"Pepys’s use of “Mr.” in this context and period stands for the word “MAster” not “MIster”. See the OED for considerable detail of the evolution and usage."
I'm not sure about that, StewartMcI. Perhaps you're correct about the young second sons of aristocrats, etc., being referred to as Master, but today's Mr. Davys and Mr. Standing were a Navy Office Clerk and an innkeeper, not gentlemen.
Mr. Cooke and Mr. Shepley -- both of whom are fairly consistently referred to as Mr. by Pepys -- were trusted servants of the Montagues, and neither of them were young aristos either.
I read Mr. being a term of respect, for their positions of authority and/or age, and Shepley and Cooke's for their seniority of service in the household.
"I was troubled all this day with Mr. Cooke" Am I forgetting something? Last I recall, Mr. Cooke was at sea. What is the business Same [sic] means to do for him?
I had the same question, upper_left_hand_corner. My analysis of Mr. Cooke's services to Montagu and Pepys so far (for which he probably asked for some reward now that Pepys has secured his rewards) can be found at https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The L&M Companion has no biography about Mr. Cooke, but he is clearly a trusted servant to Sandwich.
Cooke first enters the Diary as one of the consistent official couriers between Montagu and Monck, making the trip from London to Deal in about 8 hours with the mail. (I therefore conclude he was fairly young.)
Other couriers were Sir “Peter the Post” Killigrew. Jack Noble (a servant to John Pepys Snr. The L&M Index describes Noble as "a rogue." How does a tailor get his servant used for official dispatches on such a delicate subject?) A Mr. Donne -- L&M Companion suggests he was Thomas Dunn, of Ratcliff, a ship's master in 1666; or Thomas Danes, an Admiralty messenger.
@@@
There are multiple entries about Mr. Cooke (no first name ever given, but always Mr.) taking and bringing the mail. Of more interest are:
On 8 May 1660 Pepys says Mr. Cooke brought him word about Elizabeth. He had been to Huntsmore, and escorted her and "father" Bowyer to London, where he left her at John Pepys Snr.’s house. She spoke to him of her love for Pepys. (I therefore conclude Cooke was a familiar colleague at least to Pepys, possibly from living under Montagu's roof at the same time in the past?)
On 6 June 1660 Mr. Cooke arrived from London after dinner, bringing much interesting mail. He had left Elizabeth at Huntsmore, although her health not so constant as it used to be, which troubled Pepys. (These repeated trips to Huntsmore must have been made with Montagu's knowledge and approval.)
On 12 June 1660 Pepys records "To my Lord’s [at Lincoln’s Inn Fields] and staid till 12 at night about business. So to my father’s, my father and mother in bed, ... But I found Mr. Cooke there, and so to bed." (Sounds like Mr. Cooke is staying with Pepys' parents now, and was burning the midnight oil.)
On 18 July, 1660: "This morning we met at the office: I dined at my house in Seething Lane, and after that, going about 4 o’clock to Westminster, I met with Mr. Carter and Mr. Cooke coming to see me in a coach, and so I returned home." (L&M Companion: Charles Carter, a near contemporary of Pepys at Magdalene, taking his B.A. in 1652; Rector of Irthlingborough, Northants. 1664-1675. His living or curacy in Huntingdonshire has not been traced. He was a native of Earith, Hunts.) (What would place Cooke and Carter in a coach to search for Pepys at Westminster?)
However, on 23 July, 1660, just as Pepys secures his position as Clerk of the Acts, he records: "I was troubled all this day with Mr. Cooke, being willing to do him good, but my mind is so taken up with my own business that I cannot."
I think a bit too much has been made of Creed's alleged "lack of family connections".
Like the senior branches of the Pepys, the Creeds were landowners, and therefore mixed with the other members of the land-owning classes. In the area around Northamptonshire area, this would have included various branches of the Montagu family. That, and Creed's involvement with the Protectorate administration (Creed must have been a little older than Pepys), is likely to be how Creed came to Sandwich's attention to begin with.
However, it seems that the Creed family was more fervently Puritan than the Montagus and Pepys, and had connections to the regicide Maj. Gen. Harrison. Hence their position might have been more precarious after the Restoration. Therefore, John Creed clung to Sandwich like a lifeline, and Sandwich tolerated it and made use of him. There was a broad class solidarity cemented by some dark secrets.
