Samuel Morland played a vital role in bringing about the Restoration, which is probably why he was knighted by Charles II at The Hague. The story is part of an explanation of Montagu's about turn from Parliamentarian to Royalist; see https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
And for a more explicit explanation of Montagu's about turn from Parliamentarian to Royalist, and why Samuel Morland was knighted by Charles II, see https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Two secret meetings followed, at which Charles II's letter to Montagu was delivered and answered, and Whetstone left ... in a ship thoughtfully provided by the Dutch... and ... reported ... that `upon any appearance of disorders in England' Charles II `might expect a good account' of Montagu, who would write further when he got home.
Next day ... Montagu went on board, held a council of war with his officers, and sailed, leaving only one frigate and a ketch behind. ... The arrival of the fleet in England was probably the decisive factor in ending the Republic,
... A third Civil War seemed on the point of breaking out. ... It was just the situation Montagu had foreseen when he assured Charles II through Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone that he would come out for the King `upon any appearance of disorders in England' ... Renewed Civil War was now too high a price to pay for the ideals of parliamentary sovereignty over the Army.
The matter was not decided by politicians but by the soldiers ... In the Civil Wars Englishman had fought Englishman... but the soldiers of 1659 had served together far too long to do that....' (They had a `phony war'. Parliament had given itself direct command of the Army but it was not united; it was using the Army to extend factional political conflict. The soldiers would fire their pistols into the ground and exchange jokes about the incompetence of the politicians when they encountered each other; Parliament and Army leadership were denigrated and lost legitimate 'command authority', ed.)
John Carswell has been able to recreate the mission and orders of the Cavalier agent, Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone, using historical records and letters.
Carsell also notes: `The intermediary between Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone and the Admiral was confusingly also called Edward [Ned] Montagu - a cousin of the admiral and a convinced royalist.'
The fleet did not go to sea again until May 1660 when, with Adm. Edward Montagu once more in command, it ferried Charles II home in triumph.
As Pepys discovered later, Adm. Montagu had no religious ideals, but he had a principle, which was settled government. `I had rather the nation were settled', he said later shortly before the Restoration, `though I and my whole family should suffer by it.' The second half of this remark was cant, as Montagu fully intended he and his family should prosper, but he did not seek office for himself. His aim, which it was to take a long time to achieve, was stability. The navy which he commanded had been a major, perhaps decisive, factor in the defeat of King Charles.
Less than a year after Algernon Sidney's arrival at Elsinore, that navy would carry Charles II back to his throne, and Montagu would bear the sword of state before Charles II at his coronation just as he had borne it before the Lord Protector Oliver at his installation.
Thoughts of this kind had probably crossed Montagu's mind even before he sailed with his fleet from England, but his mind was made up in the Sound.
Montagu's conversion to Charles II's cause, he later told Pepys, 'commenced from his being in the Sound, when he found what usage he was likely to have from the Commonwealth.' It is difficult to believe that Algernon Sidney's uncompromising rectitude ... did not contribute to this decision, and Montagu often afterwards referred to him as 'my mortal enemy' ...
For 40 days ... Algernon Sidney ... was to have total control of the Fleet assembled there. But it had already been on station for several months and was in urgent need of rest and refit ...
Montagu did not fail to impress these facts on his guests ... He showed them around his fleet, dwelling on the need for a refit and the longing of every man from the admiral downwards to be home again after spending so long at sea. Crews, he pointed out, had been thinned by death and sickness, and there were no replacements ...
(By this time, things were also getting out of control on land, and even the Dane's German allies were beginning to show up for the fight. At this point, Algernon Sidney pulled off a diplomatic coup, by taking decisive action, using the fleet as a threat, staring everybody involved down (including his allies), and acting like he was completely in charge, even with respect to Frederik III of Denmark and Charles X of Sweden... alas, it was not to last long... ed.)
... The Cavalier agent [Whetstone] arrived in Denmark only a week or so after Algernon Sidney ... and immediately put himself in Montagu's way, first at a public dinner, where he professed not to recognize the admiral (who recognized him), and then during a sight-seeing trip ... to Copenhagen. ...
An undersecretary in Parliament, Sir Samuel Morland, was a Cavalier agent. Capt. Whetstone was thus able to give Montagu a copy of Algernon Sidney's full orders, including those ordering his arrest if he appeared disloyal.
Why did Joint General Edward Montagu abandon his extreme anti-royalist position to embrace the Restoration?
A readable account is given in the biography, "Algernon Sidney, The Porcupine: the Life of Algernon Sidney" by John Carswell (1989), John Murray, Publishers.
Years ago I found a website devoted to the Montagu family, which sadly has disappeared. But I copied their extracted explanation of Adm. Montagu's switch in position, told from the perspective of Algernon Sidney. The editing is theirs:
The balance of power in the Northern Kingdoms had greatly changed ... the Danish King had complete control of the narrow international waterway leading to ... the Baltic ... the Sound ... they levied a toll on every cargo ... ... the emerging power of Sweden... had broken Danish control... France, Britain, and the Netherlands had therefore found common ground ... in May 1659 to impose peace ... All 3 sent special missions to Denmark... and in the case of the English and Dutch, the greater part of their navies... ... the three powers ... had their differences ... The Dutch favored the Danes, the English the Swedes ... It was highly probably, given the immense concentration of Dutch, English, Danish, and Swedish naval and military force round the Sound, that the intervention for peace would end in a general war.
On 18 July, 1659, the Langport cast anchor off Elsinore ... Parliament, following its usual cautious habits, had given Algernon Sidney colleagues [SIC] ... The remaining commissioner was Adm. Sir Edward Montagu, commanding the English fleet in the Sound, who welcomed his colleagues on board his flagship, the Naseby. The welcome was no doubt the more splendid because Sidney and Montagu were related, although distantly. In attendance on Edward Montagu was a young secretary, Samuel Pepys, and it is a pity he had not yet begun his diary. Algernon Sidney had been warned about Edward Montagu by spy-master John Thurloe ... and told that if the Admiral showed any sign of disaffection he should be put under arrest.
