My apologies for not catching a previous post that puzzlingly jumped into the middle of this post. Accidents happen when you forget to proof-read the final version of your annotation and ASS-u-ME that all is as you intend!
I believe you're shooting the gun, Nate. Charles et al are still in puffy pants as shown in his coronation portrait. https://images.search.yahoo.com/s…
Saturday morning. By 7 of the clock the Princess came in from Malaga and brought in with her a small English merchantman that he [SIC] had rescued from the Turks, rich laden from Italy with silks. Supposed she may be worth 11,000l. She was but 9 hours in the possession of the Turks.
The Princess brought word also of a Turk man of war, one of the best sailers [SIC] of all Algiers, that was chased by him [SIC] and was put on shore near Malaga by Sir John Lawson and the Fairfax. They have taken all the men, 150.
At 4 oclock in the evening came in to us Sir John Lawson and the Fairfax. The commanders came on board me and in the night they set sail again up the gut.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
he Princess came in from Malaga and brought in with her a small English merchantman that he [SIC] had rescued from the Turks, rich laden from Italy with silks. Supposed she may be worth 11,000l. She was but 9 hours in the possession of the Turks.
Sandwich repeatedly refers to the gut of the Straits. Does anyone know what he means by that? In the past I have heard of the waist of a harbor or river mouth, meaning the smallest part of the opening. I suspect that's the meaning???
By 10 oclock in the morning I came to an anchor again in Tangier Road, having sent the Mary and Hampshire to cruise up the Straits within Gibraltar, keeping with me the Montagu, Forester and Martin.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
The Venetian Ambassador kindly tells us why James and Batten have gone to Portsmouth:
"Having paid some money to the troops collected to send to Tangier they have recently reviewed 1,000 foot and 100 horse who have all marched off to Portsmouth to embark. But many are deserting, being content with the money received, without waiting for more. "The earl of Peterborough, colonel of these troops and governor designate of the fortress is all ready to embark. The duke of York, as Lord Admiral, has gone to Portsmouth to see the troops embark and inspect the ships which are to go and join Montagu at Algiers, of whom there is no further news, and to hasten the equipment of other vessels to send to Lisbon to fetch the future queen."
FROM 'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
"Besides those reported last week some others have been imprisoned, not only in London, but in several parts of the realm, as accomplices in the conspiracy discovered last week. Among them are many who were great in Cromwell's time, and pardoned by his Majesty's excessive indulgence, have forgotten the favour, abusing the royal clemency by plotting fresh confusion, for which they may pay with their lives before long, as is only right. Considering that the leaders of the sectaries who have been a long while under arrest, can only serve as an instrument to procure fresh disturbances, whether they are confined or free, and supposing that their relegation can only be useful to the interests of the crown, they have recently taken from the Tower Lambert, Vene, Cobbett and Waller, the last a disturber of the peace in Ireland, and sent them by ships of war to the islands adjacent to this kingdom under good guard, (fn. 5) where at a great distance from each other without any communication and with no paper, pens or ink they can only plot with themselves. Wise men think that they have been sent so far off that they may be put out of the way without noise or notice."
FOOTNOTES: 1. Colonels Packer, Streater, Wielks, Litcot and Kenrick; Lt.-Col. Read, Major Gladman and Capt. Chaffin, all committed to the Gatehouse. Mercurius Politicus Oct. 17–24. 2. Only one colonel, named Markham, is mentioned in the Mercurius Politicus (Ibid.), as having been arrested at Hertford. 3. Act for the regulation of corporations. 4. Proclamation of 21st October, o.s., that no fairs or markets may be held in churchyards. Mercurius Politicus Oct. 17–24. 5. Vane was sent to the Scilly islands, Lambert to Guernsey and Cobbet and Waller were sent to Jersey by warrants dated 21st October, o.s. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1661–2, page 118.
FROM 'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
"Sir Henry Vane, Lambert, and others, are lately sent suddenly away from the Tower, prisoners to Scilly; but I do not think there is any plot as is said, but only a pretence; as there was once pretended often against the Cavaliers."