Plus Creed in 1668 marries Sandwich’s niece, Elizabeth Pickering, and if Creed were an unconnected country bumpkin, that would not have happened.
"The area seems to have grown over the years with an 'old' square, a 'new' square, and the Fields."
On my recent visit my tour guide pointed out that the 'old' square is newer than the 'new' square. Barristers are not confused by this!
On my recent visit I was unable to book for the Tuesday tour, but turned up anyways hoping someone would be a no-show. What I found is that some enterprising members of the cleaning crew stay late knowing that disappointed people will be there, and they give spontaneous tours. Not much history, but you see the Great Hall, the magnificent library, the chapel, etc. So just go and ask around should the booking site not work for you, and read the notes above. We've got the history here.
Coffee houses were also known as Penny Universities. This article makes it clear that Pepys' visits to The Rota Club were held in a coffee house. And that the freedom of thought and expression scared Charles II -- but he could not close them. (Funny how want-to-be dictators fear people who think): https://bigthink.com/the-past/pen…
Amalia of Solms-Braunfels never expected to make a grand marriage, but she did when she went from lady-in-waiting to Princess Consort of Orange.
She was born the daughter of John Albert, Count of Solms-Braunfels and Countess Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein on 31 August, 1602.
Amalia grew up at the Palatine Court at Heidelberg and when Frederick V and Elizabeth Stuart were chosen to be King and Queen of Bohemia, Amalia travelled with them to Prague as Elizabeth’s lady in waiting.
The Bohemian adventure ended after a year and Amalia fled with Frederick V and Queen Elizabeth through Europe to The Hague.
At The Hague Amalia met Frederick Henry of Orange, who was a younger son of William II of Orange from his fourth marriage to Louise de Coligny. The Prince of Orange was Maurice, the son from William II’s first marriage to Anna of Egmont. Maurice was unmarried, and pressured his younger brother to get married to secure the dynasty.
Frederick Henry and Amalia had been involved since 1622 but she refused to become his mistress. They married days before Maurice died in 1625.
The courts of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia and Amalia, Princess of Orange, soon became competitive.
Amalia commissioned the building of Huis Ten Bosch and its main hall would eventually be completely dedicated to Frederick Henry. The so-called Orange Hall is not open to the public.
Amalia and Frederick Henry seem to have had a happy marriage. Although he had fathered an illegitimate son, none were born during his marriage. He had 9 legitimate children with Amalia, although only 5 lived to adulthood.
Amalia of Orange was ambitious in arranging good marriages for her children. Their only son, William II, married King Charles of England’s eldest daughter, Mary Stuart the Princess Royal.
Amalia forced her daughter, Louise Henriette, to marry Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, despite that she was in love with Henri-Charles de la Tremoille, Prince of Talmant.
Amalia became politically active as her husband began to suffer from gout and probably Alzheimer’s disease. Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange died in 1647 and was succeeded by his son, William II.
Sadly William II died 3 years later of smallpox leaving an only son, another William, who was born a week after his death. Mary Stuart, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, initially retained custody, but grandma Amalia was not pleased. When Mary Stuart died in 1660, Amalia of Orange took over care of William III.
Amalia was an intelligent woman, although she wrote in phonetic German and French. She was not considered beautiful, but was ambitious and proud.
She died at 73 on 8 September 1675, and did not live to see her grandson become King of England. She is buried in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft.
St. Paul's hasn't hogged the entire 300th anniversary: A choral "Wrenathon" is planned by the 9 City churches (4 of which he rennovated after the Great Fire): https://wren300.org/events/wrenat…
All Hallows by the Tower is at the other end of Seething Lane from St. Olave's. When Pepys surveyed the Great Fire's damage from its tower, he was only steps from home.
There is the most magnificent 17th century font cover I've ever seen in a glassed off space there. The guide told me that it replaced an old one which was then shipped by the rector to William Penn Jr. in America to remind him that he was baptized as an Anglican at All Hallows. I wonder what Penn did with it? It's now probably a disused horse trough in New Jersey, or someone's planter in Pennsylvania.
Seething Lane connects All Hallows-by-the-Tower, Byward Street, with St Olave's Church, Hart Street. The lane is 125 meters long, so Pepys could leave his front door and be in either within 3 minutes if it was raining.