Ever since the beginning of the Civil Wars, Edward Montagu had been steady in the Parliamentary cause, but now his loyalty to the republic was doubtful. As a Cavalier agent ... had secretly written to ... the exiled Charles II's chief advisor, `When Montagu doth come home he will either lay by himself, or be laid by by the Parliament. This is the most favorable occasion that ever was to tempt him.' From this arose the journey of the Cavalier emissary, Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone ...
"I met with a letter from Mr. Turner, offering me 150/. to be joined with me in my patent, and to advise me how to improve the advantage of my place, and to keep off Barlow."
"Thomas Turner (or Tourner) was General Clerk at the Navy Office, and on June 30, 1660, he offered Pepys 150/. to be made joint Clerk of the Acts with him. In a list of the Admiralty officers just before Charles II came in, preserved in the British Museum, there occur, Richard Hutchinson, Treasury of the Navy, salary 1,500/.; Thomas Tourner, General Clerk, for himself and clerk, 100/."
My understanding is that Barlow was given the position of Clerk of the Acts for life by King Charles in 1639 (with another man, who died). At some point during the interregnum the Admiralty took over the work of the Navy Board, and Mr. Barlow retired to the country. But someone was needed to do the filing, so Thomas Turner was hired with the title General Clerk. At the Restoration, Charles II recalled the old members of the Navy Board to keep things going while he appointed their replacements, and quietly Thomas Turner stayed in place.
So now we have three people thinking they should/could be Clerk of the Acts. Can Pepys afford to pay off the other two?
"To Mr. Crew’s, and there took money and paid Mrs. Anne, Mrs. Jemima’s maid, off quite, and so she went away and another came to her."
Today is June 30 -- a bit late for a Quarter Day change. Maybe the excitement of the times explains this? There must have been lots of jobs available, provided the Montagus give Anne a good reference. Or perhaps "and another came to her" means they waited until the new maid was on the doorstep before they fired Anne.
St. Giles in the Fields is also known as The Poets' Church. Many distinguished 17th century people have memorials here, including:
Richard Penderel, R.C. forester who helped Charles II escape after the 2nd Battle of Worcester;
John, 1st Baron Belasyse MP (1614 – 1689). A committed Royalist, he raised 6 regiments of horse and foot and took part in the Battles of Edgehill and Brentford (1642), First Newbury (1643), Selby (1644), Naseby (1645), and the sieges of Reading (1643), Bristol and Newark. He was wounded several times, and was a founding member of the Sealed Knot;
Sir Roger L'Estrange, pamphleteer, courtier and the last Surveyor of the Press;
Andrew Marvell MP, metaphysical poet and satirist;
James Shirley, dramatist to Queen Henrietta's Men;
Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, Anglo-Welsh soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and "the father of English Deism";
Cecil Calvert, 1st Proprietor of the Colony of Avalon in 1610 and the Maryland colony in 1633. His son and daughters-in-law are also buried here.
At the start of the 17th century, St. Giles-in-the-fields was on the outskirts of London. The earliest illustration shows a church with a round tower, capped by a dome. The dome was replaced by a spire in 1617, but soon afterwards the church was demolished.
A Gothic brick church was built between 1623-1630t. It was consecrated by William Laud, Bishop of London in 1631.
The church retained links to the monarchy in the 1630s: the rector, Roger Mainwaring, was chaplain to King Charles and a supporter of Bishop Laud’s reforms. St. Giles was therefore decorated in ‘high church’ style, with a screen separating the chancel and nave, painting of the apostles on the organ loft and stained glass windows.
In the late 1630s, St. Giles’ parishoners petitioned parliament about the ‘popish reliques’ in the church. The vestry was ordered to dispose of statues and tapestries, the stained glass was removed and, between 1640-43, two rectors were ejected on charges of ritualism, and imprisoned.
Following the Restoration, the stained glass returned to the windows, new fittings were ordered, including a new pulpit (still in use today) and church silver returned.
At the end of 1664, the first victims of the Plague died in houses at the north end of Drury Lane in the parish. In 1665, thousands of victims were buried in pits in St. Giles' graveyard, and the area became synonymous with the plague, which Pepys noted in his Diary.
Following the Great Fire in 1666 the population expanded rapidly as new streets were laid out.
In 1685 over 2,000 houses were recorded in the parish. By 1711 the population was estimated at c.21,000.
The Hanseatic merchants had a special relationship with England since the 12th century. They had a monopoly of English trade with the Baltic, importing the hemp for ropes and sail cloth, and timber for ships, both vital to English defenses, and grain which they sold at high prices when English harvests failed. Their favorable tax status made them unpopular.
At last, in 1598, their privileged position ended and they were banished, leaving the Baltic trade open to English merchants. https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/art…
After decades of these disputes, Queen Elizabeth finally abolished the Hanse in London in 1597, and the Steelyard closed permanently in 1598. https://www.medievalists.net/2015…
As usual in 17th century wars, disease caused more deaths than combat.
There are no accurate figures for the English Civil Wars periods, 1642-51, and it is not possible to give a precise overall figure for those killed in battle, as opposed to those who died from disease, or even for a natural decline in population.
Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable, but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates.
In England, a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war-related disease during the 3 civil wars. Historical records count 84,830 dead from the wars themselves. Counting in accidents and the two Bishops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved, out of a total population of about 5,000,000.
Figures for Scotland are more unreliable and should be treated with greater caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home (8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England, Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured laborers).
There are no figures to calculate how many died from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved, from a population of about 1,000,000.
Figures for Ireland are described as "miracles of conjecture". Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was unbelievable, with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty, the father of English demography. Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants and 504,000 Catholics were killed through plague, war and famine, giving an estimated total of 616,000 dead, from a pre-war population of about 1,500,000.
Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as being tentative; they do not include the estimate of 40,000 driven into exile, some of whom served as soldiers in European continental armies, while others were sold as indentured servants to New England and the West Indies. Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered, but many of those sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death.
These estimates indicate that England suffered a 3.7% loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6%, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41% of its population.
Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular: The Great Hunger of 1845–1852 resulted in a loss of 16% of the population, while during the WWII the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16%.