The Venetian Ambassador had a different opinion:
"Besides the plot of the fanatics reported others have been discovered in the present week, not only of persons without employment but in the army of General Monk itself, gradually gaining strength in wavering minds, and if God had not brought it to light it might have caused a breach most difficult to repair. "The aim of all these machinations was to kindle a fresh civil war for the total overthrow of the monarchy and the episcopal faith. The Presbyterians and others who imagine this destruction think themselves meritorious and doing God's service, so much are they blinded by the devil, not realising the error of plotting against their natural prince and country. "When the king heard of it he immediately devoted himself with the Council to devising suitable remedies, ordering the arrest of divers persons, including 5 colonels, a lieutenant colonel, a major and a captain, all of the land forces now in the metropolis and some from Monk's own companies. They have been sent to prison and are carefully guarded. (fn. 1)
"At Hertford some colonels have been arrested (fn. 2) who had a secret understanding with those of London, who were removing soldiers from their garrisons on flimsy pretexts and filling their places with evil men, thus forming garrisons suitable for their evil intentions to surprise the governors at the same time that their correspondents in London had fired the mine.
"This was discovered only six hours before it was to take effect, and so once again England has been preserved from these evil influences, but she will be often subject to other attacks and cannot count on being exempt until Lambert is removed from the world and other turbulent spirits, who though confined in the Tower never cease to labour secretly with their fellow sectaries to rekindle an inextinguishable fire in these realms, in the confidence that they are inspired by Heaven and cannot end their days well except by such barbarous and horrid acts. "Parliament had passed an act (fn. 3) for weeding out of all towns and other places the mayors, aldermen and councillors appointed during the tyranny of Cromwell and other usurpers, whose entire obedience to his Majesty was doubtful, as if they acccepted him they did so by force to imitate the others and not from natural instinct and a sense of duty. They are putting the act into execution, but in some places have encountered serious difficulties, and it cannot be said as yet to be completely fulfilled. "In London it seems that seven aldermen have been expelled besides other officials of lower rank."
Food has always been central to human life, but our eating habits have evolved considerably over time. For instance, the idea of eating 3 meals a day is now an intrinsic practice for many people, but it’s a relatively recent development in human history. For centuries, meal habits were sporadic and dictated by various factors: success in hunting or agriculture, religious practices, work schedules, or even the availability of lighting are amongst them.
So how did we arrive at a trio of daily meals?
Of our 3 routine meals, “dinner” has the deepest etymological roots, although the meaning of the word has changed over time. In ancient Roman times, it was the one large meal that everyone ate, and it was consumed around noon. This extended into the Middle Ages in Europe.
However, laborers often ate a small meal of bread and ale early in the morning before starting a day’s work on the farm. Their main meal of the day, called dinner, was served around noon, and a light snack, known as supper, was sometimes eaten in the evening.
By the late 1700s, workdays became longer and people increasingly worked away from home, so people could no longer come home to eat their main meal of the day, and artificial lighting — primarily candles — became more accessible and reliable, enabling household activities to go later into the evening.
As Pepys records, the timing of dinner began to shift, and by the end of the 18th century many people were eating dinner in the evening after returning home from work. I think we also have to consider that entertaining company at home in the evening also became more common-place.
For most people in Europe and the United States, this evening meal became the largest and anchor meal of the day by the mid-1800s, informing the traditional family dinner as we still know it.
Dutch Reformed Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550–1620
[THIS BOOK] Examines the diverse experiences of Reformed Protestant religious refugees fleeing war and persecution in the Netherlands for cities and towns in the Holy Roman Empire in the late 16th century.
Starting in the mid-16th century, widespread persecution and war forced tens of thousands of Reformed Protestants in the Netherlands to flee their homes for new communities in England and the Holy Roman Empire. This book follows those refugees who escaped to large cities and small towns to the east and southeast, up the Rhine River watershed.
The comprehensive approach taken here examines these forced migrations from political, intellectual, social, cultural, religious, and linguistic perspectives, including using a large prosopographical database to track refugees' movements and experiences. It challenges scholars' claims that Reformed Protestants developed more doctrinal, volunteeristic, and well-organized churches particularly capable of surviving the challenges of persecution and exile. Instead, the authors show, refugees proved remarkably willing to compromise and adapt, even as they built new relationships with the unfamiliar people they met abroad.
Based on an extensive collaboration between two senior scholars with different but complementary intellectual backgrounds — one a European trained in theology and intellectual history and the other a North American with expertise in social and cultural history — and the team of researchers they led, this book challenges conventional wisdom about refugees and forced migrations in early modern Europe.