The term 'seething' originated from the Old English word sifeða that meant bran, chaff, or siftings. The street was named prior to the 13th century, when the lane was a narrow path, and grain was threshed there. Another sign I saw yesterday said a seed market used to be held nearby, and originally it was called Seeding Lane. Take your pick, James Wood.
On my pilgrimage to St. Olaves I learned that Mr. Wheatley crowd-funded Pepys' beautiful memorial, which answers Elizabeth's which hangs high over the alter (in case you have trouble finding her).
It's still a parish church and Dickens' train noise is long gone -- I walked in on a Thursday lunchtime to find the pews full of people from all racial backgrounds and age groups enjoying a Mozart concert. I swear I could hear Sam applauding from above.
Today St. Paul's is The Actors' Church and filled with tributes to many names you'll recognise. Later that day a memorial service for Sylvia Syms OBE was to be held.
There's a sign that says to ask the office if you have any questions, so I popped in and asked if they had any information about Symon Patrick. "Who was that?" was the disappointing reply.
The churchyard garden is beautiful and quiet, and the people friendly. The music from Covent Garden proper filled the air. Even if they don't know Symon Patrick's name, his work to make the Church of England relevant continues.
It is a mini-Hampton Court, and has wonderful portraits of governors Monmouth, Charles II and Buckingham 2 hanging in the Great Hall where King James created all those new knights. Mr. Sutton endowed London with a wonderful institution.
At the end of 2023 or early in 2024 a film tentatively called "George and Mary" (about Buckingham 1 and who? His mother or his daughter? Or maybe the tour guide remembered her name wrong?) will be issued -- possibly by the BBC? -- it was partly filmed there with lots about James I.
And in I went, free and with no queue -- this is where Pepys married Elizabeth. They were married on 1 December, 1655 by Richard Sherwyn, Esq., a Westminster Justice of the Peace, an arrangement for civil marriages put in place by Cromwell's government.
This is where Milton worshipped -- and where Sir Walter Raleigh is buried close to the alter. History is literally falling off the walls.
I was the only person there, besides the organist who was giving him/herself a workout from pop to Purcell. A real treat.
On my recent Stuart pilgrimage to London I didn't buy a ticket for a tour of the Houses of Parliament, and explained to the ticket checker that I only wanted to see Westminster Hall. Fine said he, but I must give you a ticket for Prime Minister's Question Time as compensation. I smiled and accepted, and handed it in to an usher in the Hall.
The echo today makes it hard to imagine law suits being argued in various areas, and stalls of merchandise being sold by the likes of Betty Lane. The biggest display is the Speaker's golden coach, made during the reign of William III and Mary II, which is spectacular. Well worth a visit -- and they have a cafe.
Plus it's close to St. Margaret's Church, which is also well worth a visit; at no charge -- go to the front of the line and tell the Westminster Abbey ticket checkers you're going to St. Margaret's and not the Abbey, and you're in.
In my recent Stuart pilgrimage to London I visited St. Martin's -- they have a Pepys booklet about the plague and fire in the gift shop, and a lovely cafe either in the crypt or church yard -- plus great concerts. But someone decided to take out everything historic so it is a "modern" church.
I recall that sugar was made in "cakes" in those days -- very large sugar lumps. Something needed sweetening? You took out your knife and scratched some off the cake onto or into the food.
Of you'd like to review the events that made up this extraordinary about-face that has happened in one year -- with very little bloodshed -- the British Civil Wars website has an excellent summary: http://bcw-project.org/timelines/…
Comments
Third Reading
About Monday 12 November 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Pepys’s use of “Mr.” in this context and period stands for the word “MAster” not “MIster”. See the OED for considerable detail of the evolution and usage."
I'm not sure about that, StewartMcI. Perhaps you're correct about the young second sons of aristocrats, etc., being referred to as Master, but today's Mr. Davys and Mr. Standing were a Navy Office Clerk and an innkeeper, not gentlemen.
Mr. Cooke and Mr. Shepley -- both of whom are fairly consistently referred to as Mr. by Pepys -- were trusted servants of the Montagues, and neither of them were young aristos either.
I read Mr. being a term of respect, for their positions of authority and/or age, and Shepley and Cooke's for their seniority of service in the household.
