The correspondence of the Coventry brothers is available:
Henry Coventry, 4th son of Lord Keeper Coventry, was born in 1619, ... With the rest of his family, he was a Royalist and shared in the exile of the party. At the Restoration he was made Groom of the Bedchamber to Charles II; ... FOR THE REST OF HENRY'S BIO, SEE https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir William Coventry, 5th son of Lord Keeper Coventry, was 10 years younger than his brother Henry, and entered Queen's College, Oxford, art. 14, in 1642 (Foster, loc. cit.). He did not take a degree, but was created D.C.L. in 1663. Shortly before the Restoration he was appointed Secretary to the Duke of York. He retained this post until Sept. 1667, and as the Duke during the time held the office of Lord High Admiral, he took an important part in naval affairs. From 1661 to 1679 he represented Great Yarmouth in Parliament, being one of the leading members of the House. In 1662 he was appointed a Commissioner for Tangier, and from May, 1667 to April, 1669, he was also a Commissioner of the Treasury. On 26 June, 1665 he was knighted and sworn a member of the Privy Council (XCVIII. f.162), but he was dismissed from the Council on 5 Mar. 1668-1669 (CI. f.62) for Challenging the Duke of Buckingham, and was for a short while confined in the Tower. On his release (20 Mar.) he retired into the country, and lived chiefly at Minster Lovel, co. Oxon until his death on 23 June, 1686. Like his brother, he was unmarried. His official correspondence (vol. XCV. seqq.) relates almost entirely to operations against the Dutch, to charges made against him of selling places, and to naval business generally, a large number of lists of ships and officers, draft-instructions, estimates, accompts, etc., being included. Among his correspondents are Prince Rupert, George Monck, Duke of Albemarle, and Samuel Pepys. His more miscellaneous papers include drafts of Addresses from the House of Commons to the King and Bills in Parliament, political memoranda, etc., together with autograph "observations on the Navy and Naval Warfare" written in 1666 (CII).
The Coventry Papers came to Longleat through Henry Frederick Thynne, third son of Sir Henry Frederick Thynne, Bart., by Mary, daughter of Lord Keeper Coventry, and grandfather of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth (1714). H. F. Thynne was Secretary to his uncle Henry Coventry, when Secretary of State, and also his co-heir (CVI. f.352); he was executor to his uncle Sir William Coventry. https://discovery.nationalarchive…
The correspondence of the Coventry brothers is available:
Henry Coventry, 4th son of Lord Keeper Coventry, was born in 1619, entered Queen's College, Oxford, at 14, in 1632, and became B.A., Fellow of All Souls, and a member of the Inner Temple in 1633 (Foster, Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714, p. 337). With the rest of his family, he was a Royalist and shared in the exile of the party. At the Restoration he was made Groom of the Bedchamber to Charles II; in 1661 he entered Parliament as member for Droitwich, which he continued to represent until 1681; and in 1662 he acted as Commissioner for executing the Act of Settlement in Ireland, being re-called on 10 Jan., 1662-1663 (vol. XXII. f.12). In Sept., 1664 he was dispatched as Envoy to Stockholm, to arrange a commercial treaty with Sweden. The treaty was signed on 16 Feb., 1666, and he returned to England in May (LXVIII. ff.218, 230-236). The following year, in conjunction as Plenipotentiary with Lord Holles, he negotiated the Treaty of Peace with France and Holland at Breda, his Instructions being dated 18 April, and Revocation 23 Aug., 1666 (XLIV. ff.1, 181). He was again sent to Sweden, as ambassador extraordinary, in July, 1671, and he was still at Stockholm awaiting his recall (17 May, 1672, LXVIII. f.53) when he was appointed Secretary of State, 29 May, 1672, on the death of Sir John Trevor (IV. f.18). This office he held without interruption until early in 1680 (I. ff.32, 41). He was then permitted to resign owing to continual ill-health, and he lived in retirement until his death on 7 Dec., 1686. He was never married, and thought this to be the "greatest happinesse" of his life (CV. f.163b). His official correspondence comprises letters addressed to him at Stockholm and Breda by Lord Chancellor Clarendon, Lord Arlington, Sir Will. Morice, and Sir John Trevor, Secretaries of State, and others, and subsequently letters to him from English ministers and agents abroad, particularly at Paris, The Hague, Brussels and Madrid and at the Congresses of Cologne and Nimeguen, from foreign ministers in England, from correspondents of all classes on general home affairs, from the Earl of Essex and Duke of Ormonde, successive Lords Lieutenant, and many others in Ireland, and from governors and officers in Tangier, Jamaica, Barbados, Virginia and other colonies and dependencies. Autographs of Charles II, James, Duke of York, William, Prince of Orange, and other Sovereigns and princes are included.
David, my guess is that these different words reflect Pepys' opinion of the other person. Are they happy drunks, or obnoxious? Are they able to handle themselves, or drooling? Do them embarrass themselves at the table, or amuse the other diners?
In his address to the Vatican, Mendonça exposed the hypocrisy of the Atlantic slavery, using 4 core principles of law: human, natural, divine, and civil laws. He argued for the abolition of slavery and included Black Brotherhoods and interest groups of men, women and young people of African descent in Spain, Portugal, Brazil and Africa. The scale of this international initiative led by Africans in the Atlantic region has not been fully researched.
Mendonça’s thinking developed because of his legal role for the Black Christian Brotherhood, a role conferred on him by Carlos II of Spain, and the archbishop of Toledo, Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero y de Guzman.
His argument for abolition included non-Iberian empires in Africa, the Americas and Europe, and enabled him to take his criminal court case to the Supreme Court of Christendom in an attempt to overturn Pope Nicholas V’s bull, which was the foundation of perpetual Atlantic slavery.
Proponents of slavery at the time argued that Africans enslaved their own people and that this practice was embedded in their socio-political, economic, religious and legal systems.
The abolition of Atlantic slavery has been told as a narrative in which morally superior European Christians rescued Africans both from their own and subsequent imperial systems of slavery. Both the slave trade itself, and colonialism after British abolition, were justified by these linked, usually Christian, narratives.
