an altar which includes St. Elisabeth of Hungary,
and a portrait of Barbara of Nassau, an illegitimate daughter of Engelbert II, Count of Nassau and thus Johanna’s great-granddaughter.
Moniek Bloks, the author of this review, was impressed with the exhibition. She says there was no annoying audio guide, a logical walking route, plenty of information in Dutch and English, and some extras for children which did not take away from the exhibition.
The Stedelijk Museum of Breda is within walking distance of the station. Plan your visit here: https://www.stedelijkmuseumbreda.…
Excerpted from https://www.historyofroyalwomen.c…
About Saturday 28 July 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
Charles II continues his "thank you's" at Whitehall today:
John Shaw settled in Antwerp as a merchant with his brother George, and advanced £1,810 to Charles II’s agents for the purchase of arms during the Civil Wars.
With his first wife’s uncle, Sir Joseph Ashe, John Shaw operated the principal channel of communication between the English Royalists and the exiled Court.
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon wrote that at one time without John Shaw, Charles II 'could have not got bread'.
At the Restoration John Shaw became, together with Sir George Carteret, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon’s closest confidant in business matters.
He was appointed as a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber in June 1660, and served there until 1680 when he died. He was knighted on 28 July, 1660.
After the Restoration, the manor of Eltham was bestowed by Charles II on Sir John Shaw, in recognition of his friendship to him when in exile at Brussels and Antwerp; and, with the exception of certain portions of land originally in the royal park which are still vested in the Crown, it continued in the possession of his descendants.
That would seem to be ample repayment, but to say otherwise would be SPOILERS ...
If you want to know some spoilers, they are at https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Clocks and watches
San Diego Sarah • Link
There is a discussion of bullet clocks at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…