Upon publication, this book is openly available in digital formats thanks to generous funding from the Dutch Research Council. Author: Mirjam van Veen Publisher University of Rochester PressPrint publication date Feb, 2024 ISBN 9781648250767EISBN9781805431626
"By the early 1600s, women had started wearing open ruffs, displaying their décolletage. Their collars stood upright more than out, a face-framing take on the trend influenced by French Queen Marie de’ Medici — and one that came up against the growing Puritan movement in England. "Prominent figures in the movement, such as Philip Stubbes, condemned ruffs as symbols of vanity and excess. Nonetheless, ruff collars persisted throughout the early 17th century, until the falling band collar — another French style — took its place. "By the mid-1600s, the falling band collar, with its relaxed drape over the shoulders, marked the shift away from the excessive formality of the Elizabethan era."
Pictures of various types of ruffs and info about the sumptuary laws of Queen Elizabeth and Henry VIII, see: https://historyfacts.com/world-hi…
In his early life, John Milton wanted to write a great epic poem (about what he wasn’t sure). But as England slid into the civil wars, Milton gave up verse and started writing political pamphlets against King Charles’ tyranny.
Over the course of his career as Oliver Cromwell’s Latin Secretary, Milton also wrote against press censorship (Areopagitica), for the people’s right to unseat a tyrant (The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates), and for the separation of church and state (A Treatise of Civil Power).
Milton’s passionate defense of liberty and republican ideals was one steppingstone laid towards the foundation for the American Revolution. But the book that speaks to our moment is The Ready and Easy Way. After Parliament tried and executed King Charles, they replaced monarchy with republican government.
The experiment did not work. Disillusionment finally set in and in 1660, Parliament was about to restore the previous system. In The Ready and Easy Way, Milton begs Parliament to stop.
Why, Milton asks, would you do this? After listing King Charles’ many crimes, including “leaguing” with England’s enemies, Milton asks why would anyone want to go back and surrender their hard-won liberty? He is totally bewildered.
He warned that restoring the monarchy would only confirm “the bitter predictions of our triumphing enemies.”
Milton warned about how a monarch will bask in “the perpetual bowings and cringings of an abject people.”
Milton also warned there would be payback, “revenges and offenses remembered ..., suits, indictments ... who knows against whom or how many.”
Milton predicted that the monarchy’s return would mean the return of tyranny, and that’s exactly what happened. As we have read, despite promises of religious toleration, the royalist government passed the 5 laws known as the Clarendon Code intended to crush any disagreement with official Church of England doctrine. The Licensing Act (1662) restored censorship. The Five Mile Act prohibited any nonconforming preacher from coming within 5 miles of their original parish. And the pursuit and punishment of the regicides was on-going.
The poet, Andrew Marvell, who was Milton’s friend, called these laws “the quintessence of arbitrary malice.”
Milton responded to the collapse of his political hopes by retreating from the public arena and concentrating on finishing his masterpiece, Paradise Lost. But Milton had lost faith in his countrymen, who made the wrong choice, preferring “easy servitude” over “hard liberty.”
Toward the poem’s end, the arcangel Michael gives Adam a vision of the future, and it is not a happy one. Thanks to the Fall, Michael explains to Adam that “tyranny must be.”
Dictators today worldwide seem to be cut from the same cloth.
In his early life, John Milton wanted to write a great epic poem (about what he wasn’t sure). But as England slid into the civil wars, Milton gave up verse and started writing political pamphlets against King Charles’ tyranny.
Over the course of his career as Oliver Cromwell’s Latin Secretary, Milton also wrote against press censorship (Areopagitica), for the people’s right to unseat a tyrant (The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates), and for the separation of church and state (A Treatise of Civil Power).
Milton’s passionate defense of liberty and republican ideals was one steppingstone laid towards the foundation for the American Revolution. But the book that speaks to our moment is The Ready and Easy Way. After Parliament tried and executed King Charles, they replaced monarchy with republican government.
The experiment did not work. Disillusionment finally set in and in 1660, Parliament was about to restore the previous system. In The Ready and Easy Way, Milton begs Parliament to stop.
Why, Milton asks, would you do this? After listing King Charles’ many crimes, including “leaguing” with England’s enemies, Milton asks why would anyone want to go back and surrender their hard-won liberty? He is totally bewildered.