Mendonça regarded the narratives about African slavery as treacherous tales aimed at justifying the unjustifiable. The records of the case reveal the Africans' role in the early abolition movement and their development of arguments to connect divine, natural, civil and human law.
They also show the political nous of Mendonça and his networks in attempting to unite oppressed constituencies within the Atlantic and the broader Catholic world.
Mendonça’s relationship with new Christians, Native Brazilians and other Africans was central to the case he made for universal human rights, liberty, reparation and humanity.
The Vatican court’s verdict on Mendonça’s case in 1686 was a universal condemnation of the Atlantic slave trade. But the Christian states of Europe failed to honor it. It would take another 200 years before slavery was finally abolished.
By exploring Mendonça’s life, and the records surviving from an important court case in the 1680s, this book offers a new perspective on the slave trade, the Black Atlantic, Catholicism, imperialism and abolition. These are all central to global history.
"Lourenço da Silva Mendonça and the Black Atlantic Abolitionist Movement in the Seventeenth Century" By José Lingna Nafafé, University of Bristol Publisher: Cambridge University Press Online publication date: August 2022 Print publication year: 2022 Online ISBN: 9781108974196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/978110897…
The Atlantic slave trade began in 1415 and ran for 450 years. During that time, more than 16,000,000 Africans were kidnapped and transported to Europe, South and North America and the Caribbean.
Prince Lourenço da Silva Mendonça was born in the kingdom of Pedras of Pungo-AnDongo in 1649, in Angola. His birth coincided with Portugal tightening its grip on the slave trade in west central Africa. This trade’s brutal effects defined his early childhood and adulthood.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Portugal was in the forefront of European maritime empires and of the Atlantic slave trade. In 1585 Luanda (modern Angola’s capital) was established as a port south of the Kongo kingdom, in the Pungo-AnDongo kingdom, serving this trade.
Angola was named after the title of its king. Portuguese influence gradually spread inland and Lourenço’s grandfather, Hari I, was made a king by Portugal in 1626. During his 38 years of service to Portugal, he was forced to pay 3,800 enslaved people to the crown, a tax known as baculamento.
Hari I had to fight wars alongside Portuguese troops stationed in Angola in which two of his sons, including Mendonça’s father, died. Two of Mendonça’s uncles rebelled against Portugal and refused to pay tax in human persons.
Hari II, who took the throne of Pungo-AnDongo, was executed.
The Ndongo polity was finally conquered in 1671 and brought fully under Portuguese control. Members of the royal group were exiled.
Mendonça witnessed these processes and was part of this exile network in Brazil, which was colonised by Portugal at the time. By order of the Portuguese crown, Mendonça studied for 4 years at the Convent of Vilar de Frades in Braga, a city in Portugal.
By the 1680s, he was elected as an international lawyer for Black Christians across Africa, Portugal, Brazil and Spain. He was allowed to practise “throughout the whole of Christendom in any kingdom or dominion” and “using the economic and political right which is conferred to him”.
In 1684, Mendonça presented a court case to Pope Innocent XI, petitioning the Vatican, Portugal, Italy and Spain to stop enslaving African people. He demanded abolition not only for Africans, but also for New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity) and Native Americans.
This petition was made more than 100 years before British abolitionist leaders William Wilberforce and Thomas Buxton fought for the passage of Great Britain’s Act of Abolition.
The Vatican was the leading court in the Catholic world. In the 15th and 16th centuries the Vatican had issued a series of papal bulls permitting the enslavement of Africans, meaning it also had the judicial authority to ban slavery under ecclesiastical law.
A short video clip of the Temple Church and in particular the tomb of William the Marshall of England under the Plantagenets. https://www.facebook.com/reel/539…
Oh Pepys ... to give us something to think about, here's news from Vienna and Paris:
85. Giovanni Sagredo, Venetian Ambassador in Vienna, Germany, to the Doge and Senate.
The distasteful news has arrived of the combat which took place in England for the place of their coaches between the ambassadors of the crowns and the precipitous action of the French in dismissing the Count of Fuendalsagna and in stopping the further progress of the Marquis of la Fuentes, his successor, in recalling their ambassador in England, in their protest to the Catholic king and in other steps, unfavourable at the present conjuncture, contrary to the alliance and leading rather to a rupture.
In discussing the matter they say that this accident is unfortunate not only for the general interests of all Christendom but for those of the Catholic in particular.
The most prudent here do not think it right that after having sacrificed the Infanta and various places in Flanders for the sake of securing peace, he should be placed in manifest peril for an affair of no great consequence, more particularly since Spain has not the place from France with the most conspicuous princes of Christendom, so that it was no great gain to obtain it in England for a single day, for as there was no decision of the king the place could not be permanent, and being won by force would always be liable to be lost by force.
The affair is also extremely unfortunate for the war against the Turk, as if the quarrel between the crowns is not adjusted and they rush into war, they will make haste here to make peace with the Ottoman.
They think at this Court that before matters grow worse His Holiness should intervene by couriers extraordinary and his own letters to prevent the rupture which may easily occur from the youthfulness and irresponsibility of the king of France, who is attracted by arms and surrounded by councillors who believe that war will suit their fortunes better than peace. Vienna, the 13th November, 1661. N.S. [Italian.] @@@ 86. Alvise Grimani, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.
I went recently to pay my respects to the queen of England at Fontainebleau. [QUEEN MOTHER HENRIETTA MARIA]
She is invited to London by the king, to dwell there in future, and so she will abandon France. This gives rise to a variety of opinions in conversation; but as King Charles has to be receiving his wife, that would be quite sufficient to account for his motive in recalling his mother.
But before the queen leaves this country she wishes to see Madame, her daughter, safely delivered. [HENRIETTA ANNE, A.K.A. MINETTE] Moret, the 15th November, 1661. [Italian.]
FROM: 'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
Whereas the affair of the French and Spanish ambassadors occurred at the arrival of the ambassador extraordinary of Sweden, so another remarkable unseemly event has occured at his departure.
