I wonder why John Evelyn refused all honors throughout his life. As did Robert Boyle. Boyle was an ardent Christian, and probably thought his religious views and the politics of honors wouldn't mix. Evelyn was an ardent Anglican, so maybe he had the same reservations?
Search for 1661, and you'll find a few entries like this:
King Charles II. 1661. Algernon, E. of Northumberland. The king crowned, Apr. 23.
I think this means that Charles II elevated Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, to being a Knight of the Bath effective April 23, 1661. He acted as the Lord High Constable at the coronation of Charles II, but played no part in public affairs after this. http://www.historyofparliamentonl…
Sadly Haydn doesn't scan well, so it's best to read the PDF, but it still needs additional research if you want to nail down who got what.
"Huygens also invented a balance spring watch, independently of Robert Hooke. Huygens patented a pocket watch in 1675.
"Huygens made many contributions to the fields of mathematics and physics (called "natural philosophy" at the time). He formulated laws to describe the elastic collision between two bodies, wrote a quadratic equation for what would become Newton's second law of motion, wrote the first treatise about probability theory, and derived the formula for centripetal force.
"However, he is best remembered for his work in optics. He may have been the inventor of the magic lantern, an early type of image projector. He experimented with birefringence (double diffraction), which he explained with a wave theory of light. Huygens' wave theory was published in 1690 in "Traité de la lumière." The wave theory was in opposition to Newton's corpuscular theory of light. Huygens' theory was not proven until 1801 when Thomas Young conducted interference experiments.
"In 1654, Huygens turned his attention from mathematics to optics. Working alongside his brother, Huygens devised a better method for grinding and polishing lenses. He described the law of refraction, which he used to calculate the focal distance of the lenses and build improved lenses and telescopes.
"In 1655, Huygens pointed one of his new telescopes at Saturn. What had once appeared to be vague bulges on the sides of the planet (as seen through inferior telescopes) were revealed to be rings. Huygens could also see that the planet had a large moon, which was named Titan." https://www.thoughtco.com/christi…
Since Christiaan Huygens and Pepys never crossed paths that we know of, here's a bio for him:
Christiaan Huygens (1629 - 1695), a Dutch natural scientist, was one of the great figures of the scientific revolution. While his best-known invention is the pendulum clock, Huygens is remembered for a wide range of inventions and discoveries in the fields of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and horology. In addition to creating the influential timekeeping device, Huygens discovered the shape of Saturn's rings, the moon Titan, the wave theory of light, and the formula for centripetal force.
Huygens believed life might be possible on other planets. In "Cosmotheoros," he wrote that the key to extraterrestrial life was the presence of water on other planets.
"Christiaan Huygens was born on April 14, 1629, in The Hague to Constantijn Huygens and Suzanna van Baerle. His father was a wealthy diplomat, poet, and musician. Constantijn educated Christiaan at home until he was 16 years old. Christiaan's liberal education included math, geography, logic, and languages, as well as music, horse riding, fencing, and dancing.
"Huygens entered the University of Leiden in 1645 to study law and mathematics. In 1647, he entered Orange College in Breda, where his father served as a curator. Following the completion of his studies in 1649, Huygens embarked on a career as a diplomat with Henry, Duke of Nassau. However, the political climate changed, removing the influence of Huygens' father. In 1654, Huygens returned to The Hague to pursue a scholarly life.
"Huygens moved to Paris in 1666, where he became a founding member of the French Academy of Sciences. During his time in Paris, he met German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and published "Horologium Oscillatorium." This work included the derivation of the formula for the oscillation of a pendulum, a theory on the mathematics of curves, and the law of centrifugal force.
"Huygens returned to The Hague in 1681, where he later died at the age of 66.
"In 1656, Huygens invented the pendulum clock based on Galileo's earlier research into pendulums. The clock became the world's most accurate timepiece and remained so for the next 275 years.
"Huygens had invented the pendulum clock to be used as a marine chronometer, but the rocking motion of a ship prevented the pendulum from functioning properly. As a result, the device wasn't popular. While Huygens successfully filed a patent for his invention in The Hague, he wasn't granted rights in France or England. [MAYBE THIS IS WHY HE'S IN LONDON, ASKING FOR A PATENT IN 1661?]
"1st April, 1661. I dined with that great mathematician and virtuoso, Monsieur Zulichem, inventor of the pendule clock, and discoverer of the phenomenon of Saturn's annulus: he was elected into our Society."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41… EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1901
Zuilichem is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Zaltbommel, and lies about 11 km east of Gorinchem. ... The 17th-century Dutch diplomat and polymath Constantijn Huygens Snr. (1596 – 1687), purchased the manor and title of Zuilichem in 1630, which passed over to his first son Constantijn Huygens after his death. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zui…
Constantijn Huygens Jr., Lord of Zuilichem (1628 – 1697), was a Dutch statesman and poet, mostly known for his work on scientific instruments (sometimes together with his younger brother, Christiaan Huygens). He was also a chronicler of his times, revealing the importance of gossip. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con….