He warned that restoring the monarchy would only confirm “the bitter predictions of our triumphing enemies.”
Milton warned about how a monarch will bask in “the perpetual bowings and cringings of an abject people.”
Milton also warned there would be payback, “revenges and offenses remembered ..., suits, indictments ... who knows against whom or how many.”
Milton predicted that the monarchy’s return would mean the return of tyranny, and that’s exactly what happened.
Early Modern Others: Resisting Bias in Renaissance Literature by Peter C. Herman Taylor & Francis, Oct 25, 2023 - Literary Criticism - 164 pages
'Early Modern Others' highlights instances of challenges to misogyny, racism, atheism, and antisemitism in the early modern period. Through deeply historicizing early modern literature and looking at its political and social contexts, Peter C. Herman explores how early modern authors challenged the biases and prejudices of their age.
By examining the works of Thomas More, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, John Fletcher, and Philip Massinger amongst others, Herman reveals that for every “-ism” in early modern English culture there was an “anti-ism” pushing back against it.
The book investigates “others” in early modern literature through indigenous communities, women, religion, people of color, and class.
This innovative book shows that the early modern period was as complicated and as contradictory as the world today. It will offer valuable insight for anyone studying early modern literature and culture, as well as social justice and intersectionality. https://www.routledge.com/Early-M…
Aunt Fenner died on September 15, and Pepys' involvement with that part of the family and her estate is well known locally, so it would be hard to ignore official mourning attire for her. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Uncle Robert died last July -- but considering how Pepys has told everyone that he left him 200l. a year as well as the Brampton house, they may feel it politic to still be in mourning for him also. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Pepys has been aware of the need for some new clothes for a couple of weeks when some of the Commissioners went out to lunch with a man who had property suitable for a herring busses dock: "We had a very good and handsome dinner, and excellent wine. I not being neat in clothes, which I find a great fault in me, could not be so merry as otherwise, and at all times I am and can be, when I am in good habitt, which makes me remember my father Osborne’s rule for a gentleman to spare in all things rather than in that." https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
He knows he has to up his game, but he has also just had to bottow money: "No money comes in, so that I have been forced to borrow a great deal for my own expenses, and to furnish my father, to leave things in order." https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… "Thence to Paternoster Row, where my Will did receive the 50l. I borrowed yesterday." https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… "and there I signed a bond to Mr. Battersby, a friend of Mr. Moore’s, who lends me 50l., the first money that ever I borrowed upon bond for my own occasion," https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
When you're in debt, have lied to your colleagues about new wealth, do you expend more money on clothes to keep up the illusion? In this case I'm going to guess that yes, trips to the tailors are in the offing.
"... took Mrs. Martha out by coach, and carried her to the Theatre in a frolique, to my great expense, and there shewed her part of the “Beggar’s Bush,” without much pleasure, but only for a frolique, ..."
In this case, perhaps he pulled Martha out of the performance early because the frolique wasn't suitable for a young lady? She must have been really peeved when fun Mr. Pepys suddenly stood up and said, "We've got to go now, Martha! This is crap."
Apparently there was a time called Second Mourning, when the dress requirements became less strict. I suppose this was a signal for people who might not be familiar with the person's family circumstances about how to regulate their behavior.
Comments
Third Reading
About Saturday 26 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
My apologies for not catching a previous post that puzzlingly jumped into the middle of this post. Accidents happen when you forget to proof-read the final version of your annotation and ASS-u-ME that all is as you intend!
About Monday 28 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
I believe you're shooting the gun, Nate. Charles et al are still in puffy pants as shown in his coronation portrait.
https://images.search.yahoo.com/s…
About Saturday 26 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, at anchor in Tangier Bay:
October 26, Saturday.
Saturday morning. By 7 of the clock the Princess came in from Malaga and brought in with her a small English merchantman that he [SIC] had rescued from the Turks, rich laden from Italy with silks. Supposed she may be worth 11,000l. She was but 9 hours in the possession of the Turks.
The Princess brought word also of a Turk man of war, one of the best sailers [SIC] of all Algiers, that was chased by him [SIC] and was put on shore near Malaga by Sir John Lawson and the Fairfax. They have taken all the men, 150.