About Monday 23 July 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"I was troubled all this day with Mr. Cooke"
Am I forgetting something? Last I recall, Mr. Cooke was at sea. What is the business Same [sic] means to do for him?
I had the same question, upper_left_hand_corner. My analysis of Mr. Cooke's services to Montagu and Pepys so far (for which he probably asked for some reward now that Pepys has secured his rewards) can be found at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Mr Cooke (Sandwich's servant)
San Diego Sarah • Link
The L&M Companion has no biography about Mr. Cooke, but he is clearly a trusted servant to Sandwich.
Cooke first enters the Diary as one of the consistent official couriers between Montagu and Monck, making the trip from London to Deal in about 8 hours with the mail. (I therefore conclude he was fairly young.)
Other couriers were Sir “Peter the Post” Killigrew.
Jack Noble (a servant to John Pepys Snr. The L&M Index describes Noble as "a rogue." How does a tailor get his servant used for official dispatches on such a delicate subject?)
A Mr. Donne -- L&M Companion suggests he was Thomas Dunn, of Ratcliff, a ship's master in 1666; or Thomas Danes, an Admiralty messenger.
@@@
There are multiple entries about Mr. Cooke (no first name ever given, but always Mr.) taking and bringing the mail. Of more interest are:
On 8 May 1660 Pepys says Mr. Cooke brought him word about Elizabeth. He had been to Huntsmore, and escorted her and "father" Bowyer to London, where he left her at John Pepys Snr.’s house. She spoke to him of her love for Pepys.
(I therefore conclude Cooke was a familiar colleague at least to Pepys, possibly from living under Montagu's roof at the same time in the past?)
On 6 June 1660 Mr. Cooke arrived from London after dinner, bringing much interesting mail. He had left Elizabeth at Huntsmore, although her health not so constant as it used to be, which troubled Pepys.
(These repeated trips to Huntsmore must have been made with Montagu's knowledge and approval.)
On 12 June 1660 Pepys records "To my Lord’s [at Lincoln’s Inn Fields] and staid till 12 at night about business. So to my father’s, my father and mother in bed, ... But I found Mr. Cooke there, and so to bed."
(Sounds like Mr. Cooke is staying with Pepys' parents now, and was burning the midnight oil.)
On 18 July, 1660: "This morning we met at the office: I dined at my house in Seething Lane, and after that, going about 4 o’clock to Westminster, I met with Mr. Carter and Mr. Cooke coming to see me in a coach, and so I returned home."
(L&M Companion: Charles Carter, a near contemporary of Pepys at Magdalene, taking his B.A. in 1652; Rector of Irthlingborough, Northants. 1664-1675. His living or curacy in Huntingdonshire has not been traced. He was a native of Earith, Hunts.)
(What would place Cooke and Carter in a coach to search for Pepys at Westminster?)
However, on 23 July, 1660, just as Pepys secures his position as Clerk of the Acts, he records: "I was troubled all this day with Mr. Cooke, being willing to do him good, but my mind is so taken up with my own business that I cannot."
The trusted messenger wants his rewards as well.
About John Creed
San Diego Sarah • Link
Sasha Clarkson makes these good points about John Creed at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
I think a bit too much has been made of Creed's alleged "lack of family connections".
Like the senior branches of the Pepys, the Creeds were landowners, and therefore mixed with the other members of the land-owning classes. In the area around Northamptonshire area, this would have included various branches of the Montagu family. That, and Creed's involvement with the Protectorate administration (Creed must have been a little older than Pepys), is likely to be how Creed came to Sandwich's attention to begin with.
However, it seems that the Creed family was more fervently Puritan than the Montagus and Pepys, and had connections to the regicide Maj. Gen. Harrison. Hence their position might have been more precarious after the Restoration. Therefore, John Creed clung to Sandwich like a lifeline, and Sandwich tolerated it and made use of him. There was a broad class solidarity cemented by some dark secrets.
Plus Creed in 1668 marries Sandwich’s niece, Elizabeth Pickering, and if Creed were an unconnected country bumpkin, that would not have happened.
About Lincoln's Inn Fields
San Diego Sarah • Link
"The area seems to have grown over the years with an 'old' square, a 'new' square, and the Fields."
On my recent visit my tour guide pointed out that the 'old' square is newer than the 'new' square. Barristers are not confused by this!