"The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629 - 1695) first applied the pendulum to a clock in about 1656. This bolstered their accuracy to within 15 seconds a day, because each swing now took almost exactly the same time to complete. "As a result, time could be used more accurately in scientific observations, including of the stars. It also meant that clocks could now show an accurate minute hand." https://theconversation.com/a-bri…
I think we can assume Evelyn dined with Christiaan.
"29th March, 1661. Dr. Heylin (author of the "Geography") preached at the Abbey, on Cant. v. 25, concerning friendship and charity; he was, I think, at this time quite dark, and so had been for some years."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41… EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1901
He's 63, so I wonder why Evelyn calls him "dark"? As a Royalist, I think he would be quite "light" now his friends are back in power. Maybe Evelyn means "quiet" -- considering how Heylyn was treated, I'm not surprised. But he's been writing an important book, which will be published next year. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The word canticle is Latin in origin and simply means “little song.” In Latin versions of the Bible, the Song of Solomon (also expressed as the Song of Songs based on the opening verse) is called Canticle of Canticles. Canticles are biblical. They are songs derived from biblical texts other than the book of Psalms. Canticles are non-rhythmic songs and are either spoken, chanted, or sung in liturgical worship services. For the most part, canticles are said at Lauds, or morning prayer services. Denominations that incorporate canticles include Roman Catholic, Anglican, Episcopal, and Eastern Orthodox churches. None of their examples involve a v.25. https://www.gotquestions.org/what…
Here endeth my background knowledge of the basis of Dr. Heylyn's sermon. Ideas anyone?
As to Evelyn's expertize on Tenerife and the Canary Islands, I don't find anything about them in the early years of his Diary, nor a publication about them.
We've alluded before to the chaos at Oxford and Cambridge caused by the need to identify suitable Anglicans to take over the curriculum and governance of the colleges. England's universities were more chaotic than the parishes at this time -- the ministers were doing their best, and if the axe fell, it fell. The axe fell first on the universities.
"13th March, 1661. I went to Lambeth, with Sir R. Browne's pretense to the Wardenship of Merton College, Oxford, to which, as having been about forty years before a student of that house, he was elected by the votes of every Fellow except one; but the statutes of the house being so that, unless every Fellow agree, the election devolves to the Visitor, who is the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Juxon), his Grace gave his nomination to Sir T. Clayton, resident there, and the Physic Professor: for which I was not at all displeased, because, though Sir Richard [Browne] missed it by much ingratitude and wrong of the Archbishop (Clayton being no Fellow), yet it would have hindered Sir Richard from attending at Court to settle his greater concerns, and so have prejudiced me, though he was much inclined to have passed his time in a collegiate life, very unfit for him at that time, for many reasons. "So I took leave of his Grace, who was formerly Lord Treasurer in the reign of Charles I. "This afternoon, Prince Rupert showed me, with his own hands, the new way of raving, called mezzo tinto, which afterward, by his permission, I published in my "History of Chalcography"; this set so many artists on work, that they soon arrived to the perfection it is since come to, emulating the tenderest miniatures. "Our Society now gave in my relation of the Peak of Tenerife, in the Great Canaries, to be added to more queries concerning divers natural things reported of that island. "I returned home with my Cousin, Tuke, now going for France, as sent by his Majesty to condole the death of that great Minister and politician, Count Mazarine."
Elsewhere, Evelyn refers to "my cousin Tuke (afterward Sir Samuel)," but he does not call Col. George Tuke that. In my notes I see Samuel Tuke was the third son of a George Tuke -- but Evelyn never refers to Col. George Tuke as "uncle". Any Tuke experts here? https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Without the Royal Society, Prince Rupert and John Evelyn probably would not have combined their complimentary interests to publish a book and create this new skill and business. This was one of the first "successes" we can award to the Royal Society. It was published as "Sculptura: or the History, and Art of Chalcography and Engraving in Copper..." (1662); this contains the first account of "A new manner of Engraving, or Mezzo Tinto, communicated by his Highnesse Prince Rupert to the Author of this Treatise". Prince Rupert, who had played a part in the invention or perfecting of mezzotint, wrote or co-wrote this part. The frontispiece "invented" (designed) by Evelyn demonstrates his limitations as an artist of the figure, unless he was badly let down by his engraver.