At 4 oclock in the evening came in to us Sir John Lawson and the Fairfax. The commanders came on board me and in the night they set sail again up the gut.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
he Princess came in from Malaga and brought in with her a small English merchantman that he [SIC] had rescued from the Turks, rich laden from Italy with silks. Supposed she may be worth 11,000l. She was but 9 hours in the possession of the Turks.
The Princess
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Algiers
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Malaga
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Vice Admiral Sir John Lawson
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Fairfax
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
The gut.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Gibraltar
San Diego Sarah • Link
Sandwich repeatedly refers to the gut of the Straits. Does anyone know what he means by that? In the past I have heard of the waist of a harbor or river mouth, meaning the smallest part of the opening. I suspect that's the meaning???
About Princess
San Diego Sarah • Link
Ab explanation of the rating system
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Friday 25 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
From Sandwich's log, at anchor in Tangier Bay:
October 25, Friday.
By 10 oclock in the morning I came to an anchor again in Tangier Road, having sent the Mary and Hampshire to cruise up the Straits within Gibraltar, keeping with me the Montagu, Forester and Martin.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
@@@
The Mary
The Hampshire
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Straits and Gibraltar
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Montagu -- no info yet
The Forester - probably a frigate, with Capt. Finch in charge
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
The Martin
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Tuesday 22 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Venetian Ambassador kindly tells us why James and Batten have gone to Portsmouth:
"Having paid some money to the troops collected to send to Tangier they have recently reviewed 1,000 foot and 100 horse who have all marched off to Portsmouth to embark. But many are deserting, being content with the money received, without waiting for more.
"The earl of Peterborough, colonel of these troops and governor designate of the fortress is all ready to embark. The duke of York, as Lord Admiral, has gone to Portsmouth to see the troops embark and inspect the ships which are to go and join Montagu at Algiers, of whom there is no further news, and to hasten the equipment of other vessels to send to Lisbon to fetch the future queen."
FROM 'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds( London, 1932), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Wednesday 30 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
REPORT CONTINUED IN A LATER REPORT:
"Besides those reported last week some others have been imprisoned, not only in London, but in several parts of the realm, as accomplices in the conspiracy discovered last week. Among them are many who were great in Cromwell's time, and pardoned by his Majesty's excessive indulgence, have forgotten the favour, abusing the royal clemency by plotting fresh confusion, for which they may pay with their lives before long, as is only right. Considering that the leaders of the sectaries who have been a long while under arrest, can only serve as an instrument to procure fresh disturbances, whether they are confined or free, and supposing that their relegation can only be useful to the interests of the crown, they have recently taken from the Tower Lambert, Vene, Cobbett and Waller, the last a disturber of the peace in Ireland, and sent them by ships of war to the islands adjacent to this kingdom under good guard, (fn. 5) where at a great distance from each other without any communication and with no paper, pens or ink they can only plot with themselves. Wise men think that they have been sent so far off that they may be put out of the way without noise or notice."
FOOTNOTES:
1. Colonels Packer, Streater, Wielks, Litcot and Kenrick; Lt.-Col. Read, Major Gladman and Capt. Chaffin, all committed to the Gatehouse. Mercurius Politicus Oct. 17–24.
2. Only one colonel, named Markham, is mentioned in the Mercurius Politicus (Ibid.), as having been arrested at Hertford.
3. Act for the regulation of corporations.
4. Proclamation of 21st October, o.s., that no fairs or markets may be held in churchyards. Mercurius Politicus Oct. 17–24.
5. Vane was sent to the Scilly islands, Lambert to Guernsey and Cobbet and Waller were sent to Jersey by warrants dated 21st October, o.s. Cal. S.P. Dom. 1661–2, page 118.
FROM
'Venice: November 1661', in Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 33, 1661-1664, ed. Allen B Hinds (London, 1932), British History Online
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
About Wednesday 30 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Sir Henry Vane, Lambert, and others, are lately sent suddenly away from the Tower, prisoners to Scilly; but I do not think there is any plot as is said, but only a pretence; as there was once pretended often against the Cavaliers."
The Venetian Ambassador had a different opinion:
"Besides the plot of the fanatics reported others have been discovered in the present week, not only of persons without employment but in the army of General Monk itself, gradually gaining strength in wavering minds, and if God had not brought it to light it might have caused a breach most difficult to repair.