Pepys' appointment as Clerk of the Acts is belatedly complicated by the emergence of King Charles lifetime appointment, Thomas Barlow, from 1639:
L&M: Thomas Barlow, appointed [as Clerk of the Acts] jointly with Dennis Fleming in 1639, had held the sole reversion since Fleming's death. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
L&M Companion: "During the Civil War and Interregnum the [Navy] Board was replaced by a series of commissions staffed by up to eight or ten members, mostly experienced seamen and merchants armed with general and flexible powers and deliberately made free of the constrictions attaching to the traditional officers of the Board. ... After the return of Charles II the Board was replaced, the former Commissioners continuing for a short period while the members of the Board were chosen and empowered to act."
Since Barlow was appointed in 1639, it looks like he didn't have long in the position before the entire Board disappeared. He then re-surfaces only to find that it’s a brand new game of musical chairs and he’s at risk of losing his seat. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Bit [more] of the Answer about Barlow Barlow was joint-Clerk of the Acts under Charles I -- a previous COA rather than the existing COA. With the Restoration he appears to have a "reversion" to the job. The patent given for these appointments must be for a lifetime.
What Barlow is doing is staking a claim with the intent of "selling" the job to someone of his choice or being "bought out" with an annuity to clear the job for new appointment. It is a pre-Commonwealth asset in his portfolio that he realizes has regained value.
Since Pepys is kind enough to document that Monck has moved his establishment into St. James's Palace by now, I add this piece of the undated Restoration puzzle:
"Sir John Grenville's clandestine negotiations with Monck continued through 1659 and culminated in a secret meeting at St. James's Palace in March 1660, during which Monck pledged his allegiance to Charles II. Grenville carried Monck's message of loyalty to Charles II at Brussels and returned to deliver Charles' manifesto the Declaration of Breda to Parliament on 1 May, 1660." http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
Sir John Greville married Jane Wyche, daughter of a wealthy London merchant, in Oct. 1652 and became a leading representative of the King's party in Cornwall and the West.
During 1654, Grenville was a conspirator with the Action Party and plotted to seize Plymouth and Pendennis Castle.
He was arrested in Feb. 1655 in the aftermath of an uprising by western Royalists in the build-up to Penruddock's Uprising.
In 1659, Grenville was a member of the Great Trust and Commission. Although summoned to answer charges before the Council of State when the government infiltrated the Trust's conspiracies, Sir John Grenville was released on parole.
Grenville's greatest service to the Royalist cause was as an intermediary between Charles II and Gen. Monck (who was his second cousin). He approached Monck in 1658 through Monck's brother, Nicholas, whom Grenville had appointed to the church living at the Grenville estate of Kilkhampton.
Grenville's clandestine negotiations with Monck continued through 1659 and culminated in a secret meeting at St. James's Palace in March 1660, during which Monck pledged his allegiance to Charles II. Sir John Grenville carried Monck's message of loyalty to Charles II at Brussels and returned to deliver Charles' manifesto the Declaration of Breda to Parliament on 1 May, 1660.
Sir John Grenville was richly rewarded for his services in securing the Restoration and became the most powerful magnate in the West Country. Among other honours, he was created the 1st Earl of Bath, warden of the Stanneries, lord-lieutenant of Cornwall and governor of Plymouth.
He continued his service to Charles II and was present at his deathbed conversion to Catholicism in 1685.
Despite losing influence at the succession of James II, Bath commanded an infantry regiment against Monmouth during Monmouth's Rebellion of 1685. When William of Orange invaded England in 1688, Bath made no attempt to defend Exeter, and surrendered Plymouth to William's forces.
Under William III, Bath added the lieutenancy of Devon and the governorship of the Isles of Scilly to his offices. However, he was angered when William III granted the earldom of Albemarle to a favourite in 1697, a title claimed by Bath through his connection to the Monck family.
sir John's final years were spent fighting over the Albemarle estate, which almost bankrupted him. Two weeks after his death in August 1701, his heir Charles Grenville shot himself, overwhelmed by the debts he had inherited. They were buried on 22 Sept., 1701, in the family vault at Kilkhampton.
Sources: Peter Gaunt, The Cromwellian Gazetteer, (Stroud 1987) G. Ridsdill Smith & M. Toynbee, Leaders of the Civil Wars 1642-48 (Kineton 1977) Victor Stater, John Grenville, 1st earl of Bath, Oxford DNB, 2004 David Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy in England 1649-60 (New Haven 1960)
Sir John Grenville, 1st Earl of Bath, 1628-1701, served the King's cause as a soldier, privateer and conspirator, then secured the allegiance of Gen. Monck to bring about the Restoration.
Born at Kilkhampton, Cornwall in August 1628, John Grenville was the third son of Sir Bevil Grenville and Grace, daughter of Sir George Smith. By 1641, both of John's elder brothers had died and he was heir to his family's extensive estates in Cornwall and Devon. He was educated at home but in 1642, this was interrupted by the outbreak of the 1st civil war.
At 14, John Grenville held a commission in his father's regiment, which fought for King Charles under Sir Ralph Hopton in south-western England.
When Sir Bevil was killed at the battle of Lansdown in July 1643, his Cornish soldiers mounted John upon his father's horse and declared their allegiance to him as head of the Grenville family.
John Grenville was knighted by King Charles after the capture of Bristol in August 1643 and served with the King's Oxford army in the Lostwithiel campaign in 1644.
Sir John Grenville was wounded at the 2nd battle of Newbury, where he was found lying unconscious among the dead.
In 1645, he was appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber to Prince Charles, and remained one of Charles' closest friends and advisers.
After the defeat of the Royalists in the 1st Civil War, Grenville accompanied Prince Charles to Scilly, Jersey and Paris. In February 1649, Charles II appointed Sir John as the governor of the Isles of Scilly. During 1649-51, Gov. Grenville directed Royalist privateers from Tresco and St, Mary's in a lucrative campaign against English and Dutch merchantmen to raise prize money for Charles II's court-in-exile. A Dutch fleet under Lt-Adm. Tromp was forestalled from attacking Gov. Grenville's base when the Commonwealth sent an invasion force under the generals-at-sea Blake and Ayscue in April 1651. Combined land and sea operations against the Royalists quickly secured Tresco. Sir John withdrew into Star Castle on St Mary's, which was besieged and bombarded into submission. On 23 May, Gov. Sir John Grenville surrendered to Blake under generous terms.
After a brief imprisonment at Plymouth, Sir John was given leave to join Charles II in exile, but chose to remain in England.