Today John Evelyn and Sir Robert Moray/Murray went to visit Robert Boyle, who was visiting his sister. They are all founding members of the Royal Society:
"9th March, 1661. I went with that excellent person and philosopher, Sir Robert Murray, to visit Mr. Boyle at Chelsea, and saw divers effects of the eolipile for weighing air."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41… EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1901
ae·ol·i·pile -- variants or less commonly aeolipyle or eolipile plural-s An apparatus that was invented in the 2nd century B.C. and is often called the first steam engine and that consisted essentially of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting tubes out of which steam is made to pass from the vessel, the action of the steam jets causing it to revolve https://www.merriam-webster.com/d…
You may think Pepys goes to church often. Charles II went every day. And today Evelyn tells us:
"27th February, 1661. Ash Wednesday. Preached before the King the Bishop of London (Dr. Sheldon) on Matthew xviii. 25, concerning charity and forgiveness."
from The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41… EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1901
The King James Bible passage in question: "But forasmuch as he had not to pay, his lord commanded him to be sold, and his wife, and children, and all that he had, and payment to be made."
Sheldon's bio says: "His benevolent heart, public spirit, prudent conduct, and examplary piety, merited the highest and most conspicuous station in the church. He expended, in public and private benefactions, and acts of charity, no less than 66,000l. as appeared from his accounts. Much of this money, was appropriated to the relief of the necessitous in the time of the plague, and to the redemption of Christian slaves." and "... severe against dissenters, but frequently protected them; ...". https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
How to reconcile this information? You had to be there, I suppose.
Today was one of the founding meetings of what became the Royal Society.
John Evelyn attended: "16th January, 1661. I went to the Philosophic Club, where was examined the Torricellian experiment. I presented my 'Circle of Mechanical Trades', and had recommended to me the publishing what I had written of Chalcography."
Chalcography = the art of engraving on copper or brass
Evelyn's 'Circle of Mechanical Trades' was fundamental to the purpose and direction of the Royal Society. Francis Bacon, back in the 1620's, proposed that a wealthy young man should volunteer to spend his life's work in collecting and documenting the trade secrets of every skill. Those "secrets" would inspire people to innovate and apply the knowledge in other fields, and everyone would prosper. John Evelyn came of age in 1640 (born 1620), quickly realized that fighting wasn't for him, and went to the Continent. He decided to be Bacon's wealthy young man, and his early Diary is full of details about architecture, horticulture, water systems, etc. He quickly discovered that trade secrets are trade secrets for a reason, and some pages of his note book are blank apart from the headline stating a subject to be studied.
Now came along the Invisible College, and an alternative method of finding and sharing information about how the world works. He must have been relieved to pass along the weight of this self-imposed project.
The Anglican Christmas of the 17th century was about the gift of Christ from God to humankind, not 21st century plastic chotskies from Mum and Dad to little Alfie. Think Hallelujah Chorus, not Jingle Bells.
This is how John and Mary Browne Evelyn spent the day:
"25th December, 1660. Preached at the Abbey, Dr. Earle, Clerk of his Majesty's Closet, and my dear friend, now Dean of Westminster, on Luke ii. 13, 14, condoling the breach made in the public joy by the lamented death of the Princess."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41… EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1901 -- BY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER
By the sound of it, Dr. John Earle, Dean of Westminster at the time, tried to moderate the Anglican joyful spirit at Christmas by speaking of the loss of Mary, so if people were a bit confused by how to dress and behave, they had cover. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
This is Pepys' journal to himself, so I read this either to say that he felt he had over-done the dramatic comedy, or that he was boasting about his prowess, as a monkey catcher, Awanthi, not that the poor monkey was literally almost "beaten" to death. It was probably Pepys who had the bruises as monkeys are much more agile than 27-year-old-men.
@@@
On another note about monkey's agility, I found this in Evelyn's Diary:
13th September, 1660. I saw in Southwark, at St. Margaret's fair, monkeys and apes dance, and do other feats of activity on the high rope; they were gallantly clad a la monde, went upright, saluted the company, bowing and pulling off their hats; they saluted one another with as good a grace as if instructed by a dancing master; they turned heels over head with a basket having eggs in it, without breaking any; also, with lighted candles in their hands, and on their heads, without extinguishing them, and with vessels of water without spilling a drop.
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1) http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41… EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1901 -- BY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER
"... sat up late, spending my thoughts how to get money to bear me out in my great expense at the Coronacion, ..."
What's the problem, Pepys? You hock a couple of pairs of candlesticks until such time as the money falls in your lap, when you go and reclaim them. That's why you buy nice silverware when you can -- off to the money-lenders with you.
(Don't forget you've got that expensive velvet coat and mantle locked up in the Privy Seal Office, which you had made last year, just before the country was plunged into mourning for the Duke of Gloucester, and then for the Princess Mary. You haven't worn them yet, and the moth could eat them soon -- or someone else could steal them! https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… )
Another group was perhaps more respectable, if not more scrupulous in its designs. Around the Duke of York was a Catholic cabal including Lord Belasis and Lord Powis; Lord Petre; the Duke's secretary, Edward Coleman; and lesser agents, among whom were some Jesuits. Their aims: the succession of James to the throne, and the elevation of Catholicism to equality, if not supremacy, in the state.