He was brought to England by 3 Swedish ships, with which he entered the Thames. He himself came in a great and powerful warship of over 70 bronze pieces. During the few days he stayed in London he kept the ships at Gravesend.
After having performed his functions and taken leave of the king he went to embark to return to Sweden. At the mouth of the river it met with the guard, a great English ship called the Charles.
Seeing the Swede depart without lowering its flag this fired a gun without ball as a signal of what they ought to do. As no notice was taken the English fired another with ball which shaved the principal Swedish ship without doing it any harm. But as even this did not bring the Swede to reason a third was aimed at the sails, which did not miss. The English captain then sent on board the ambassador to inform him that he must lower his flag, that being the general practice in the house of others. The Swede replied that he had no such order from the king, without specifying whether it was the king of England or Sweden.
In this ambiguity the captain sent an express to Court to report the incident and receive instructions.
His Majesty approved of all his proceedings, directing him to continue them, and ordering other ships of war to go to his assistance. But before these instructions could reach him fresh advices arrived here from him reporting the departure of the Swede in the darkness of the night, with a favourable wind, without his being aware of it.
The king has strongly resented the action, expressing his desire for satisfaction for the ambassador's indiscretion and highly incensed against the English commander who, according to the laws of the nation, may have to pay with his head the penalty for his lack of vigilance, for as he was diligent and praiseworthy at the beginning he should have been more exact and punctual afterwards. (fn. 8) FOOTNOTE 8: An account of the affair is given in the Kingdom's Intelligencer Nov. 25–Dec. 2, 1661. Capt. Robert Holmes was in command of the Royal Charles. He was summoned before the Council and committed to the Tower on 17–27 Nov. Ibid. His command was taken over by Capt. Robt. Clark. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1661–2, page 149. See Pepys: Diary, Vol. ii., page 135.
In obedience to the instructions of the 22nd October I am circulating about the Court with suitable remarks what your Excellencies send me in the matter of the English ambassador at Constantinople, and I will not fail to acquaint his Majesty with it as well. London, the 18th November, 1661. N.S. [Italian.]
(I suspect Sir Robert quietly said, "On your way before I have to arrest you!"
87. Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, to the Doge and Senate.
The Court is still without news of importance, but the new session of parliament in 12 days should supply material of more consequence. For the rest the cold weather, which dries up everything, and leaves nothing but the limp falling foliage.
There is no news of the fleet but a merchantman arrived recently from Smyrna reports having seen it at the Strait of Gibraltar cruising about the Barbary coasts in search of pirate craft.
On the way this ship fell in with pirates and was engaged by 3 vessels, but she defended herself boldly for 3 hours and was able easily to avoid search and escape, otherwise, in view of the inequality of forces, she might have remained a prey to the infidels.
The day before yesterday, late, letters reached the king from his bride, Braganza and their mother, but what they bring besides compliments cannot be known. They cannot contain much beyond a repetition of the promises so often made, which they would like to see fulfilled.
They are constantly talking of the sailing of the ships to fetch the bride and of the earl of Peterborough going to Tangier. The delays are due to nothing but lack of money and it is hoped that at the opening of parliament there will be provision in abundance. Without it the king can do nothing in the matter of money.
As there can no longer be any doubt, by all appearances, about the coming of the bride, although the precise moment is not known, the gentlemen of the Court and private persons are preparing rich liveries and sumptuous garments to be displayed at the entry of the bride and at the celebration of the nuptials, and the foreign ministers will have to do the like as a sign of respect.
I must ask the Senate to give me instructions what to do and also to supply the means, as I am too reduced to do anything after over 6 years of service at this Court, which is at present the most expensive owing to the excessive price of everything and the endless obligations, particularly many extraordinary expenses after the king's return, most of which fell on my private purse.
"He was a city of London merchant and a member of the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers. He was one of the court assistants with the Levant Company from 1651 to 1653 and from 1655 to 1656. On 18 December 1655 he was elected an alderman of the City of London for Dowgate ward. He was Master of the Clothworkers Company in 1656. He was Sheriff of London from 1657 to 1658. In 1658 he became alderman for Cripplegate ward. He became a Colonel of the Green Regiment in 1659, holding the position until 1680.
"In 1660 Robinson was elected Member of Parliament for the City of London in the Convention Parliament. He was knighted on 26 May 1660, and on 22 June 1660 he was made a baronet. He was Lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1660 to 1680 and became vice-president of the Honourable Artillery Company in 1660.
"In 1661 Robinson was elected MP for Rye in the Cavalier Parliament. He became president of the Honourable Artillery Company in 1661 and remained until 1680. In 1662 he was elected Lord Mayor of London. In 1663 he became alderman for Tower ward. He was on the committee of the East India Company from 1666 to 1667, from 1668 to 1674, and from 1675 to 1677, In 1670 he became deputy-governor of the Hudson's Bay Company."
"Maybe I’ve missed something but last year SP seemed to be getting money right left and and centre and thankful for his riches. Now he is worrying about having to cut back."
Right, Liz. Two reasons: 1. Pepys has missed a lot of work time because of trips to Brampton and the sorting out of legal affairs. He has therefore missed opportunities to fleece his nest -- plus the number of seals issued by the Privy Seal's office has fallen off; 2. The 1660 Parliament gave Charles II money to spend on the Navy. This Cavalier Parliament did not give Charles money in order to control him, and thereby the Army, with the side effect of short-changing the Navy also -- but was more vindictive in their persecution of the nonconformists.
"(about tryalls wth. vipers whether their biting mortall this hott season)"
[In 1633 e]very day, Sir Kenelm Digby, courtier, scientist, and philosopher, gave his wife Venetia Stanley, Lady Digby a glass of viper wine. He made it himself. He took a few dozen live, poisonous snakes, shoved them into a cask of wine, stoppered the cask, and let it sit undisturbed for a few months, until the snakes were dead and disintegrating. He might have strained the liquid before serving it, although his friend, Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel and Lennox, did not recommend it in her recipe: “Take eight Gallons of Sack which is the best Wine, and to that quantity put in thirty, or two and thirty Vipers; but prepare them first in this manner. Put them into bran for some four dayes, which will make them scowre the gravel and eathy [sic] part from them, then stop your Vessel or glasse you put them in very close until six months be past, in which time the flesh of the Vipers and vertue of them will be infused into the wine, although the skins will seem full, after which time you may take them out if you please, and drink of the wine when you please best to drink it.”