For information about John Thurloe's release from prison after the Restoration, which could have been in response to his blackmail about a "little black book" on some of the "loyal" royalists, see https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Meanwhile, Oliver and Richard Cromwell's head of intelligence and Secretary of State, John Thurloe, has negotiated a release and pardon:
Today in the House of Commons: Thurloe protected. Resolved, That Mr. John Thurloe have free Liberty to attend the Secretaries of State, at such Times as they shall appoint, and for so long time as they shall own his Attendance for the Service of the State, without any Trouble or Molestation during such his Attendance, and in his going and returning to and from the Secretaries of State; any former Order of this House notwithstanding. https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
"After the readmission of the secluded members (21 Feb. 1660) Thurloe, to the great disgust of the royalists, was reappointed secretary of state (27 Feb.) as being the only man whose knowledge of the state both of foreign and home affairs fitted him for the post (Clarendon State Papers, iii. 693, 701). The royalists suspected him of desiring to restore Richard, and were anxious to buy him over if possible; but, according to their information, he resisted the restoration of the Stuarts to the last, and did his best to corrupt Monck (ib. iii. 693, 749; THURLOE, vii. 855). In April he certainly made overtures to Hyde, promising to forward a restoration, but his sincerity was suspected (THURLOE, vii. 897). Monck so far favoured Thurloe that he recommended him to the borough of Bridgnorth for election to the Convention; but even with this support his candidature was a failure (ib. pp. 888, 895).
"After the king's return Thurloe escaped better than he could have expected. On 15 May 1660 he was accused of high treason and committed to the custody of the serjeant-at-arms. The particulars of the charge do not appear. On 29 June he was set at liberty with the proviso of attending the secretaries of state 'for the service of the state whenever they should require' (Commons' Journals, viii, 26, 117). He was reputed to have said that if he were hanged he had a black book which would hang many that went for cavaliers, but he seems to have made no revelations as to his secret agents (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. pp. 154-84, 208). After his release he usually lived at Great Milton in Oxfordshire, residing at his chambers in Lincoln's Inn occasionally during term-time. The government desired to avail itself of his minute knowledge of the state of foreign affairs, on which subject he addressed several papers to Clarendon (THURLOE, i. 705, 759, vii. 915). An unsupported tradition asserts that Charles II often solicited him to engage again in the administration of foreign affairs, but without success (State Papers, vol. i. p. xix)." http://www.tim.ukpub.net/lge/mead…
I wonder what Sir Samuel Morland thought about this. I know I'd be checking under the bed for the rest of my life if I were he. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Wikipedia tries to answer yRLB's question about why the tailors belong to the less prestigeous Clothworkers Guild instead of the highly regarded Merchant Taylors:
The Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors was at first an association of tailors. By the end of the 17th century, its connection with the tailoring trade had virtually ceased and it became what it is today, a philanthropic and social association ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wor…
The Worshipful Company of Clothworkers was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1528, formed by the amalgamation of its two predecessor companies, the Fullers (incorporated 1480) and the Shearmen (incorporated 1508). It succeeded to the position of the Shearmen's Company and thus ranks 12th in the order of precedence of Livery Companies of the City of London. The original craft of the Clothworkers was the finishing of woven woollen cloth: fulling it to mat the fibres and remove the grease, drying it on tenter frames raising the nap with teasels (Dipsacus) and shearing it to a uniform finish. The Ordinances of The Clothworkers' Company, first issued in 1532 and signed by Sir Thomas More, sought to regulate clothworking, to maintain standards and to protect approved practices. From the later Middle Ages, cloth production gradually moved away from London, a situation exacerbated by the Great Fire of London ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wor…
So the tailors had joined the guild that worked for them, as opposed to the rich social club.
"After all this to my Lord, who lay a-bed till eleven o’clock, it being almost five before he went to bed, they supped so late last night with the King."
The public dinner with the Speaker last night ran very late. Do you think Charles stayed until 5 a.m. also -- meaning no one could leave earlier? Or did Sandwich and some of the other gentlemen bring out the gaming tables after the King had left?
If Charles stayed, he would have had to be up and at church to observe his own Thanksgiving service today, although Pepys doesn't mention seeing him.
It must have been hard work being King in those days. Church, meetings and decisions all day long, followed by entertaining all evening. But Charles is only 30 -- yawn.
L&M: Sir George Downing: He had returned from Holland in May. His meanness is well attested elsewhere, and may have been another factor in his commercial acumen.
L&M: John Hawley – A colleague of Pepys at the Exchequer at the start of the Diary, where they were both clerks to George Downing c 1658-60. In March 1658, George Downing refers to Hawley as "my servant at my house;" by the following September he was living at Major Greenleaf's in the Axe Yard. According to the Diary he was clerk to the merchant Sir Thos. Ingram 1660-61, ...
L&M: Sir Thomas Ingram: Merchant; kt. 1639 (d. 1671). Son of Sir Arthur (d. 1642) who was Secretary to the Council of the North. Gentleman of the Privy Chamber 1660 ...
Comments
Third Reading
About Sir Samuel Morland
San Diego Sarah • Link
Samuel Morland played a vital role in bringing about the Restoration, which is probably why he was knighted by Charles II at The Hague. The story is part of an explanation of Montagu's about turn from Parliamentarian to Royalist; see
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Sir Edward Mountagu ("my Lord," Earl of Sandwich)
San Diego Sarah • Link
And for a more explicit explanation of Montagu's about turn from Parliamentarian to Royalist, and why Samuel Morland was knighted by Charles II, see
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Baltic ("The Sound")
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 3
Two secret meetings followed, at which Charles II's letter to Montagu was delivered and answered, and Whetstone left ... in a ship thoughtfully provided by the Dutch... and ... reported ... that `upon any appearance of disorders in England' Charles II `might expect a good account' of Montagu, who would write further when he got home.
Next day ... Montagu went on board, held a council of war with his officers, and sailed, leaving only one frigate and a ketch behind. ... The arrival of the fleet in England was probably the decisive factor in ending the Republic,
... A third Civil War seemed on the point of breaking out. ... It was just the situation Montagu had foreseen when he assured Charles II through Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone that he would come out for the King `upon any appearance of disorders in England' ... Renewed Civil War was now too high a price to pay for the ideals of parliamentary sovereignty over the Army.