In such a golden age of conspiracy nothing could have been more natural, one might say inevitable, than that Col. John Scott should have found some part to his liking and interest.
Col. John Scott seems to have been recommended to Sir Ellis Leighton in Paris in about 1676 by Peter and Richard Talbot, Irish Catholics then resident on the continent ... Sir Ellis Leighton, in turn, brought Col. John Scott to the attention of Buckingham, who found him "a very useful rogue."
So, going back to Scott's own assessment of the people involved in the Plot, he must have been one of the Fooles.
A free on-line book about Col. Scott and his exploits before, during and after the Popish Plot -- new information has been found, but it's still fascinating reading. This excerpt explains a lot for me:
Condensed from COLONEL JOHN SCOTT OF LONG ISLAND 1634-1696 By WILBUR C. ABBOTT, PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS MDCCCCXVIII (1918) https://archive.org/stream/colone…
Col. John Scott later gave an answer [on pages 58 and 59] which is as good an an explanation of his conduct and of the Plot in general, as can be found. "Their Design," said Scott, "was to destroy the Government and make themselves Kings, or rather Tyrants, and for that end did all they could to bring an odium and hatred upon his Majesty and Family, and by their fictions delude a Giddy and unthinking people.
“Their party was of three sorts. Those who wanted office and were disappointed. Those that were enemies to the Government of Church and State, and Fooles that the other two brought over to be of their side."
It seems the human condition includes inclinations towards conspiracy theories, take-charge personalities, and greedy pipe-dreams.
Who were the plotters? Again, according to Prof. Abbott:
So far as can be judged from this distance, the ambitions of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury lay in overthrowing Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby and stopping the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, with whatever dreams he may have had of directing English affairs himself as the head of a dominant party in the state. What designs George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham entertained are more difficult determine, but it seems likely that among them was a wild project of becoming, if not king, at least Lord Protector, to which crown he pretended to possess hereditary claims.
This much is certain: the brilliant but erratic Buckingham surrounded himself with a group of bravos, which comprised some of the greatest scoundrels left unhung in England. ... There was Col. Blood, who had achieved eminence by his almost successful attempt to steal the crown and sceptre from the Tower in 1671.
Among those of higher rank was Lord Howard of Escrick, perhaps the most finished rascal of his time; and there was the Duke's representative in Paris, Sir Ellis Leighton.
While Shaftesbury relied on his wits, on the Green Ribbon Club which formed the active principle of the County/Whig party, and on the "brisk boys" of the London mob, Buckingham was not so nice in his taste of supporters.
According to a book about Col. John Scott (who figures in Pepys' life during his Popish Plot adventures -- this story comes from a deposition taken at that time):
Condensed from COLONEL JOHN SCOTT OF LONG ISLAND 1634-1696 By WILBUR C. ABBOTT, PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS MDCCCCXVIII (1918) https://archive.org/stream/colone…
There are grounds for believing all of this is more or less true comes from testimony that Col. John Scott was employed by Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington to live at Bruges as a spy; that he was seen there by other English agents — the first English woman novelist, Aphra Behn — in the exercise of his profession; that he was paid by the English consul there; and that he lost his employment for having opened negotiations with the Dutch.
There is nothing incompatible with his character or that of the times and his class in the supposition that he took his profit where he found it, and was paid by both sides.
Col. John Scott’s stay in Bruges seems to have been of few days and full of trouble. Besides his other misfortunes, he was seen sketching its fortifications, was driven out and compelled to seek refuge in Paris.
Col. John Scott arrived in Paris, at an opportune moment again; England and France, allied against the Dutch Republic, found themselves again in accord, and prepared to employ the services of one so recently in their service.
@@@ This book available free on-line, and is a good source of information. Lots of details which explains Pepys and his times and the Diary going forward, so it's full of spoilers.
Comments
Third Reading
About Friday 19 April 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
I wonder why John Evelyn refused all honors throughout his life. As did Robert Boyle. Boyle was an ardent Christian, and probably thought his religious views and the politics of honors wouldn't mix. Evelyn was an ardent Anglican, so maybe he had the same reservations?
About Friday 19 April 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The text of Haydn's "Book of Dignities" can be seen at
https://archive.org/stream/bookof…
Search for 1661, and you'll find a few entries like this:
King Charles II.
1661. Algernon, E. of Northumberland.
The king crowned, Apr. 23.
I think this means that Charles II elevated Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, to being a Knight of the Bath effective April 23, 1661. He acted as the Lord High Constable at the coronation of Charles II, but played no part in public affairs after this.
http://www.historyofparliamentonl…
Sadly Haydn doesn't scan well, so it's best to read the PDF, but it still needs additional research if you want to nail down who got what.
The PDF and other formats are at
https://archive.org/details/booko…
About Monday 1 April 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
TODAY Christiaan Huygens had lunch with John Evelyn -- sorry, posted to the wrong day!
