Alicante's history took a significant turn during Roman times when it became known as "Lucentum." The Romans brought with them their culture and architecture, evident in structures like the Roman baths and the layout of the city. Lucentum served as a key port in the Roman province of Hispania.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Alicante, like much of the Iberian Peninsula, fell under the rule of various Visigothic and Moorish dynasties.
During the Moorish era, Alicante thrived as a centre of trade and agriculture, with the city's name evolving into "Al-Laqant."
The Reconquista, a period of Christian reconquest, led to Alicante's liberation from Moorish rule in the 13th century under King Alfonso X of Castile. The city was renamed Alicante, which is believed to have derived from the Arabic "al-laqant."
Alicante flourished as a bustling Mediterranean port during the Middle Ages. It was a hub for trade, particularly with other European cities, and its strategic location made it a target for pirates. To defend against these threats, the Santa Bárbara Castle was constructed on Mount Benacantil, which still stands as a symbol of the city.
In the 18th century, Alicante saw economic growth driven by the export of local products, including wines, almonds, and olive oil. With ups and down in the economy, the prosperity continued into the 19th century, marked by the construction of significant civic buildings and the famous Esplanade of Spain.
In the 20th century, Alicante experienced urban development and population growth, becoming a prominent tourist destination along the Costa Blanca. https://www.alicante.com/v/histor…
Also from the Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 for today:
Lord Sandwich to the Earl of Winchelsea, H.M. ambassador-extraordinary to the Grand Seignior Written from: The Royal James in Algiers Bay Date: 8 August 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 570-571 Document type: Holograph-Minute
Has seen a letter of his lordship, wherein he saw an intimation of the resolve of the Grand Vizier to detain at Constantinople certain expected envoys from Algiers, until confirmation had been made at Algiers of the ancient English capitulations, and until the release of my Lord O'Brien.
The writer thinks it necessary therefore to inform Lord Winchilsea that Lord O'Brien arrived in London about the beginning of June last, but, as to his lordship's servants, they are still captives.
Adds, at great length, particulars of the state of public relations with Algiers, and of the naval preparations ...
@@@
Earl of Winchelsea, His Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary at Constantinople -- FINCH, HENEAGE, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea (d. 1689)
Lord O'Brien -- MURROUGH, 1st EARL OF INCHIQUIN and 6th BARON INCHIQUIN (1614-1674)
Lord Sandwich to Sir John Lawson Written from: at sea Date: 8 August 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 572 Document type: Holograph-Minute
Encloses an instruction received by the writer from H.R.H. the Lord High Admiral, and orders Lawson to execute the same, on his behalf, giving him full power & authority to that end.
A catch-up before we see a letter written at the Navy Office today:
In January 1659/60, Adm. John Lawson was appointed to the Council of State but he was outmaneuvered by Monck and Montagu, who secured control of the navy and engineered the Restoration of the monarchy in May 1660. Adm. John Lawson reluctantly accepted the Restoration, which in turn assured the loyalty of the Channel fleet.
Recognizing Adm. Lawson's popularity and influence in the navy, Charles II rewarded him with money and a knighthood.
From 1661-1664, Sir John Lawson commanded a squadron in the Mediterranean securing English commerce and shipping against the corsair states of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Adm. Sir William Penn to Sandwich Written from: Navy Office Date: 8 August 1661 [O.S.] Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 567 Document type: Original
Encloses a letter [not now appended] by which Lord Sandwich will learn that Sir John & Lady Lawson have been bereaved of their three eldest daughters by a fever. His lordship is entreated to break the news to the father with such lenifying preparations as Charity will dictate. Lady Lawson feels that a few words from Sandwich will be of great avail ...