"The aim of all these machinations was to kindle a fresh civil war for the total overthrow of the monarchy and the episcopal faith. The Presbyterians and others who imagine this destruction think themselves meritorious and doing God's service, so much are they blinded by the devil, not realising the error of plotting against their natural prince and country.
"When the king heard of it he immediately devoted himself with the Council to devising suitable remedies, ordering the arrest of divers persons, including 5 colonels, a lieutenant colonel, a major and a captain, all of the land forces now in the metropolis and some from Monk's own companies. They have been sent to prison and are carefully guarded. (fn. 1)
"At Hertford some colonels have been arrested (fn. 2) who had a secret understanding with those of London, who were removing soldiers from their garrisons on flimsy pretexts and filling their places with evil men, thus forming garrisons suitable for their evil intentions to surprise the governors at the same time that their correspondents in London had fired the mine.
"This was discovered only six hours before it was to take effect, and so once again England has been preserved from these evil influences, but she will be often subject to other attacks and cannot count on being exempt until Lambert is removed from the world and other turbulent spirits, who though confined in the Tower never cease to labour secretly with their fellow sectaries to rekindle an inextinguishable fire in these realms, in the confidence that they are inspired by Heaven and cannot end their days well except by such barbarous and horrid acts.
"Parliament had passed an act (fn. 3) for weeding out of all towns and other places the mayors, aldermen and councillors appointed during the tyranny of Cromwell and other usurpers, whose entire obedience to his Majesty was doubtful, as if they acccepted him they did so by force to imitate the others and not from natural instinct and a sense of duty. They are putting the act into execution, but in some places have encountered serious difficulties, and it cannot be said as yet to be completely fulfilled.
"In London it seems that seven aldermen have been expelled besides other officials of lower rank."
About Funerals
San Diego Sarah • Link
Funerals are mentioned at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Sir Robert Slingsby
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Mings
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Stayner
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Cornwallis
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Thomas Pepys
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Queen Mother Henrietta
Maria (not by Pepys; by Whearley)
Buriel must have been the preferred word.
About Serving food
San Diego Sarah • Link
Food has always been central to human life, but our eating habits have evolved considerably over time.
For instance, the idea of eating 3 meals a day is now an intrinsic practice for many people, but it’s a relatively recent development in human history.
For centuries, meal habits were sporadic and dictated by various factors: success in hunting or agriculture, religious practices, work schedules, or even the availability of lighting are amongst them.
So how did we arrive at a trio of daily meals?
Of our 3 routine meals, “dinner” has the deepest etymological roots, although the meaning of the word has changed over time.
In ancient Roman times, it was the one large meal that everyone ate, and it was consumed around noon. This extended into the Middle Ages in Europe.
However, laborers often ate a small meal of bread and ale early in the morning before starting a day’s work on the farm. Their main meal of the day, called dinner, was served around noon, and a light snack, known as supper, was sometimes eaten in the evening.
By the late 1700s, workdays became longer and people increasingly worked away from home, so people could no longer come home to eat their main meal of the day, and artificial lighting — primarily candles — became more accessible and reliable, enabling household activities to go later into the evening.
As Pepys records, the timing of dinner began to shift, and by the end of the 18th century many people were eating dinner in the evening after returning home from work. I think we also have to consider that entertaining company at home in the evening also became more common-place.
For most people in Europe and the United States, this evening meal became the largest and anchor meal of the day by the mid-1800s, informing the traditional family dinner as we still know it.
FROM https://historyfacts.com/world-hi…
About Flanders
San Diego Sarah • Link
Dutch Reformed Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, c.1550–1620
[THIS BOOK] Examines the diverse experiences of Reformed Protestant religious refugees fleeing war and persecution in the Netherlands for cities and towns in the Holy Roman Empire in the late 16th century.
Starting in the mid-16th century, widespread persecution and war forced tens of thousands of Reformed Protestants in the Netherlands to flee their homes for new communities in England and the Holy Roman Empire. This book follows those refugees who escaped to large cities and small towns to the east and southeast, up the Rhine River watershed.
The comprehensive approach taken here examines these forced migrations from political, intellectual, social, cultural, religious, and linguistic perspectives, including using a large prosopographical database to track refugees' movements and experiences.
It challenges scholars' claims that Reformed Protestants developed more doctrinal, volunteeristic, and well-organized churches particularly capable of surviving the challenges of persecution and exile. Instead, the authors show, refugees proved remarkably willing to compromise and adapt, even as they built new relationships with the unfamiliar people they met abroad.