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Clocks and watches
San Diego Sarah • Link
Christiaan Huygens had lunch with John Evelyn in 1661 ...
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Sunday 31 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
"Huygens also invented a balance spring watch, independently of Robert Hooke. Huygens patented a pocket watch in 1675.
"Huygens made many contributions to the fields of mathematics and physics (called "natural philosophy" at the time). He formulated laws to describe the elastic collision between two bodies, wrote a quadratic equation for what would become Newton's second law of motion, wrote the first treatise about probability theory, and derived the formula for centripetal force.
"However, he is best remembered for his work in optics. He may have been the inventor of the magic lantern, an early type of image projector. He experimented with birefringence (double diffraction), which he explained with a wave theory of light. Huygens' wave theory was published in 1690 in "Traité de la lumière." The wave theory was in opposition to Newton's corpuscular theory of light. Huygens' theory was not proven until 1801 when Thomas Young conducted interference experiments.
"In 1654, Huygens turned his attention from mathematics to optics. Working alongside his brother, Huygens devised a better method for grinding and polishing lenses. He described the law of refraction, which he used to calculate the focal distance of the lenses and build improved lenses and telescopes.
"In 1655, Huygens pointed one of his new telescopes at Saturn. What had once appeared to be vague bulges on the sides of the planet (as seen through inferior telescopes) were revealed to be rings. Huygens could also see that the planet had a large moon, which was named Titan."
https://www.thoughtco.com/christi…
About Sunday 31 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Since Christiaan Huygens and Pepys never crossed paths that we know of, here's a bio for him:
Christiaan Huygens (1629 - 1695), a Dutch natural scientist, was one of the great figures of the scientific revolution. While his best-known invention is the pendulum clock, Huygens is remembered for a wide range of inventions and discoveries in the fields of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and horology. In addition to creating the influential timekeeping device, Huygens discovered the shape of Saturn's rings, the moon Titan, the wave theory of light, and the formula for centripetal force.
Huygens believed life might be possible on other planets. In "Cosmotheoros," he wrote that the key to extraterrestrial life was the presence of water on other planets.
"Christiaan Huygens was born on April 14, 1629, in The Hague to Constantijn Huygens and Suzanna van Baerle. His father was a wealthy diplomat, poet, and musician. Constantijn educated Christiaan at home until he was 16 years old. Christiaan's liberal education included math, geography, logic, and languages, as well as music, horse riding, fencing, and dancing.
"Huygens entered the University of Leiden in 1645 to study law and mathematics. In 1647, he entered Orange College in Breda, where his father served as a curator. Following the completion of his studies in 1649, Huygens embarked on a career as a diplomat with Henry, Duke of Nassau. However, the political climate changed, removing the influence of Huygens' father. In 1654, Huygens returned to The Hague to pursue a scholarly life.
"Huygens moved to Paris in 1666, where he became a founding member of the French Academy of Sciences. During his time in Paris, he met German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and published "Horologium Oscillatorium." This work included the derivation of the formula for the oscillation of a pendulum, a theory on the mathematics of curves, and the law of centrifugal force.
"Huygens returned to The Hague in 1681, where he later died at the age of 66.
"In 1656, Huygens invented the pendulum clock based on Galileo's earlier research into pendulums. The clock became the world's most accurate timepiece and remained so for the next 275 years.
"Huygens had invented the pendulum clock to be used as a marine chronometer, but the rocking motion of a ship prevented the pendulum from functioning properly. As a result, the device wasn't popular. While Huygens successfully filed a patent for his invention in The Hague, he wasn't granted rights in France or England. [MAYBE THIS IS WHY HE'S IN LONDON, ASKING FOR A PATENT IN 1661?]
About Sunday 31 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"1st April, 1661. I dined with that great mathematician and virtuoso, Monsieur Zulichem, inventor of the pendule clock, and discoverer of the phenomenon of Saturn's annulus: he was elected into our Society."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1)
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41…
EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY
M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON
COPYRIGHT, 1901
Zuilichem is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Zaltbommel, and lies about 11 km east of Gorinchem. ...
The 17th-century Dutch diplomat and polymath Constantijn Huygens Snr. (1596 – 1687), purchased the manor and title of Zuilichem in 1630, which passed over to his first son Constantijn Huygens after his death. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zui…
Constantijn Huygens Jr., Lord of Zuilichem (1628 – 1697), was a Dutch statesman and poet, mostly known for his work on scientific instruments (sometimes together with his younger brother, Christiaan Huygens). He was also a chronicler of his times, revealing the importance of gossip.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con….
"The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629 - 1695) first applied the pendulum to a clock in about 1656. This bolstered their accuracy to within 15 seconds a day, because each swing now took almost exactly the same time to complete.
"As a result, time could be used more accurately in scientific observations, including of the stars. It also meant that clocks could now show an accurate minute hand."
https://theconversation.com/a-bri…
I think we can assume Evelyn dined with Christiaan.