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
An Alphabet of Cyphers; apparently used by Lord Sandwich during his missions in the Mediterranean and Portugal Date: 1661? Shelfmark: MS. Carte 74, fol(s). 505 Document type: Endorsed, in Lord Sandwich's hand: "Lord Hinchingbrooke". ________________________________________
Instructions for Edward, Earl of Sandwich, our Vice-Admiral of England, Admiral & Commander-in-Chief of our Fleet now employed for the Mediterranean Sea &c. Date: Undated [1661?] Shelfmark: MS. Carte 74, fol(s). 449-450 Document type: Draft; with corrections
The Admiral is ordered to proceed to the Bay of Algiers; and if possible, to conclude a treaty for peaceful & secure traffic on assured terms; failing that, he is to declare open & immediate hostilities and to take or destroy all ships belonging to that Government or to its Subjects. ________________________________________
King Charles II to the King of France, and to the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, at Malta Date: Undated [1661] Shelfmark: MS. Carte 75, fol(s). 646 Document type: Copy
Notifies the fitting-out and despatch to Sea of a Fleet, under Command of the Earl of Sandwich, for repression of the pirates of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, and requests free use of the French & Maltese Ports, as occasion may arise ...
Meanwhile, at Whitehall today, 30 March, 1661, Charles II created James Butler, as the 1st Duke of Ormonde. As the Marquiss of Ormonde, Butler was appointed lord steward of the royal household by 4 June, 1660, and was later made high steward of Westminster, Kingston, and Bristol, and lord lieutenant of Somerset, and (in July) created earl of Brecknock and baron of Lanthony in the English peerage. Ormonde was also among the first to be appointed to Charles II's English privy council, and more significantly, by 15 June, 1660, had joined 5 other men, including York, Clarendon, Southampton and Albemarle, as Charles' “cabinet council”. https://www.dib.ie/biography/butl… https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
So who was the other inner cabinet member? Sandwich? – NO: his reward was to be made a Knight of the Garter, Earl of Sandwich, master of the wardrobe, and admiral of the narrow seas. St. Albans was still with the Queen Mother in Paris; I don’t think Charles trusted Buckingham yet; I don’t think he’d even met Bennet or Clifford yet; Lauderdale had been made a Gentleman-of-the-Bedchamber at The Hague in 1660, and was made the Secretary of State for Scotland in the summer of 1660, so he’s a candidate, but this honor isn't mentioned in any of his bios. Who else was there of sufficient stature? Charles II sent the letters missive on 2 September, 1660, naming the elderly William Juxon (the restored Bishop of London) as Archbishop of Canterbury, so maybe he is the missing man? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil…
Manners, etiquette, knowing what was expected and what was "in" -- these things could easily upset the gentlemanly image Pepys was creating.
But on the other hand, he's still playful enough to lean out of his bedroom window to play his pipe before bed. I trust it was on the garden side of the building so his neighbors could enjoy it.
And finally the fatherly gesture of checking up on Will's Latin homework. If he only did it today, it won't count for much -- but if Pepys does this over time (even if he doesn't record it in the Diary) it explains why Hewer remained his friend for life.
But this does end my idea that Hewer had gone to University. He must have been a bright, home schooled kid with lots of exposure to the family counting house.
On Quarter Days people received cash from debtors and paid their creditors. They all did it at the same time because of an acute shortage of coins. They lived on credit in the meantime, used tally sticks to keep track of transactions, etc. Pepys is in a fairly unusual situation in that he gets paid his salary and official bonuses whenever there is money in the Exchequer to do so. And he often records paying people as soon as he receives it.
Recently he has had to pay the painters and stainers, kitchen improvers, and staircase builders. My guess is that's where most of the cash went. And he doesn't want to sell the silverware unless he absolutely has to.
Alfonso IV of Spain to Sandwich Written from: Madrid Date: 31 July 1661 [N.S.] Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 550 Document type: Original. With impressed seal of arms.
Has received by the hands of the Conde de Toreno the admiral's letter of the 16th inst and also that of the king his master. Has replied to his brother's letter through the channel of his own ambassador in England.