... Why did Sir Kenelm give his wife Lady Venetia viper wine?
Viper wine was not as exotic in the 17th century as it is in this one. Physicians had been prescribing and administering it regularly to patients with skin conditions since Galen. Lecturing in 1635 on the treatment of tumors, Alexander Read recommended viper wine for leprosy. In 1675, Philip Bellon went further, claiming in "The Potable Balsome of Life" that drinks made with vipers were useful for treating not only leprosy but also sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, fevers, and scurvy. A few years later, viper wine took on other powers: in "Pharmaceutice rationalis, or, An Exercitation of the Operations of Medicines in Humane Bodies" (1679), the distinguished physician Thomas Willis advocated viper wine for strengthening a man’s “animal spirits,” a use also endorsed by William Salmon in "The Practice of Curing" (1681). The poet John Donne alluded to such medication in a sermon at St. Paul’s.
Given its supposed ability to restore blemished skin and “the animal spirits,” ordinary people often regarded viper wine as a combination of Botox and Viagra. There was nothing particularly exotic about viper wine.
Alvise Grimani, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.
I went recently to pay my respects to the queen of England at Fontainebleau. [QUEEN MOTHER HENRIETTA MARIA]
She is invited to London by the king, to dwell there in future, and so she will abandon France. This gives rise to a variety of opinions in conversation; but as King Charles has to be receiving his wife, that would be quite sufficient to account for his motive in recalling his mother.
But before the queen leaves this country she wishes to see Madame, her daughter, safely delivered. [HENRIETTA ANNE, A.K.A. MINETTE] Moret, the 15th November, 1661. [Italian.]
FROM: Nov. 15. N.S. – Nov. 25 1661 O.S. Senato, Secreta. Dispacci, Francia. Venetian Archives.
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
News from Algiers reaches Florence before it gets to Tangier, OR Sandwich leaves it up to Vice Adm. Lawson to too his own horn in his own logs:
Domenico Vico, Venetian Resident at Florence, to the Doge and Senate.
The English fleet off Algiers under Admiral Lauson has in a few weeks taken about twenty of their ships and continues to chase others.
It has so harassed them that the Algerians sent deputies to treat for peace or a truce. But Lauson told them that he could not listen to them as he had definite orders for peace or war.
On hearing this the citizens rose in revolt and went so far as to assassinate a certain leading official of Algiers, who it may be, opposed the proposals for peace. Florence, the 12th November, 1661. [Italian.]
FROM Nov. 12. N.S. – Nov. 22 O.S. Senato, Secreta. Dispacci, Firenze. Venetian Archives.
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
From the same piece of mail we learn that Louis XIV has become a father:
On Saturday evening a gentleman arrived post sent by the Most Christian to his Majesty with news of the birth of a dauphin, (fn. 6) causing great joy at Court. FOOTNOTE 6 Louis, born 1st November, 1661.
To respond to the mission and offer congratulations Baron Crafts and the chancellor's second son set out the day before yesterday from London for the French Court on behalf of the king. Sir Charles Berkley has gone for the same purpose on behalf of the duke of York. (fn. 7) FOOTNOTE 7 Lawrence Hyde went with Lord Croft. Their pass and that of Sir Charles Berkeley dated 30th October, o.s. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1661–2, page 128.
The Venetian Ambassador did make it to the Lord Mayor's bash today:
"Tuesday being the day for the new mayor of London to take the oath, the ceremony was performed with great pomp. Contrary to the custom of past years the foreign ministers, the king's Council, the peers of the realm, the bishops and others, who used not to take part in such functions, were invited to the ceremony and were almost all present, with mutual satisfaction to the guests and the hosts."
So the Navy Commissioners may have been amongst those not usually invited; "but the Sir Williams were both loth to go, because of the crowd," may have been their excuses because they were both Parliament men?
Or they feared the crowds would be cover for unrest from the frustrated nonconformists?
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
November 9, Saturday. Mr. Rolt went in the Newcastle to Arzila, and the Hawk ketch in his company.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Mr. Rolt https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… The Newcastle https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… Asilah, AKA Arzila, is one of the most picturesque and historic attractions in Morocco. It is located approx. 50 kilometers outside the city of Tangier and has been dated back to 1500 B.C. The city was constructed by the Phoenicians as a trade post, but was later conquered by the Portuguese in the 15th century. By 1549, John III had abandoned Asilah in the midst of an economic crisis and it was taken by Moulay Ismail 1692. https://www.morocco.com/attractio… The Hawk ketch -- the only other mention so far https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Comments
Third Reading
About William Coventry
San Diego Sarah • Link
The correspondence of the Coventry brothers is available:
Henry Coventry, 4th son of Lord Keeper Coventry, was born in 1619, ... With the rest of his family, he was a Royalist and shared in the exile of the party.
At the Restoration he was made Groom of the Bedchamber to Charles II; ...
FOR THE REST OF HENRY'S BIO, SEE
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir William Coventry, 5th son of Lord Keeper Coventry, was 10 years younger than his brother Henry, and entered Queen's College, Oxford, art. 14, in 1642 (Foster, loc. cit.). He did not take a degree, but was created D.C.L. in 1663.
Shortly before the Restoration he was appointed Secretary to the Duke of York. He retained this post until Sept. 1667, and as the Duke during the time held the office of Lord High Admiral, he took an important part in naval affairs.
From 1661 to 1679 he represented Great Yarmouth in Parliament, being one of the leading members of the House. In 1662 he was appointed a Commissioner for Tangier, and from May, 1667 to April, 1669, he was also a Commissioner of the Treasury.