About Friday 29 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"29th March, 1661. Dr. Heylin (author of the "Geography") preached at the Abbey, on Cant. v. 25, concerning friendship and charity; he was, I think, at this time quite dark, and so had been for some years."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1)
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41…
EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY
M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON
COPYRIGHT, 1901
He's 63, so I wonder why Evelyn calls him "dark"? As a Royalist, I think he would be quite "light" now his friends are back in power. Maybe Evelyn means "quiet" -- considering how Heylyn was treated, I'm not surprised. But he's been writing an important book, which will be published next year.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The word canticle is Latin in origin and simply means “little song.” In Latin versions of the Bible, the Song of Solomon (also expressed as the Song of Songs based on the opening verse) is called Canticle of Canticles.
Canticles are biblical. They are songs derived from biblical texts other than the book of Psalms. Canticles are non-rhythmic songs and are either spoken, chanted, or sung in liturgical worship services. For the most part, canticles are said at Lauds, or morning prayer services. Denominations that incorporate canticles include Roman Catholic, Anglican, Episcopal, and Eastern Orthodox churches.
None of their examples involve a v.25.
https://www.gotquestions.org/what…
Here endeth my background knowledge of the basis of Dr. Heylyn's sermon. Ideas anyone?
About Tuesday 12 March 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
As to Evelyn's expertize on Tenerife and the Canary Islands, I don't find anything about them in the early years of his Diary, nor a publication about them.
We've alluded before to the chaos at Oxford and Cambridge caused by the need to identify suitable Anglicans to take over the curriculum and governance of the colleges. England's universities were more chaotic than the parishes at this time -- the ministers were doing their best, and if the axe fell, it fell. The axe fell first on the universities.
About Tuesday 12 March 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
Joh Evelyn's Diary today:
"13th March, 1661. I went to Lambeth, with Sir R. Browne's pretense to the Wardenship of Merton College, Oxford, to which, as having been about forty years before a student of that house, he was elected by the votes of every Fellow except one; but the statutes of the house being so that, unless every Fellow agree, the election devolves to the Visitor, who is the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Juxon), his Grace gave his nomination to Sir T. Clayton, resident there, and the Physic Professor: for which I was not at all displeased, because, though Sir Richard [Browne] missed it by much ingratitude and wrong of the Archbishop (Clayton being no Fellow), yet it would have hindered Sir Richard from attending at Court to settle his greater concerns, and so have prejudiced me, though he was much inclined to have passed his time in a collegiate life, very unfit for him at that time, for many reasons.
"So I took leave of his Grace, who was formerly Lord Treasurer in the reign of Charles I.
"This afternoon, Prince Rupert showed me, with his own hands, the new way of raving, called mezzo tinto, which afterward, by his permission, I published in my "History of Chalcography"; this set so many artists on work, that they soon arrived to the perfection it is since come to, emulating the tenderest miniatures.
"Our Society now gave in my relation of the Peak of Tenerife, in the Great Canaries, to be added to more queries concerning divers natural things reported of that island.
"I returned home with my Cousin, Tuke, now going for France, as sent by his Majesty to condole the death of that great Minister and politician, Count Mazarine."
Elsewhere, Evelyn refers to "my cousin Tuke (afterward Sir Samuel)," but he does not call Col. George Tuke that. In my notes I see Samuel Tuke was the third son of a George Tuke -- but Evelyn never refers to Col. George Tuke as "uncle". Any Tuke experts here?
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Without the Royal Society, Prince Rupert and John Evelyn probably would not have combined their complimentary interests to publish a book and create this new skill and business. This was one of the first "successes" we can award to the Royal Society. It was published as "Sculptura: or the History, and Art of Chalcography and Engraving in Copper..." (1662); this contains the first account of "A new manner of Engraving, or Mezzo Tinto, communicated by his Highnesse Prince Rupert to the Author of this Treatise". Prince Rupert, who had played a part in the invention or perfecting of mezzotint, wrote or co-wrote this part. The frontispiece "invented" (designed) by Evelyn demonstrates his limitations as an artist of the figure, unless he was badly let down by his engraver.
About Saturday 9 March 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
Today John Evelyn and Sir Robert Moray/Murray went to visit Robert Boyle, who was visiting his sister. They are all founding members of the Royal Society:
"9th March, 1661. I went with that excellent person and philosopher, Sir Robert Murray, to visit Mr. Boyle at Chelsea, and saw divers effects of the eolipile for weighing air."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1)
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41…
EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY
M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON
COPYRIGHT, 1901
ae·ol·i·pile -- variants or less commonly aeolipyle or eolipile
plural-s
An apparatus that was invented in the 2nd century B.C. and is often called the first steam engine and that consisted essentially of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting tubes out of which steam is made to pass from the vessel, the action of the steam jets causing it to revolve
https://www.merriam-webster.com/d…
Sir Robert Moray/Murray
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir Robert Boyle
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
If you want to read a joke Boyle would appreciate, also read the last of the annotations.