The matter was not decided by politicians but by the soldiers ... In the Civil Wars Englishman had fought Englishman... but the soldiers of 1659 had served together far too long to do that....' (They had a `phony war'. Parliament had given itself direct command of the Army but it was not united; it was using the Army to extend factional political conflict. The soldiers would fire their pistols into the ground and exchange jokes about the incompetence of the politicians when they encountered each other; Parliament and Army leadership were denigrated and lost legitimate 'command authority', ed.)
John Carswell has been able to recreate the mission and orders of the Cavalier agent, Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone, using historical records and letters.
Carsell also notes: `The intermediary between Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone and the Admiral was confusingly also called Edward [Ned] Montagu - a cousin of the admiral and a convinced royalist.'
The fleet did not go to sea again until May 1660 when, with Adm. Edward Montagu once more in command, it ferried Charles II home in triumph.
The useless link is
http://www.montaguemillennium.com…
Other Resources:
http://www.hinchbk.cambs.sch.uk/d…
http://www.bracewel.demon.co.uk/m…
About Baltic ("The Sound")
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
As Pepys discovered later, Adm. Montagu had no religious ideals, but he had a principle, which was settled government. `I had rather the nation were settled', he said later shortly before the Restoration, `though I and my whole family should suffer by it.'
The second half of this remark was cant, as Montagu fully intended he and his family should prosper, but he did not seek office for himself. His aim, which it was to take a long time to achieve, was stability. The navy which he commanded had been a major, perhaps decisive, factor in the defeat of King Charles.
Less than a year after Algernon Sidney's arrival at Elsinore, that navy would carry Charles II back to his throne, and Montagu would bear the sword of state before Charles II at his coronation just as he had borne it before the Lord Protector Oliver at his installation.
Thoughts of this kind had probably crossed Montagu's mind even before he sailed with his fleet from England, but his mind was made up in the Sound.
Montagu's conversion to Charles II's cause, he later told Pepys, 'commenced from his being in the Sound, when he found what usage he was likely to have from the Commonwealth.' It is difficult to believe that Algernon Sidney's uncompromising rectitude ... did not contribute to this decision, and Montagu often afterwards referred to him as 'my mortal enemy' ...
For 40 days ... Algernon Sidney ... was to have total control of the Fleet assembled there. But it had already been on station for several months and was in urgent need of rest and refit ...
Montagu did not fail to impress these facts on his guests ... He showed them around his fleet, dwelling on the need for a refit and the longing of every man from the admiral downwards to be home again after spending so long at sea. Crews, he pointed out, had been thinned by death and sickness, and there were no replacements ...
(By this time, things were also getting out of control on land, and even the Dane's German allies were beginning to show up for the fight. At this point, Algernon Sidney pulled off a diplomatic coup, by taking decisive action, using the fleet as a threat, staring everybody involved down (including his allies), and acting like he was completely in charge, even with respect to Frederik III of Denmark and Charles X of Sweden... alas, it was not to last long... ed.)
... The Cavalier agent [Whetstone] arrived in Denmark only a week or so after Algernon Sidney ... and immediately put himself in Montagu's way, first at a public dinner, where he professed not to recognize the admiral (who recognized him), and then during a sight-seeing trip ... to Copenhagen. ...
An undersecretary in Parliament, Sir Samuel Morland, was a Cavalier agent. Capt. Whetstone was thus able to give Montagu a copy of Algernon Sidney's full orders, including those ordering his arrest if he appeared disloyal.
About Baltic ("The Sound")
San Diego Sarah • Link
Why did Joint General Edward Montagu abandon his extreme anti-royalist position to embrace the Restoration?
A readable account is given in the biography, "Algernon Sidney, The Porcupine: the Life of Algernon Sidney" by John Carswell (1989), John Murray, Publishers.
Years ago I found a website devoted to the Montagu family, which sadly has disappeared. But I copied their extracted explanation of Adm. Montagu's switch in position, told from the perspective of Algernon Sidney.
The editing is theirs:
The balance of power in the Northern Kingdoms had greatly changed ... the Danish King had complete control of the narrow international waterway leading to ... the Baltic ... the Sound ... they levied a toll on every cargo ...
... the emerging power of Sweden... had broken Danish control... France, Britain, and the Netherlands had therefore found common ground ... in May 1659 to impose peace ... All 3 sent special missions to Denmark... and in the case of the English and Dutch, the greater part of their navies...
... the three powers ... had their differences ... The Dutch favored the Danes, the English the Swedes ... It was highly probably, given the immense concentration of Dutch, English, Danish, and Swedish naval and military force round the Sound, that the intervention for peace would end in a general war.
On 18 July, 1659, the Langport cast anchor off Elsinore ... Parliament, following its usual cautious habits, had given Algernon Sidney colleagues [SIC] ... The remaining commissioner was Adm. Sir Edward Montagu, commanding the English fleet in the Sound, who welcomed his colleagues on board his flagship, the Naseby.
The welcome was no doubt the more splendid because Sidney and Montagu were related, although distantly.
In attendance on Edward Montagu was a young secretary, Samuel Pepys, and it is a pity he had not yet begun his diary.
Algernon Sidney had been warned about Edward Montagu by spy-master John Thurloe ... and told that if the Admiral showed any sign of disaffection he should be put under arrest.
Ever since the beginning of the Civil Wars, Edward Montagu had been steady in the Parliamentary cause, but now his loyalty to the republic was doubtful. As a Cavalier agent ... had secretly written to ... the exiled Charles II's chief advisor, `When Montagu doth come home he will either lay by himself, or be laid by by the Parliament. This is the most favorable occasion that ever was to tempt him.'
From this arose the journey of the Cavalier emissary, Capt. [Sir Thomas] Whetstone ...
About Saturday 30 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"I met with a letter from Mr. Turner, offering me 150/. to be joined with me in my patent, and to advise me how to improve the advantage of my place, and to keep off Barlow."
"Thomas Turner (or Tourner) was General Clerk at the Navy Office, and on June 30, 1660, he offered Pepys 150/. to be made joint Clerk of the Acts with him. In a list of the Admiralty officers just before Charles II came in, preserved in the British Museum, there occur, Richard Hutchinson, Treasury of the Navy, salary 1,500/.; Thomas Tourner, General Clerk, for himself and clerk, 100/."