Based on an extensive collaboration between two senior scholars with different but complementary intellectual backgrounds — one a European trained in theology and intellectual history and the other a North American with expertise in social and cultural history — and the team of researchers they led, this book challenges conventional wisdom about refugees and forced migrations in early modern Europe.
Upon publication, this book is openly available in digital formats thanks to generous funding from the Dutch Research Council.
Author: Mirjam van Veen
Publisher University of Rochester
PressPrint publication date Feb, 2024
ISBN 9781648250767EISBN9781805431626
To download a free PDF go to
https://openaccess.boydellandbrew…
About Bands
San Diego Sarah • Link
"By the early 1600s, women had started wearing open ruffs, displaying their décolletage. Their collars stood upright more than out, a face-framing take on the trend influenced by French Queen Marie de’ Medici — and one that came up against the growing Puritan movement in England.
"Prominent figures in the movement, such as Philip Stubbes, condemned ruffs as symbols of vanity and excess. Nonetheless, ruff collars persisted throughout the early 17th century, until the falling band collar — another French style — took its place.
"By the mid-1600s, the falling band collar, with its relaxed drape over the shoulders, marked the shift away from the excessive formality of the Elizabethan era."
Pictures of various types of ruffs and info about the sumptuary laws of Queen Elizabeth and Henry VIII, see:
https://historyfacts.com/world-hi…
About Monday 26 August 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
Milton was an early Whig:
In his early life, John Milton wanted to write a great epic poem (about what he wasn’t sure). But as England slid into the civil wars, Milton gave up verse and started writing political pamphlets against King Charles’ tyranny.
Over the course of his career as Oliver Cromwell’s Latin Secretary, Milton also wrote against press censorship (Areopagitica), for the people’s right to unseat a tyrant (The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates), and for the separation of church and state (A Treatise of Civil Power).
Milton’s passionate defense of liberty and republican ideals was one steppingstone laid towards the foundation for the American Revolution.
But the book that speaks to our moment is The Ready and Easy Way. After Parliament tried and executed King Charles, they replaced monarchy with republican government.
The experiment did not work. Disillusionment finally set in and in 1660, Parliament was about to restore the previous system. In The Ready and Easy Way, Milton begs Parliament to stop.
Why, Milton asks, would you do this? After listing King Charles’ many crimes, including “leaguing” with England’s enemies, Milton asks why would anyone want to go back and surrender their hard-won liberty? He is totally bewildered.
He warned that restoring the monarchy would only confirm “the bitter predictions of our triumphing enemies.”
Milton warned about how a monarch will bask in “the perpetual bowings and cringings of an abject people.”
Milton also warned there would be payback, “revenges and offenses remembered ..., suits, indictments ... who knows against whom or how many.”
Milton predicted that the monarchy’s return would mean the return of tyranny, and that’s exactly what happened.
As we have read, despite promises of religious toleration, the royalist government passed the 5 laws known as the Clarendon Code intended to crush any disagreement with official Church of England doctrine.
The Licensing Act (1662) restored censorship.
The Five Mile Act prohibited any nonconforming preacher from coming within 5 miles of their original parish.
And the pursuit and punishment of the regicides was on-going.
The poet, Andrew Marvell, who was Milton’s friend, called these laws “the quintessence of arbitrary malice.”
Milton responded to the collapse of his political hopes by retreating from the public arena and concentrating on finishing his masterpiece, Paradise Lost. But Milton had lost faith in his countrymen, who made the wrong choice, preferring “easy servitude” over “hard liberty.”
Toward the poem’s end, the arcangel Michael gives Adam a vision of the future, and it is not a happy one. Thanks to the Fall, Michael explains to Adam that “tyranny must be.”
Dictators today worldwide seem to be cut from the same cloth.
About Wednesday 15 February 1659/60
San Diego Sarah • Link
Milton was an early Whig:
In his early life, John Milton wanted to write a great epic poem (about what he wasn’t sure). But as England slid into the civil wars, Milton gave up verse and started writing political pamphlets against King Charles’ tyranny.
Over the course of his career as Oliver Cromwell’s Latin Secretary, Milton also wrote against press censorship (Areopagitica), for the people’s right to unseat a tyrant (The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates), and for the separation of church and state (A Treatise of Civil Power).