About Sir Robert Moray
San Diego Sarah • Link
Robert Lomas' book (above) is a must read.
About Wednesday 27 February 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
You may think Pepys goes to church often. Charles II went every day. And today Evelyn tells us:
"27th February, 1661. Ash Wednesday. Preached before the King the Bishop of London (Dr. Sheldon) on Matthew xviii. 25, concerning charity and forgiveness."
from The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1)
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41…
EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY
M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON
COPYRIGHT, 1901
The King James Bible passage in question: "But forasmuch as he had not to pay, his lord commanded him to be sold, and his wife, and children, and all that he had, and payment to be made."
Sheldon's bio says:
"His benevolent heart, public spirit, prudent conduct, and examplary piety, merited the highest and most conspicuous station in the church. He expended, in public and private benefactions, and acts of charity, no less than 66,000l. as appeared from his accounts. Much of this money, was appropriated to the relief of the necessitous in the time of the plague, and to the redemption of Christian slaves."
and
"... severe against dissenters, but frequently protected them; ...".
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
How to reconcile this information? You had to be there, I suppose.
About Wednesday 16 January 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
Today was one of the founding meetings of what became the Royal Society.
John Evelyn attended:
"16th January, 1661. I went to the Philosophic Club, where was examined the Torricellian experiment. I presented my 'Circle of Mechanical Trades', and had recommended to me the publishing what I had written of Chalcography."
Chalcography = the art of engraving on copper or brass
Evelyn's 'Circle of Mechanical Trades' was fundamental to the purpose and direction of the Royal Society.
Francis Bacon, back in the 1620's, proposed that a wealthy young man should volunteer to spend his life's work in collecting and documenting the trade secrets of every skill. Those "secrets" would inspire people to innovate and apply the knowledge in other fields, and everyone would prosper.
John Evelyn came of age in 1640 (born 1620), quickly realized that fighting wasn't for him, and went to the Continent. He decided to be Bacon's wealthy young man, and his early Diary is full of details about architecture, horticulture, water systems, etc. He quickly discovered that trade secrets are trade secrets for a reason, and some pages of his note book are blank apart from the headline stating a subject to be studied.
Now came along the Invisible College, and an alternative method of finding and sharing information about how the world works. He must have been relieved to pass along the weight of this self-imposed project.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Tuesday 25 December 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Anglican Christmas of the 17th century was about the gift of Christ from God to humankind, not 21st century plastic chotskies from Mum and Dad to little Alfie. Think Hallelujah Chorus, not Jingle Bells.
This is how John and Mary Browne Evelyn spent the day:
"25th December, 1660. Preached at the Abbey, Dr. Earle, Clerk of his Majesty's Closet, and my dear friend, now Dean of Westminster, on Luke ii. 13, 14, condoling the breach made in the public joy by the lamented death of the Princess."
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1)
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41…
EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY
M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON
COPYRIGHT, 1901 -- BY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER
By the sound of it, Dr. John Earle, Dean of Westminster at the time, tried to moderate the Anglican joyful spirit at Christmas by speaking of the loss of Mary, so if people were a bit confused by how to dress and behave, they had cover.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Friday 18 January 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
This is Pepys' journal to himself, so I read this either to say that he felt he had over-done the dramatic comedy, or that he was boasting about his prowess, as a monkey catcher, Awanthi, not that the poor monkey was literally almost "beaten" to death. It was probably Pepys who had the bruises as monkeys are much more agile than 27-year-old-men.
@@@
On another note about monkey's agility, I found this in Evelyn's Diary:
13th September, 1660. I saw in Southwark, at St. Margaret's fair, monkeys and apes dance, and do other feats of activity on the high rope; they were gallantly clad a la monde, went upright, saluted the company, bowing and pulling off their hats; they saluted one another with as good a grace as if instructed by a dancing master; they turned heels over head with a basket having eggs in it, without breaking any; also, with lighted candles in their hands, and on their heads, without extinguishing them, and with vessels of water without spilling a drop.
The Diary of John Evelyn (Vol 1)
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41…
EDITED FROM THE ORIGINAL MSS by WILLIAM BRAY
M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER -- WASHINGTON & LONDON
COPYRIGHT, 1901 -- BY M. WALTER DUNNE, PUBLISHER
Lucky monkeys!!!
About Friday 1 March 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... sat up late, spending my thoughts how to get money to bear me out in my great expense at the Coronacion, ..."
What's the problem, Pepys? You hock a couple of pairs of candlesticks until such time as the money falls in your lap, when you go and reclaim them. That's why you buy nice silverware when you can -- off to the money-lenders with you.