On 26 June, 1665 he was knighted and sworn a member of the Privy Council (XCVIII. f.162), but he was dismissed from the Council on 5 Mar. 1668-1669 (CI. f.62) for Challenging the Duke of Buckingham, and was for a short while confined in the Tower.
On his release (20 Mar.) he retired into the country, and lived chiefly at Minster Lovel, co. Oxon until his death on 23 June, 1686. Like his brother, he was unmarried.
His official correspondence (vol. XCV. seqq.) relates almost entirely to operations against the Dutch, to charges made against him of selling places, and to naval business generally, a large number of lists of ships and officers, draft-instructions, estimates, accompts, etc., being included. Among his correspondents are Prince Rupert, George Monck, Duke of Albemarle, and Samuel Pepys. His more miscellaneous papers include drafts of Addresses from the House of Commons to the King and Bills in Parliament, political memoranda, etc., together with autograph "observations on the Navy and Naval Warfare" written in 1666 (CII).
The Coventry Papers came to Longleat through Henry Frederick Thynne, third son of Sir Henry Frederick Thynne, Bart., by Mary, daughter of Lord Keeper Coventry, and grandfather of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth (1714).
H. F. Thynne was Secretary to his uncle Henry Coventry, when Secretary of State, and also his co-heir (CVI. f.352); he was executor to his uncle Sir William Coventry.
https://discovery.nationalarchive…
About Henry Coventry
San Diego Sarah • Link
The correspondence of the Coventry brothers is available:
Henry Coventry, 4th son of Lord Keeper Coventry, was born in 1619, entered Queen's College, Oxford, at 14, in 1632, and became B.A., Fellow of All Souls, and a member of the Inner Temple in 1633 (Foster, Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714, p. 337). With the rest of his family, he was a Royalist and shared in the exile of the party.
At the Restoration he was made Groom of the Bedchamber to Charles II; in 1661 he entered Parliament as member for Droitwich, which he continued to represent until 1681; and in 1662 he acted as Commissioner for executing the Act of Settlement in Ireland, being re-called on 10 Jan., 1662-1663 (vol. XXII. f.12).
In Sept., 1664 he was dispatched as Envoy to Stockholm, to arrange a commercial treaty with Sweden. The treaty was signed on 16 Feb., 1666, and he returned to England in May (LXVIII. ff.218, 230-236). The following year, in conjunction as Plenipotentiary with Lord Holles, he negotiated the Treaty of Peace with France and Holland at Breda, his Instructions being dated 18 April, and Revocation 23 Aug., 1666 (XLIV. ff.1, 181). He was again sent to Sweden, as ambassador extraordinary, in July, 1671, and he was still at Stockholm awaiting his recall (17 May, 1672, LXVIII. f.53) when he was appointed Secretary of State, 29 May, 1672, on the death of Sir John Trevor (IV. f.18). This office he held without interruption until early in 1680 (I. ff.32, 41).
He was then permitted to resign owing to continual ill-health, and he lived in retirement until his death on 7 Dec., 1686. He was never married, and thought this to be the "greatest happinesse" of his life (CV. f.163b).
His official correspondence comprises letters addressed to him at Stockholm and Breda by Lord Chancellor Clarendon, Lord Arlington, Sir Will. Morice, and Sir John Trevor, Secretaries of State, and others, and subsequently letters to him from English ministers and agents abroad, particularly at Paris, The Hague, Brussels and Madrid and at the Congresses of Cologne and Nimeguen, from foreign ministers in England, from correspondents of all classes on general home affairs, from the Earl of Essex and Duke of Ormonde, successive Lords Lieutenant, and many others in Ireland, and from governors and officers in Tangier, Jamaica, Barbados, Virginia and other colonies and dependencies.
Autographs of Charles II, James, Duke of York, William, Prince of Orange, and other Sovereigns and princes are included.
About Monday 18 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
David, my guess is that these different words reflect Pepys' opinion of the other person. Are they happy drunks, or obnoxious? Are they able to handle themselves, or drooling? Do them embarrass themselves at the table, or amuse the other diners?
About Samuel Pepys and Slaves
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
In his address to the Vatican, Mendonça exposed the hypocrisy of the Atlantic slavery, using 4 core principles of law: human, natural, divine, and civil laws.
He argued for the abolition of slavery and included Black Brotherhoods and interest groups of men, women and young people of African descent in Spain, Portugal, Brazil and Africa.
The scale of this international initiative led by Africans in the Atlantic region has not been fully researched.
Mendonça’s thinking developed because of his legal role for the Black Christian Brotherhood, a role conferred on him by Carlos II of Spain, and the archbishop of Toledo, Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero y de Guzman.
His argument for abolition included non-Iberian empires in Africa, the Americas and Europe, and enabled him to take his criminal court case to the Supreme Court of Christendom in an attempt to overturn Pope Nicholas V’s bull, which was the foundation of perpetual Atlantic slavery.
Proponents of slavery at the time argued that Africans enslaved their own people and that this practice was embedded in their socio-political, economic, religious and legal systems.
The abolition of Atlantic slavery has been told as a narrative in which morally superior European Christians rescued Africans both from their own and subsequent imperial systems of slavery. Both the slave trade itself, and colonialism after British abolition, were justified by these linked, usually Christian, narratives.
Mendonça regarded the narratives about African slavery as treacherous tales aimed at justifying the unjustifiable. The records of the case reveal the Africans' role in the early abolition movement and their development of arguments to connect divine, natural, civil and human law.
They also show the political nous of Mendonça and his networks in attempting to unite oppressed constituencies within the Atlantic and the broader Catholic world.
Mendonça’s relationship with new Christians, Native Brazilians and other Africans was central to the case he made for universal human rights, liberty, reparation and humanity.
The Vatican court’s verdict on Mendonça’s case in 1686 was a universal condemnation of the Atlantic slave trade.
But the Christian states of Europe failed to honor it.
It would take another 200 years before slavery was finally abolished.