Milton’s passionate defense of liberty and republican ideals was one steppingstone laid towards the foundation for the American Revolution.
But the book that speaks to our moment is The Ready and Easy Way. After Parliament tried and executed King Charles, they replaced monarchy with republican government.
The experiment did not work. Disillusionment finally set in and in 1660, Parliament was about to restore the previous system. In The Ready and Easy Way, Milton begs Parliament to stop.
Why, Milton asks, would you do this? After listing King Charles’ many crimes, including “leaguing” with England’s enemies, Milton asks why would anyone want to go back and surrender their hard-won liberty? He is totally bewildered.
He warned that restoring the monarchy would only confirm “the bitter predictions of our triumphing enemies.”
Milton warned about how a monarch will bask in “the perpetual bowings and cringings of an abject people.”
Milton also warned there would be payback, “revenges and offenses remembered ..., suits, indictments ... who knows against whom or how many.”
Milton predicted that the monarchy’s return would mean the return of tyranny, and that’s exactly what happened.
Stay tuned!
About John Fletcher
San Diego Sarah • Link
Early Modern Others: Resisting Bias in Renaissance Literature
by Peter C. Herman
Taylor & Francis, Oct 25, 2023 - Literary Criticism - 164 pages
'Early Modern Others' highlights instances of challenges to misogyny, racism, atheism, and antisemitism in the early modern period.
Through deeply historicizing early modern literature and looking at its political and social contexts, Peter C. Herman explores how early modern authors challenged the biases and prejudices of their age.
By examining the works of Thomas More, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, John Fletcher, and Philip Massinger amongst others, Herman reveals that for every “-ism” in early modern English culture there was an “anti-ism” pushing back against it.
The book investigates “others” in early modern literature through indigenous communities, women, religion, people of color, and class.
This innovative book shows that the early modern period was as complicated and as contradictory as the world today. It will offer valuable insight for anyone studying early modern literature and culture, as well as social justice and intersectionality.
https://www.routledge.com/Early-M…
About Sunday 27 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
So, RLB, your vote is for her mourning to be for Sir Robert?
About Sunday 27 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Aunt Fenner died on September 15, and Pepys' involvement with that part of the family and her estate is well known locally, so it would be hard to ignore official mourning attire for her.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Uncle Robert died last July -- but considering how Pepys has told everyone that he left him 200l. a year as well as the Brampton house, they may feel it politic to still be in mourning for him also.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
We have an Encyclopedia page for funerals AKA buriels, which includes mourning requirements.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Pepys has been aware of the need for some new clothes for a couple of weeks when some of the Commissioners went out to lunch with a man who had property suitable for a herring busses dock:
"We had a very good and handsome dinner, and excellent wine. I not being neat in clothes, which I find a great fault in me, could not be so merry as otherwise, and at all times I am and can be, when I am in good habitt, which makes me remember my father Osborne’s rule for a gentleman to spare in all things rather than in that."
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
He knows he has to up his game, but he has also just had to bottow money:
"No money comes in, so that I have been forced to borrow a great deal for my own expenses, and to furnish my father, to leave things in order."
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
"Thence to Paternoster Row, where my Will did receive the 50l. I borrowed yesterday."
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
"and there I signed a bond to Mr. Battersby, a friend of Mr. Moore’s, who lends me 50l., the first money that ever I borrowed upon bond for my own occasion,"
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
When you're in debt, have lied to your colleagues about new wealth, do you expend more money on clothes to keep up the illusion? In this case I'm going to guess that yes, trips to the tailors are in the offing.
About Tuesday 8 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... took Mrs. Martha out by coach, and carried her to the Theatre in a frolique, to my great expense, and there shewed her part of the “Beggar’s Bush,” without much pleasure, but only for a frolique, ..."
In this case, perhaps he pulled Martha out of the performance early because the frolique wasn't suitable for a young lady?
She must have been really peeved when fun Mr. Pepys suddenly stood up and said, "We've got to go now, Martha! This is crap."
Lady Batten must be out of town!
About Funerals
San Diego Sarah • Link
Apparently there was a time called Second Mourning, when the dress requirements became less strict. I suppose this was a signal for people who might not be familiar with the person's family circumstances about how to regulate their behavior.
Anyways, a discussion about Second Mourning begins at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…