(Don't forget you've got that expensive velvet coat and mantle locked up in the Privy Seal Office, which you had made last year, just before the country was plunged into mourning for the Duke of Gloucester, and then for the Princess Mary. You haven't worn them yet, and the moth could eat them soon -- or someone else could steal them! https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… )
About The Plot Against Pepys
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
Another group was perhaps more respectable, if not more scrupulous in its designs. Around the Duke of York was a Catholic cabal including Lord Belasis and Lord Powis; Lord Petre; the Duke's secretary, Edward Coleman; and lesser agents, among whom were some Jesuits.
Their aims: the succession of James to the throne, and the elevation of Catholicism to equality, if not supremacy, in the state.
In such a golden age of conspiracy nothing could have been more natural, one might say inevitable, than that Col. John Scott should have found some part to his liking and interest.
Col. John Scott seems to have been recommended to Sir Ellis Leighton in Paris in about 1676 by Peter and Richard Talbot, Irish Catholics then resident on the continent ... Sir Ellis Leighton, in turn, brought Col. John Scott to the attention of Buckingham, who found him "a very useful rogue."
So, going back to Scott's own assessment of the people involved in the Plot, he must have been one of the Fooles.
About The Plot Against Pepys
San Diego Sarah • Link
A free on-line book about Col. Scott and his exploits before, during and after the Popish Plot -- new information has been found, but it's still fascinating reading. This excerpt explains a lot for me:
Condensed from COLONEL JOHN SCOTT OF LONG ISLAND 1634-1696
By WILBUR C. ABBOTT,
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN YALE UNIVERSITY
NEW HAVEN, YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
MDCCCCXVIII (1918)
https://archive.org/stream/colone…
Col. John Scott later gave an answer [on pages 58 and 59] which is as good an an explanation of his conduct and of the Plot in general, as can be found. "Their Design," said Scott, "was to destroy the Government and make themselves Kings, or rather Tyrants, and for that end did all they could to bring an odium and hatred upon his Majesty and Family, and by their fictions delude a Giddy and unthinking people.
“Their party was of three sorts. Those who wanted office and were disappointed. Those that were enemies to the Government of Church and State, and Fooles that the other two brought over to be of their side."
It seems the human condition includes inclinations towards conspiracy theories, take-charge personalities, and greedy pipe-dreams.
Who were the plotters? Again, according to Prof. Abbott:
So far as can be judged from this distance, the ambitions of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury lay in overthrowing Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby and stopping the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, with whatever dreams he may have had of directing English affairs himself as the head of a dominant party in the state.
What designs George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham entertained are more difficult determine, but it seems likely that among them was a wild project of becoming, if not king, at least Lord Protector, to which crown he pretended to possess hereditary claims.
This much is certain: the brilliant but erratic Buckingham surrounded himself with a group of bravos, which comprised some of the greatest scoundrels left unhung in England.
...
There was Col. Blood, who had achieved eminence by his almost successful attempt to steal the crown and sceptre from the Tower in 1671.
Among those of higher rank was Lord Howard of Escrick, perhaps the most finished rascal of his time; and there was the Duke's representative in Paris, Sir Ellis Leighton.
While Shaftesbury relied on his wits, on the Green Ribbon Club which formed the active principle of the County/Whig party, and on the "brisk boys" of the London mob, Buckingham was not so nice in his taste of supporters.
About Tuesday 31 July 1666
San Diego Sarah • Link
According to a book about Col. John Scott (who figures in Pepys' life during his Popish Plot adventures -- this story comes from a deposition taken at that time):
Condensed from COLONEL JOHN SCOTT OF LONG ISLAND 1634-1696
By WILBUR C. ABBOTT,
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN YALE UNIVERSITY
NEW HAVEN, YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
MDCCCCXVIII (1918)
https://archive.org/stream/colone…
There are grounds for believing all of this is more or less true comes from testimony that Col. John Scott was employed by Henry Bennet, Earl of Arlington to live at Bruges as a spy; that he was seen there by other English agents — the first English woman novelist, Aphra Behn — in the exercise of his profession; that he was paid by the English consul there; and that he lost his employment for having opened negotiations with the Dutch.
There is nothing incompatible with his character or that of the times and his class in the supposition that he took his profit where he found it, and was paid by both sides.
Col. John Scott’s stay in Bruges seems to have been of few days and full of trouble. Besides his other misfortunes, he was seen sketching its fortifications, was driven out and compelled to seek refuge in Paris.
Col. John Scott arrived in Paris, at an opportune moment again; England and France, allied against the Dutch Republic, found themselves again in accord, and prepared to employ the services of one so recently in their service.
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This book available free on-line, and is a good source of information. Lots of details which explains Pepys and his times and the Diary going forward, so it's full of spoilers.
More about Col. John Scott at -- but again - lots of spoilers:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
https://www.pepysdiary.com/indept… -- many of these annotations have information about Scott's escapades.
The Popish Plot is dealt with at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/indept…
https://www.pepysdiary.com/indept…