My understanding is that Barlow was given the position of Clerk of the Acts for life by King Charles in 1639 (with another man, who died).
At some point during the interregnum the Admiralty took over the work of the Navy Board, and Mr. Barlow retired to the country.
But someone was needed to do the filing, so Thomas Turner was hired with the title General Clerk.
At the Restoration, Charles II recalled the old members of the Navy Board to keep things going while he appointed their replacements, and quietly Thomas Turner stayed in place.
So now we have three people thinking they should/could be Clerk of the Acts. Can Pepys afford to pay off the other two?
About Saturday 30 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"To Mr. Crew’s, and there took money and paid Mrs. Anne, Mrs. Jemima’s maid, off quite, and so she went away and another came to her."
Today is June 30 -- a bit late for a Quarter Day change.
Maybe the excitement of the times explains this? There must have been lots of jobs available, provided the Montagus give Anne a good reference. Or perhaps "and another came to her" means they waited until the new maid was on the doorstep before they fired Anne.
For more about the significance of Quarter Days see
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About St Giles-in-the-Field
San Diego Sarah • Link
St. Giles in the Fields is also known as The Poets' Church. Many distinguished 17th century people have memorials here, including:
Richard Penderel, R.C. forester who helped Charles II escape after the 2nd Battle of Worcester;
John, 1st Baron Belasyse MP (1614 – 1689). A committed Royalist, he raised 6 regiments of horse and foot and took part in the Battles of Edgehill and Brentford (1642), First Newbury (1643), Selby (1644), Naseby (1645), and the sieges of Reading (1643), Bristol and Newark. He was wounded several times, and was a founding member of the Sealed Knot;
Sir Roger L'Estrange, pamphleteer, courtier and the last Surveyor of the Press;
Andrew Marvell MP, metaphysical poet and satirist;
James Shirley, dramatist to Queen Henrietta's Men;
Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, Anglo-Welsh soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and "the father of English Deism";
Cecil Calvert, 1st Proprietor of the Colony of Avalon in 1610 and the Maryland colony in 1633. His son and daughters-in-law are also buried here.
It was also the last stopping place for convicts being hauled to Tyburn.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_…
@@@
At the start of the 17th century, St. Giles-in-the-fields was on the outskirts of London. The earliest illustration shows a church with a round tower, capped by a dome. The dome was replaced by a spire in 1617, but soon afterwards the church was demolished.
A Gothic brick church was built between 1623-1630t.
It was consecrated by William Laud, Bishop of London in 1631.
The church retained links to the monarchy in the 1630s: the rector, Roger Mainwaring, was chaplain to King Charles and a supporter of Bishop Laud’s reforms. St. Giles was therefore decorated in ‘high church’ style, with a screen separating the chancel and nave, painting of the apostles on the organ loft and stained glass windows.
In the late 1630s, St. Giles’ parishoners petitioned parliament about the ‘popish reliques’ in the church. The vestry was ordered to dispose of statues and tapestries, the stained glass was removed and, between 1640-43, two rectors were ejected on charges of ritualism, and imprisoned.
Following the Restoration, the stained glass returned to the windows, new fittings were ordered, including a new pulpit (still in use today) and church silver returned.
At the end of 1664, the first victims of the Plague died in houses at the north end of Drury Lane in the parish. In 1665, thousands of victims were buried in pits in St. Giles' graveyard, and the area became synonymous with the plague, which Pepys noted in his Diary.
Following the Great Fire in 1666 the population expanded rapidly as new streets were laid out.
In 1685 over 2,000 houses were recorded in the parish.
By 1711 the population was estimated at c.21,000.
More at https://www.stgilesonline.org/his…
About Steelyard
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Hanseatic merchants had a special relationship with England since the 12th century. They had a monopoly of English trade with the Baltic, importing the hemp for ropes and sail cloth, and timber for ships, both vital to English defenses, and grain which they sold at high prices when English harvests failed. Their favorable tax status made them unpopular.
At last, in 1598, their privileged position ended and they were banished, leaving the Baltic trade open to English merchants.
https://www.bl.uk/shakespeare/art…
After decades of these disputes, Queen Elizabeth finally abolished the Hanse in London in 1597, and the Steelyard closed permanently in 1598.
https://www.medievalists.net/2015…
About Other illnesses
San Diego Sarah • Link
As usual in 17th century wars, disease caused more deaths than combat.
There are no accurate figures for the English Civil Wars periods, 1642-51, and it is not possible to give a precise overall figure for those killed in battle, as opposed to those who died from disease, or even for a natural decline in population.
Figures for casualties during this period are unreliable, but some attempt has been made to provide rough estimates.
In England, a conservative estimate is that roughly 100,000 people died from war-related disease during the 3 civil wars. Historical records count 84,830 dead from the wars themselves. Counting in accidents and the two Bishops' wars, an estimate of 190,000 dead is achieved, out of a total population of about 5,000,000.
Figures for Scotland are more unreliable and should be treated with greater caution. Casualties include the deaths of prisoners-of-war in conditions that accelerated their deaths, with estimates of 10,000 prisoners not surviving or not returning home (8,000 captured during and immediately after the Battle of Worcester were deported to New England, Bermuda and the West Indies to work for landowners as indentured laborers).
There are no figures to calculate how many died from war-related diseases, but if the same ratio of disease to battle deaths from English figures is applied to the Scottish figures, a not unreasonable estimate of 60,000 people is achieved, from a population of about 1,000,000.
Figures for Ireland are described as "miracles of conjecture". Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was unbelievable, with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty, the father of English demography. Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants and 504,000 Catholics were killed through plague, war and famine, giving an estimated total of 616,000 dead, from a pre-war population of about 1,500,000.
Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as being tentative; they do not include the estimate of 40,000 driven into exile, some of whom served as soldiers in European continental armies, while others were sold as indentured servants to New England and the West Indies. Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered, but many of those sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death.
These estimates indicate that England suffered a 3.7% loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6%, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41% of its population.
Putting these numbers into the context of other catastrophes helps to understand the devastation to Ireland in particular:
The Great Hunger of 1845–1852 resulted in a loss of 16% of the population, while during the WWII the population of the Soviet Union fell by 16%.