By exploring Mendonça’s life, and the records surviving from an important court case in the 1680s, this book offers a new perspective on the slave trade, the Black Atlantic, Catholicism, imperialism and abolition. These are all central to global history.
"Lourenço da Silva Mendonça and the Black Atlantic Abolitionist Movement in the Seventeenth Century"
By José Lingna Nafafé, University of Bristol
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Online publication date: August 2022
Print publication year: 2022
Online ISBN: 9781108974196
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/978110897…
About Samuel Pepys and Slaves
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Atlantic slave trade began in 1415 and ran for 450 years. During that time, more than 16,000,000 Africans were kidnapped and transported to Europe, South and North America and the Caribbean.
Prince Lourenço da Silva Mendonça was born in the kingdom of Pedras of Pungo-AnDongo in 1649, in Angola. His birth coincided with Portugal tightening its grip on the slave trade in west central Africa. This trade’s brutal effects defined his early childhood and adulthood.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Portugal was in the forefront of European maritime empires and of the Atlantic slave trade. In 1585 Luanda (modern Angola’s capital) was established as a port south of the Kongo kingdom, in the Pungo-AnDongo kingdom, serving this trade.
Angola was named after the title of its king. Portuguese influence gradually spread inland and Lourenço’s grandfather, Hari I, was made a king by Portugal in 1626. During his 38 years of service to Portugal, he was forced to pay 3,800 enslaved people to the crown, a tax known as baculamento.
Hari I had to fight wars alongside Portuguese troops stationed in Angola in which two of his sons, including Mendonça’s father, died. Two of Mendonça’s uncles rebelled against Portugal and refused to pay tax in human persons.
Hari II, who took the throne of Pungo-AnDongo, was executed.
The Ndongo polity was finally conquered in 1671 and brought fully under Portuguese control. Members of the royal group were exiled.
Mendonça witnessed these processes and was part of this exile network in Brazil, which was colonised by Portugal at the time. By order of the Portuguese crown, Mendonça studied for 4 years at the Convent of Vilar de Frades in Braga, a city in Portugal.
By the 1680s, he was elected as an international lawyer for Black Christians across Africa, Portugal, Brazil and Spain. He was allowed to practise “throughout the whole of Christendom in any kingdom or dominion” and “using the economic and political right which is conferred to him”.
In 1684, Mendonça presented a court case to Pope Innocent XI, petitioning the Vatican, Portugal, Italy and Spain to stop enslaving African people. He demanded abolition not only for Africans, but also for New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity) and Native Americans.
This petition was made more than 100 years before British abolitionist leaders William Wilberforce and Thomas Buxton fought for the passage of Great Britain’s Act of Abolition.
The Vatican was the leading court in the Catholic world. In the 15th and 16th centuries the Vatican had issued a series of papal bulls permitting the enslavement of Africans, meaning it also had the judicial authority to ban slavery under ecclesiastical law.
About Temple Church
San Diego Sarah • Link
A short video clip of the Temple Church and in particular the tomb of William the Marshall of England under the Plantagenets.
https://www.facebook.com/reel/539…
About Saturday 16 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Oh Pepys ... to give us something to think about, here's news from Vienna and Paris:
85. Giovanni Sagredo, Venetian Ambassador in Vienna, Germany, to the Doge and Senate.
The distasteful news has arrived of the combat which took place in England for the place of their coaches between the ambassadors of the crowns and the precipitous action of the French in dismissing the Count of Fuendalsagna and in stopping the further progress of the Marquis of la Fuentes, his successor, in recalling their ambassador in England, in their protest to the Catholic king and in other steps, unfavourable at the present conjuncture, contrary to the alliance and leading rather to a rupture.
In discussing the matter they say that this accident is unfortunate not only for the general interests of all Christendom but for those of the Catholic in particular.
The most prudent here do not think it right that after having sacrificed the Infanta and various places in Flanders for the sake of securing peace, he should be placed in manifest peril for an affair of no great consequence, more particularly since Spain has not the place from France with the most conspicuous princes of Christendom, so that it was no great gain to obtain it in England for a single day, for as there was no decision of the king the place could not be permanent, and being won by force would always be liable to be lost by force.
The affair is also extremely unfortunate for the war against the Turk, as if the quarrel between the crowns is not adjusted and they rush into war, they will make haste here to make peace with the Ottoman.
They think at this Court that before matters grow worse His Holiness should intervene by couriers extraordinary and his own letters to prevent the rupture which may easily occur from the youthfulness and irresponsibility of the king of France, who is attracted by arms and surrounded by councillors who believe that war will suit their fortunes better than peace.
Vienna, the 13th November, 1661. N.S.
[Italian.]
@@@
86. Alvise Grimani, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.
I went recently to pay my respects to the queen of England at Fontainebleau. [QUEEN MOTHER HENRIETTA MARIA]
She is invited to London by the king, to dwell there in future, and so she will abandon France. This gives rise to a variety of opinions in conversation; but as King Charles has to be receiving his wife, that would be quite sufficient to account for his motive in recalling his mother.
But before the queen leaves this country she wishes to see Madame, her daughter, safely delivered. [HENRIETTA ANNE, A.K.A. MINETTE]
Moret, the 15th November, 1661.
[Italian.]
FROM:
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Tuesday 12 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION -- and the part about Robert Holmes:
Whereas the affair of the French and Spanish ambassadors occurred at the arrival of the ambassador extraordinary of Sweden, so another remarkable unseemly event has occured at his departure.
He was brought to England by 3 Swedish ships, with which he entered the Thames. He himself came in a great and powerful warship of over 70 bronze pieces. During the few days he stayed in London he kept the ships at Gravesend.
After having performed his functions and taken leave of the king he went to embark to return to Sweden. At the mouth of the river it met with the guard, a great English ship called the Charles.
Seeing the Swede depart without lowering its flag this fired a gun without ball as a signal of what they ought to do. As no notice was taken the English fired another with ball which shaved the principal Swedish ship without doing it any harm. But as even this did not bring the Swede to reason a third was aimed at the sails, which did not miss. The English captain then sent on board the ambassador to inform him that he must lower his flag, that being the general practice in the house of others. The Swede replied that he had no such order from the king, without specifying whether it was the king of England or Sweden.