On my recent visit I was unable to book for the Tuesday tour, but turned up anyways hoping someone would be a no-show. What I found is that some enterprising members of the cleaning crew stay late knowing that disappointed people will be there, and they give spontaneous tours. Not much history, but you see the Great Hall, the magnificent library, the chapel, etc. So just go and ask around should the booking site not work for you, and read the notes above. We've got the history here.
About General coffee house information
San Diego Sarah • Link
Coffee houses were also known as Penny Universities. This article makes it clear that Pepys' visits to The Rota Club were held in a coffee house. And that the freedom of thought and expression scared Charles II -- but he could not close them. (Funny how want-to-be dictators fear people who think):
https://bigthink.com/the-past/pen…
About Amalia of Solms-Braunfels (Princess of Orange)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Amalia of Solms-Braunfels never expected to make a grand marriage, but she did when she went from lady-in-waiting to Princess Consort of Orange.
She was born the daughter of John Albert, Count of Solms-Braunfels and Countess Agnes of Sayn-Wittgenstein on 31 August, 1602.
Amalia grew up at the Palatine Court at Heidelberg and when Frederick V and Elizabeth Stuart were chosen to be King and Queen of Bohemia, Amalia travelled with them to Prague as Elizabeth’s lady in waiting.
The Bohemian adventure ended after a year and Amalia fled with Frederick V and Queen Elizabeth through Europe to The Hague.
At The Hague Amalia met Frederick Henry of Orange, who was a younger son of William II of Orange from his fourth marriage to Louise de Coligny. The Prince of Orange was Maurice, the son from William II’s first marriage to Anna of Egmont. Maurice was unmarried, and pressured his younger brother to get married to secure the dynasty.
Frederick Henry and Amalia had been involved since 1622 but she refused to become his mistress. They married days before Maurice died in 1625.
The courts of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia and Amalia, Princess of Orange, soon became competitive.
Amalia commissioned the building of Huis Ten Bosch and its main hall would eventually be completely dedicated to Frederick Henry. The so-called Orange Hall is not open to the public.
Amalia and Frederick Henry seem to have had a happy marriage. Although he had fathered an illegitimate son, none were born during his marriage. He had 9 legitimate children with Amalia, although only 5 lived to adulthood.
Amalia of Orange was ambitious in arranging good marriages for her children. Their only son, William II, married King Charles of England’s eldest daughter, Mary Stuart the Princess Royal.
Amalia forced her daughter, Louise Henriette, to marry Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, despite that she was in love with Henri-Charles de la Tremoille, Prince of Talmant.
Amalia became politically active as her husband began to suffer from gout and probably Alzheimer’s disease. Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange died in 1647 and was succeeded by his son, William II.
Sadly William II died 3 years later of smallpox leaving an only son, another William, who was born a week after his death. Mary Stuart, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, initially retained custody, but grandma Amalia was not pleased.
When Mary Stuart died in 1660, Amalia of Orange took over care of William III.
Amalia was an intelligent woman, although she wrote in phonetic German and French. She was not considered beautiful, but was ambitious and proud.
She died at 73 on 8 September 1675, and did not live to see her grandson become King of England. She is buried in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft.
http://www.historyofroyalwomen.co…
About Christopher Wren
San Diego Sarah • Link
St. Paul's hasn't hogged the entire 300th anniversary: A choral "Wrenathon" is planned by the 9 City churches (4 of which he rennovated after the Great Fire):
https://wren300.org/events/wrenat…
About All Hallows Church, Barking
San Diego Sarah • Link
All Hallows by the Tower is at the other end of Seething Lane from St. Olave's. When Pepys surveyed the Great Fire's damage from its tower, he was only steps from home.
There is the most magnificent 17th century font cover I've ever seen in a glassed off space there. The guide told me that it replaced an old one which was then shipped by the rector to William Penn Jr. in America to remind him that he was baptized as an Anglican at All Hallows.
I wonder what Penn did with it? It's now probably a disused horse trough in New Jersey, or someone's planter in Pennsylvania.
About Seething Lane
San Diego Sarah • Link
Seething Lane connects All Hallows-by-the-Tower, Byward Street, with St Olave's Church, Hart Street. The lane is 125 meters long, so Pepys could leave his front door and be in either within 3 minutes if it was raining.