For citations on the above, plus a deep dive on many aspects of the English Civil Wars, see
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictio…
About Thomas Barlow
San Diego Sarah • Link
It appears the Admiralty ran the Navy during the First Anglo-Dutch War.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Thomas Barlow
San Diego Sarah • Link
Pepys' appointment as Clerk of the Acts is belatedly complicated by the emergence of King Charles lifetime appointment, Thomas Barlow, from 1639:
L&M: Thomas Barlow, appointed [as Clerk of the Acts] jointly with Dennis Fleming in 1639, had held the sole reversion since Fleming's death.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
L&M Companion: "During the Civil War and Interregnum the [Navy] Board was replaced by a series of commissions staffed by up to eight or ten members, mostly experienced seamen and merchants armed with general and flexible powers and deliberately made free of the constrictions attaching to the traditional officers of the Board. ... After the return of Charles II the Board was replaced, the former Commissioners continuing for a short period while the members of the Board were chosen and empowered to act."
Since Barlow was appointed in 1639, it looks like he didn't have long in the position before the entire Board disappeared. He then re-surfaces only to find that it’s a brand new game of musical chairs and he’s at risk of losing his seat.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Bit [more] of the Answer about Barlow
Barlow was joint-Clerk of the Acts under Charles I -- a previous COA rather than the existing COA. With the Restoration he appears to have a "reversion" to the job. The patent given for these appointments must be for a lifetime.
What Barlow is doing is staking a claim with the intent of "selling" the job to someone of his choice or being "bought out" with an annuity to clear the job for new appointment. It is a pre-Commonwealth asset in his portfolio that he realizes has regained value.
He is an old man and not interested in returning to London and taking the job back for himself.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Wednesday 14 March 1659/60
San Diego Sarah • Link
Since Pepys is kind enough to document that Monck has moved his establishment into St. James's Palace by now, I add this piece of the undated Restoration puzzle:
"Sir John Grenville's clandestine negotiations with Monck continued through 1659 and culminated in a secret meeting at St. James's Palace in March 1660, during which Monck pledged his allegiance to Charles II.
Grenville carried Monck's message of loyalty to Charles II at Brussels and returned to deliver Charles' manifesto the Declaration of Breda to Parliament on 1 May, 1660."
http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
About Sir John Granville (1st Earl of Bath)
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
Sir John Greville married Jane Wyche, daughter of a wealthy London merchant, in Oct. 1652 and became a leading representative of the King's party in Cornwall and the West.
During 1654, Grenville was a conspirator with the Action Party and plotted to seize Plymouth and Pendennis Castle.
He was arrested in Feb. 1655 in the aftermath of an uprising by western Royalists in the build-up to Penruddock's Uprising.
In 1659, Grenville was a member of the Great Trust and Commission.
Although summoned to answer charges before the Council of State when the government infiltrated the Trust's conspiracies, Sir John Grenville was released on parole.
Grenville's greatest service to the Royalist cause was as an intermediary between Charles II and Gen. Monck (who was his second cousin).
He approached Monck in 1658 through Monck's brother, Nicholas, whom Grenville had appointed to the church living at the Grenville estate of Kilkhampton.
Grenville's clandestine negotiations with Monck continued through 1659 and culminated in a secret meeting at St. James's Palace in March 1660, during which Monck pledged his allegiance to Charles II.
Sir John Grenville carried Monck's message of loyalty to Charles II at Brussels and returned to deliver Charles' manifesto the Declaration of Breda to Parliament on 1 May, 1660.
Sir John Grenville was richly rewarded for his services in securing the Restoration and became the most powerful magnate in the West Country.
Among other honours, he was created the 1st Earl of Bath, warden of the Stanneries, lord-lieutenant of Cornwall and governor of Plymouth.
He continued his service to Charles II and was present at his deathbed conversion to Catholicism in 1685.
Despite losing influence at the succession of James II, Bath commanded an infantry regiment against Monmouth during Monmouth's Rebellion of 1685.
When William of Orange invaded England in 1688, Bath made no attempt to defend Exeter, and surrendered Plymouth to William's forces.
Under William III, Bath added the lieutenancy of Devon and the governorship of the Isles of Scilly to his offices.
However, he was angered when William III granted the earldom of Albemarle to a favourite in 1697, a title claimed by Bath through his connection to the Monck family.
sir John's final years were spent fighting over the Albemarle estate, which almost bankrupted him.
Two weeks after his death in August 1701, his heir Charles Grenville shot himself, overwhelmed by the debts he had inherited.
They were buried on 22 Sept., 1701, in the family vault at Kilkhampton.
Sources:
Peter Gaunt, The Cromwellian Gazetteer, (Stroud 1987)
G. Ridsdill Smith & M. Toynbee, Leaders of the Civil Wars 1642-48 (Kineton 1977)
Victor Stater, John Grenville, 1st earl of Bath, Oxford DNB, 2004
David Underdown, Royalist Conspiracy in England 1649-60 (New Haven 1960)
From http://bcw-project.org/biography/…
About Sir John Granville (1st Earl of Bath)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Sir John Grenville, 1st Earl of Bath, 1628-1701, served the King's cause as a soldier, privateer and conspirator, then secured the allegiance of Gen. Monck to bring about the Restoration.
Born at Kilkhampton, Cornwall in August 1628, John Grenville was the third son of Sir Bevil Grenville and Grace, daughter of Sir George Smith.
By 1641, both of John's elder brothers had died and he was heir to his family's extensive estates in Cornwall and Devon.
He was educated at home but in 1642, this was interrupted by the outbreak of the 1st civil war.
At 14, John Grenville held a commission in his father's regiment, which fought for King Charles under Sir Ralph Hopton in south-western England.
When Sir Bevil was killed at the battle of Lansdown in July 1643, his Cornish soldiers mounted John upon his father's horse and declared their allegiance to him as head of the Grenville family.
John Grenville was knighted by King Charles after the capture of Bristol in August 1643 and served with the King's Oxford army in the Lostwithiel campaign in 1644.
Sir John Grenville was wounded at the 2nd battle of Newbury, where he was found lying unconscious among the dead.