In this ambiguity the captain sent an express to Court to report the incident and receive instructions.
His Majesty approved of all his proceedings, directing him to continue them, and ordering other ships of war to go to his assistance. But before these instructions could reach him fresh advices arrived here from him reporting the departure of the Swede in the darkness of the night, with a favourable wind, without his being aware of it.
The king has strongly resented the action, expressing his desire for satisfaction for the ambassador's indiscretion and highly incensed against the English commander who, according to the laws of the nation, may have to pay with his head the penalty for his lack of vigilance, for as he was diligent and praiseworthy at the beginning he should have been more exact and punctual afterwards. (fn. 8)
FOOTNOTE 8: An account of the affair is given in the Kingdom's Intelligencer Nov. 25–Dec. 2, 1661. Capt. Robert Holmes was in command of the Royal Charles. He was summoned before the Council and committed to the Tower on 17–27 Nov. Ibid. His command was taken over by Capt. Robt. Clark. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1661–2, page 149. See Pepys: Diary, Vol. ii., page 135.
In obedience to the instructions of the 22nd October I am circulating about the Court with suitable remarks what your Excellencies send me in the matter of the English ambassador at Constantinople, and I will not fail to acquaint his Majesty with it as well.
London, the 18th November, 1661. N.S.
[Italian.]
(I suspect Sir Robert quietly said, "On your way before I have to arrest you!"
About Tuesday 12 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
And from the same archives we have this report about Holmes' defence of England's honor:
Nov. 18. N.S.
Senato, Secreta.
Dispacci, Inghilterra.
Venetian Archives.
87. Francesco Giavarina, Venetian Resident in England, to the Doge and Senate.
The Court is still without news of importance, but the new session of parliament in 12 days should supply material of more consequence. For the rest the cold weather, which dries up everything, and leaves nothing but the limp falling foliage.
There is no news of the fleet but a merchantman arrived recently from Smyrna reports having seen it at the Strait of Gibraltar cruising about the Barbary coasts in search of pirate craft.
On the way this ship fell in with pirates and was engaged by 3 vessels, but she defended herself boldly for 3 hours and was able easily to avoid search and escape, otherwise, in view of the inequality of forces, she might have remained a prey to the infidels.
The day before yesterday, late, letters reached the king from his bride, Braganza and their mother, but what they bring besides compliments cannot be known. They cannot contain much beyond a repetition of the promises so often made, which they would like to see fulfilled.
They are constantly talking of the sailing of the ships to fetch the bride and of the earl of Peterborough going to Tangier. The delays are due to nothing but lack of money and it is hoped that at the opening of parliament there will be provision in abundance. Without it the king can do nothing in the matter of money.
As there can no longer be any doubt, by all appearances, about the coming of the bride, although the precise moment is not known, the gentlemen of the Court and private persons are preparing rich liveries and sumptuous garments to be displayed at the entry of the bride and at the celebration of the nuptials, and the foreign ministers will have to do the like as a sign of respect.
I must ask the Senate to give me instructions what to do and also to supply the means, as I am too reduced to do anything after over 6 years of service at this Court, which is at present the most expensive owing to the excessive price of everything and the endless obligations, particularly many extraordinary expenses after the king's return, most of which fell on my private purse.
About Ald. Sir John Robinson (Lord Mayor 1662-63, Lieutenant of the Tower 1660-80)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Another Wiki site hasx more info on Sir John
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir…
"He was a city of London merchant and a member of the Worshipful Company of Clothworkers.
He was one of the court assistants with the Levant Company from 1651 to 1653 and from 1655 to 1656.
On 18 December 1655 he was elected an alderman of the City of London for Dowgate ward.
He was Master of the Clothworkers Company in 1656.
He was Sheriff of London from 1657 to 1658.
In 1658 he became alderman for Cripplegate ward.
He became a Colonel of the Green Regiment in 1659, holding the position until 1680.
"In 1660 Robinson was elected Member of Parliament for the City of London in the Convention Parliament.
He was knighted on 26 May 1660, and on 22 June 1660 he was made a baronet.
He was Lieutenant of the Tower of London from 1660 to 1680
and became vice-president of the Honourable Artillery Company in 1660.
"In 1661 Robinson was elected MP for Rye in the Cavalier Parliament.
He became president of the Honourable Artillery Company in 1661 and remained until 1680.
In 1662 he was elected Lord Mayor of London.
In 1663 he became alderman for Tower ward.
He was on the committee of the East India Company from 1666 to 1667, from 1668 to 1674, and from 1675 to 1677,
In 1670 he became deputy-governor of the Hudson's Bay Company."
Talk about a finger in every pie.
About Wednesday 13 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Maybe I’ve missed something but last year SP seemed to be getting money right left and and centre and thankful for his riches. Now he is worrying about having to cut back."
Right, Liz. Two reasons:
1. Pepys has missed a lot of work time because of trips to Brampton and the sorting out of legal affairs. He has therefore missed opportunities to fleece his nest -- plus the number of seals issued by the Privy Seal's office has fallen off;
2. The 1660 Parliament gave Charles II money to spend on the Navy. This Cavalier Parliament did not give Charles money in order to control him, and thereby the Army, with the side effect of short-changing the Navy also -- but was more vindictive in their persecution of the nonconformists.
For examples, see
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
and
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Wednesday 7 June 1665
San Diego Sarah • Link
"(about tryalls wth. vipers whether their biting mortall this hott season)"
[In 1633 e]very day, Sir Kenelm Digby, courtier, scientist, and philosopher, gave his wife Venetia Stanley, Lady Digby a glass of viper wine. He made it himself. He took a few dozen live, poisonous snakes, shoved them into a cask of wine, stoppered the cask, and let it sit undisturbed for a few months, until the snakes were dead and disintegrating.