The term 'seething' originated from the Old English word sifeða that meant bran, chaff, or siftings. The street was named prior to the 13th century, when the lane was a narrow path, and grain was threshed there.
Another sign I saw yesterday said a seed market used to be held nearby, and originally it was called Seeding Lane.
Take your pick, James Wood.
About St Olave, Hart Street
San Diego Sarah • Link
On my pilgrimage to St. Olaves I learned that Mr. Wheatley crowd-funded Pepys' beautiful memorial, which answers Elizabeth's which hangs high over the alter (in case you have trouble finding her).
It's still a parish church and Dickens' train noise is long gone -- I walked in on a Thursday lunchtime to find the pews full of people from all racial backgrounds and age groups enjoying a Mozart concert. I swear I could hear Sam applauding from above.
Music fills the London air on this visit.
About Covent Garden
San Diego Sarah • Link
Today St. Paul's is The Actors' Church and filled with tributes to many names you'll recognise. Later that day a memorial service for Sylvia Syms OBE was to be held.
There's a sign that says to ask the office if you have any questions, so I popped in and asked if they had any information about Symon Patrick. "Who was that?" was the disappointing reply.
The churchyard garden is beautiful and quiet, and the people friendly. The music from Covent Garden proper filled the air. Even if they don't know Symon Patrick's name, his work to make the Church of England relevant continues.
About Charterhouse Yard/Square
San Diego Sarah • Link
It is a mini-Hampton Court, and has wonderful portraits of governors Monmouth, Charles II and Buckingham 2 hanging in the Great Hall where King James created all those new knights. Mr. Sutton endowed London with a wonderful institution.
At the end of 2023 or early in 2024 a film tentatively called "George and Mary" (about Buckingham 1 and who? His mother or his daughter? Or maybe the tour guide remembered her name wrong?) will be issued -- possibly by the BBC? -- it was partly filmed there with lots about James I.
About St Margaret's (Westminster)
San Diego Sarah • Link
And in I went, free and with no queue -- this is where Pepys married Elizabeth. They were married on 1 December, 1655 by Richard Sherwyn, Esq., a Westminster Justice of the Peace, an arrangement for civil marriages put in place by Cromwell's government.
This is where Milton worshipped -- and where Sir Walter Raleigh is buried close to the alter. History is literally falling off the walls.
I was the only person there, besides the organist who was giving him/herself a workout from pop to Purcell. A real treat.
About Westminster Hall
San Diego Sarah • Link
On my recent Stuart pilgrimage to London I didn't buy a ticket for a tour of the Houses of Parliament, and explained to the ticket checker that I only wanted to see Westminster Hall. Fine said he, but I must give you a ticket for Prime Minister's Question Time as compensation. I smiled and accepted, and handed it in to an usher in the Hall.
The echo today makes it hard to imagine law suits being argued in various areas, and stalls of merchandise being sold by the likes of Betty Lane. The biggest display is the Speaker's golden coach, made during the reign of William III and Mary II, which is spectacular. Well worth a visit -- and they have a cafe.
Plus it's close to St. Margaret's Church, which is also well worth a visit; at no charge -- go to the front of the line and tell the Westminster Abbey ticket checkers you're going to St. Margaret's and not the Abbey, and you're in.
About St Martin-in-the-Fields
San Diego Sarah • Link
In my recent Stuart pilgrimage to London I visited St. Martin's -- they have a Pepys booklet about the plague and fire in the gift shop, and a lovely cafe either in the crypt or church yard -- plus great concerts. But someone decided to take out everything historic so it is a "modern" church.
About Wells, Somerset
San Diego Sarah • Link
Some lovely pictures of Wells at
https://alondoninheritance.com/cy…
About Saturday 2 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Nobody has a more sacred obligation to obey the law than those who make the law." -- Sophocles (496 BC-406 BC)
But Charles II's education probably didn't stretch to Sopho-who???
About Saturday 2 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
I recall that sugar was made in "cakes" in those days -- very large sugar lumps. Something needed sweetening? You took out your knife and scratched some off the cake onto or into the food.
About Tuesday 29 May 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
Of you'd like to review the events that made up this extraordinary about-face that has happened in one year -- with very little bloodshed -- the British Civil Wars website has an excellent summary:
http://bcw-project.org/timelines/…