In 1645, he was appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber to Prince Charles, and remained one of Charles' closest friends and advisers.
After the defeat of the Royalists in the 1st Civil War, Grenville accompanied Prince Charles to Scilly, Jersey and Paris. In February 1649, Charles II appointed Sir John as the governor of the Isles of Scilly.
During 1649-51, Gov. Grenville directed Royalist privateers from Tresco and St, Mary's in a lucrative campaign against English and Dutch merchantmen to raise prize money for Charles II's court-in-exile.
A Dutch fleet under Lt-Adm. Tromp was forestalled from attacking Gov. Grenville's base when the Commonwealth sent an invasion force under the generals-at-sea Blake and Ayscue in April 1651.
Combined land and sea operations against the Royalists quickly secured Tresco. Sir John withdrew into Star Castle on St Mary's, which was besieged and bombarded into submission.
On 23 May, Gov. Sir John Grenville surrendered to Blake under generous terms.
After a brief imprisonment at Plymouth, Sir John was given leave to join Charles II in exile, but chose to remain in England.
About John Thurloe
San Diego Sarah • Link
For information about John Thurloe's release from prison after the Restoration, which could have been in response to his blackmail about a "little black book" on some of the "loyal" royalists, see
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Friday 29 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
Meanwhile, Oliver and Richard Cromwell's head of intelligence and Secretary of State, John Thurloe, has negotiated a release and pardon:
Today in the House of Commons:
Thurloe protected.
Resolved, That Mr. John Thurloe have free Liberty to attend the Secretaries of State, at such Times as they shall appoint, and for so long time as they shall own his Attendance for the Service of the State, without any Trouble or Molestation during such his Attendance, and in his going and returning to and from the Secretaries of State; any former Order of this House notwithstanding.
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
"After the readmission of the secluded members (21 Feb. 1660) Thurloe, to the great disgust of the royalists, was reappointed secretary of state (27 Feb.) as being the only man whose knowledge of the state both of foreign and home affairs fitted him for the post (Clarendon State Papers, iii. 693, 701).
The royalists suspected him of desiring to restore Richard, and were anxious to buy him over if possible; but, according to their information, he resisted the restoration of the Stuarts to the last, and did his best to corrupt Monck (ib. iii. 693, 749; THURLOE, vii. 855).
In April he certainly made overtures to Hyde, promising to forward a restoration, but his sincerity was suspected (THURLOE, vii. 897).
Monck so far favoured Thurloe that he recommended him to the borough of Bridgnorth for election to the Convention; but even with this support his candidature was a failure (ib. pp. 888, 895).
"After the king's return Thurloe escaped better than he could have expected.
On 15 May 1660 he was accused of high treason and committed to the custody of the serjeant-at-arms. The particulars of the charge do not appear.
On 29 June he was set at liberty with the proviso of attending the secretaries of state 'for the service of the state whenever they should require' (Commons' Journals, viii, 26, 117).
He was reputed to have said that if he were hanged he had a black book which would hang many that went for cavaliers, but he seems to have made no revelations as to his secret agents (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. pp. 154-84, 208).
After his release he usually lived at Great Milton in Oxfordshire, residing at his chambers in Lincoln's Inn occasionally during term-time.
The government desired to avail itself of his minute knowledge of the state of foreign affairs, on which subject he addressed several papers to Clarendon (THURLOE, i. 705, 759, vii. 915).
An unsupported tradition asserts that Charles II often solicited him to engage again in the administration of foreign affairs, but without success (State Papers, vol. i. p. xix)."
http://www.tim.ukpub.net/lge/mead…
I wonder what Sir Samuel Morland thought about this. I know I'd be checking under the bed for the rest of my life if I were he.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Thursday 28 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
Wikipedia tries to answer yRLB's question about why the tailors belong to the less prestigeous Clothworkers Guild instead of the highly regarded Merchant Taylors:
The Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors was at first an association of tailors. By the end of the 17th century, its connection with the tailoring trade had virtually ceased and it became what it is today, a philanthropic and social association ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wor…
The Worshipful Company of Clothworkers was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1528, formed by the amalgamation of its two predecessor companies, the Fullers (incorporated 1480) and the Shearmen (incorporated 1508). It succeeded to the position of the Shearmen's Company and thus ranks 12th in the order of precedence of Livery Companies of the City of London.
The original craft of the Clothworkers was the finishing of woven woollen cloth: fulling it to mat the fibres and remove the grease, drying it on tenter frames raising the nap with teasels (Dipsacus) and shearing it to a uniform finish. The Ordinances of The Clothworkers' Company, first issued in 1532 and signed by Sir Thomas More, sought to regulate clothworking, to maintain standards and to protect approved practices.
From the later Middle Ages, cloth production gradually moved away from London, a situation exacerbated by the Great Fire of London ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wor…
So the tailors had joined the guild that worked for them, as opposed to the rich social club.
About Thursday 28 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
"After all this to my Lord, who lay a-bed till eleven o’clock, it being almost five before he went to bed, they supped so late last night with the King."
The public dinner with the Speaker last night ran very late. Do you think Charles stayed until 5 a.m. also -- meaning no one could leave earlier? Or did Sandwich and some of the other gentlemen bring out the gaming tables after the King had left?
If Charles stayed, he would have had to be up and at church to observe his own Thanksgiving service today, although Pepys doesn't mention seeing him.
It must have been hard work being King in those days. Church, meetings and decisions all day long, followed by entertaining all evening. But Charles is only 30 -- yawn.
About Thursday 28 June 1660
San Diego Sarah • Link
To clarify some of the above:
L&M: Sir George Downing: He had returned from Holland in May. His meanness is well attested elsewhere, and may have been another factor in his commercial acumen.
L&M: John Hawley – A colleague of Pepys at the Exchequer at the start of the Diary, where they were both clerks to George Downing c 1658-60. In March 1658, George Downing refers to Hawley as "my servant at my house;" by the following September he was living at Major Greenleaf's in the Axe Yard. According to the Diary he was clerk to the merchant Sir Thos. Ingram 1660-61, ...
L&M: Sir Thomas Ingram: Merchant; kt. 1639 (d. 1671). Son of Sir Arthur (d. 1642) who was Secretary to the Council of the North. Gentleman of the Privy Chamber 1660 ...