He might have strained the liquid before serving it, although his friend, Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel and Lennox, did not recommend it in her recipe:
“Take eight Gallons of Sack which is the best Wine, and to that quantity put in thirty, or two and thirty Vipers; but prepare them first in this manner. Put them into bran for some four dayes, which will make them scowre the gravel and eathy [sic] part from them, then stop your Vessel or glasse you put them in very close until six months be past, in which time the flesh of the Vipers and vertue of them will be infused into the wine, although the skins will seem full, after which time you may take them out if you please, and drink of the wine when you please best to drink it.”
... Why did Sir Kenelm give his wife Lady Venetia viper wine?
Viper wine was not as exotic in the 17th century as it is in this one. Physicians had been prescribing and administering it regularly to patients with skin conditions since Galen.
Lecturing in 1635 on the treatment of tumors, Alexander Read recommended viper wine for leprosy.
In 1675, Philip Bellon went further, claiming in "The Potable Balsome of Life" that drinks made with vipers were useful for treating not only leprosy but also sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, fevers, and scurvy.
A few years later, viper wine took on other powers: in "Pharmaceutice rationalis, or, An Exercitation of the Operations of Medicines in Humane Bodies" (1679), the distinguished physician Thomas Willis advocated viper wine for strengthening a man’s “animal spirits,” a use also endorsed by William Salmon in "The Practice of Curing" (1681).
The poet John Donne alluded to such medication in a sermon at St. Paul’s.
Given its supposed ability to restore blemished skin and “the animal spirits,” ordinary people often regarded viper wine as a combination of Botox and Viagra.
There was nothing particularly exotic about viper wine.
To find out why Sir Kenelm give it to Lady Venetia, see
https://www.historynewsnetwork.or…
They expected a lot from vipers!
About Monday 25 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Meanwhile, in Paris:
Alvise Grimani, Venetian Ambassador in France, to the Doge and Senate.
I went recently to pay my respects to the queen of England at Fontainebleau. [QUEEN MOTHER HENRIETTA MARIA]
She is invited to London by the king, to dwell there in future, and so she will abandon France. This gives rise to a variety of opinions in conversation; but as King Charles has to be receiving his wife, that would be quite sufficient to account for his motive in recalling his mother.
But before the queen leaves this country she wishes to see Madame, her daughter, safely delivered. [HENRIETTA ANNE, A.K.A. MINETTE]
Moret, the 15th November, 1661.
[Italian.]
FROM:
Nov. 15. N.S. – Nov. 25 1661 O.S.
Senato, Secreta.
Dispacci, Francia.
Venetian Archives.
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Tuesday 12 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
News from Algiers reaches Florence before it gets to Tangier, OR Sandwich leaves it up to Vice Adm. Lawson to too his own horn in his own logs:
Domenico Vico, Venetian Resident at Florence, to the Doge and Senate.
The English fleet off Algiers under Admiral Lauson has in a few weeks taken about twenty of their ships and continues to chase others.
It has so harassed them that the Algerians sent deputies to treat for peace or a truce. But Lauson told them that he could not listen to them as he had definite orders for peace or war.
On hearing this the citizens rose in revolt and went so far as to assassinate a certain leading official of Algiers, who it may be, opposed the proposals for peace.
Florence, the 12th November, 1661.
[Italian.]
FROM
Nov. 12. N.S. – Nov. 22 O.S.
Senato, Secreta.
Dispacci, Firenze.
Venetian Archives.
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Tuesday 29 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From the same piece of mail we learn that Louis XIV has become a father:
On Saturday evening a gentleman arrived post sent by the Most Christian to his Majesty with news of the birth of a dauphin, (fn. 6) causing great joy at Court.
FOOTNOTE 6 Louis, born 1st November, 1661.
To respond to the mission and offer congratulations Baron Crafts and the chancellor's second son set out the day before yesterday from London for the French Court on behalf of the king.
Sir Charles Berkley has gone for the same purpose on behalf of the duke of York. (fn. 7)
FOOTNOTE 7 Lawrence Hyde went with Lord Croft. Their pass and that of Sir Charles Berkeley dated 30th October, o.s. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1661–2, page 128.
About Tuesday 29 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Venetian Ambassador did make it to the Lord Mayor's bash today:
"Tuesday being the day for the new mayor of London to take the oath, the ceremony was performed with great pomp. Contrary to the custom of past years the foreign ministers, the king's Council, the peers of the realm, the bishops and others, who used not to take part in such functions, were invited to the ceremony and were almost all present, with mutual satisfaction to the guests and the hosts."
So the Navy Commissioners may have been amongst those not usually invited; "but the Sir Williams were both loth to go, because of the crowd," may have been their excuses because they were both Parliament men?
Or they feared the crowds would be cover for unrest from the frustrated nonconformists?
FROM:
Nov. 11. 1661 N.S. – Nov. 1 O.S.
Senato, Secreta.
Dispacci, Inghilterra.
Venetian Archives.
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Sunday 10 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
WOW, MartinVT. I'm no theologian, but that makes sense to me.
About Tuesday 12 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, at anchor in Tangier Bay:
November 12, Tuesday.
The Newcastle came from Arzila, with Mr. Rolt and the Hawk ketch.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
The Newcastle
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Arzila
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Mr. [EDWARD?] Rolt
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Hawk ketch, its third mention
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Monday 11 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, at anchor in Tangier Bay:
November 11, Monday.
The Montagu came in from cruising.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
The Montagu -- no info yet
About Saturday 9 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, at anchor in Tangier Bay:
November 9, Saturday.
Mr. Rolt went in the Newcastle to Arzila, and the Hawk ketch in his company.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
Mr. Rolt
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Newcastle
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Asilah, AKA Arzila, is one of the most picturesque and historic attractions in Morocco. It is located approx. 50 kilometers outside the city of Tangier and has been dated back to 1500 B.C. The city was constructed by the Phoenicians as a trade post, but was later conquered by the Portuguese in the 15th century. By 1549, John III had abandoned Asilah in the midst of an economic crisis and it was taken by Moulay Ismail 1692.
https://www.morocco.com/attractio…
The Hawk ketch -- the only other mention so far
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…