And has given orders to all his chief officers in Spanish ports to render friendly offices to English subjects upon needful occasion. Spanish.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Written in Spanish and not Latin. That's progress.
"the king his master" would be Charles II. And I'm guessing that "my brother" would also be Charles II -- royal brotherhood, in other words. Nothing else seems to make sense.
The Count of Toreno, Governor of Malaga to Sandwich Written from: Malaga Date: 16 July 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 545 Document type: Original; subscribed and signed. Addressed: "El Generallissimo Sandwich de Mountuagu." Endorsed by the Admiral: "The Governor of Malaga, concerning some slaves in Algiers."
Entreats the Earl's good offices and endeavours for the release of certain Spanish captives, now held in slavery by the Dey of Algiers. Spanish.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
The Governor of Malaga, the Conde de Torrino, seems to be an hereditory position, but I haven't found a relevant page for this particular man. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
E[dward] M[ontagu] to Sandwich Written from: [London] Date: 1 July 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 223, fol(s). 246-247 Document type: Holograph
In obedience to the Earl's commands, had promised to M. Frezendorff that he, the writer, will do his best to serve Frezendorff's kinsman in the pending business; and particularly in recommending him to the Lord Chancellor; to whom he has already spoken upon the affair of the town of Huntingdon, and respecting the Patents for Major Walden & Mr. Heron ...
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
I think of all the Edward Montagus available to us, I vote for "Ned" who is housesitting the Whitehall apartments. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The King's Royal Letters of Credence...in favour of Edward, Earl of Sandwich, Envoy Written from: Westminster Date: UNDATED Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 542 Document type: Copy
The King's Royal Letters of Credence to the Kings of Spain and Portugal, and to the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, in favour of Edward, Earl of Sandwich, Envoy, etc. Latin.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Ferdinando II de' Medici (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was grand duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. He's the father of Cosmo, about whom the 1669 travelogues were written. Any ideas why Ferdinando needed to know that Sandwich was a special envoy? No doubt we will find out ...
At the third time around, these annotations with deadly infections referred to in the past tense are rather funny and definitely naive. Little did the annotators know what was brewing somewhere near the Silk Road.
Something about not counting chickens comes to mind ... but that could be our future, brewing world-wide now.
Henry More (or Moore) to Sandwich Written from: London Date: 19 June 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 536 Document type: Holograph
Apprises his Lordship that Mrs. Gresham sealed the lease [to his Lordship] of a house "for nearly 8 years, under the rent of £450, per ann."
Adds that my Lord Crewe [John, 1st Lord Crew] "hath not your Lordship's Will and Settlement."
Encloses a letter from Mr. Buggins not now appended.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Mr. Moore assures Me Lud that he's on the job. Good news first: the house is rented. Bad news next: your father-in-law doesn't have the latest copy of your will. Where did you put it? And finally news from Mr. Buggins; I'd love to see what he had to say.
I think we have a problem with Pepys' shorthand and Victorian punctuation muddying the waters, 徽柔 .
Try this: "Fitz-Harding (to whom he hath, it seems, given 2,000l. per annum in the best part of the King’s estate); and that that the old Duke of Buckingham could never get of the King."
I read this to mean that old Buckingham wanted an estate which was worth 2,000l. per annum, and never could persuade James I or Charles I to part with it. But Johnny-come-lately playboy Fitz-Harding has wheedled it out of Charles II without much trouble.
"During the Revolutionary War, ..." that was the US War of Independence, of 1776 and all that, not the British Civil Wars in which Quakers did fight.
In November 1660, George Fox presented a document to Charles II in which I believe he advocated non-violence for the first time. Charles seems to have listened as he tried for 20 years to bring in legislation with relief specifically naming the Quakers. The paper was called
"A DECLARATION FROM THE HARMLESS AND INNOCENT PEOPLE OF GOD, CALLED QUAKERS, AGAINST ALL SEDITION, PLOTTERS, AND FIGHTERS IN THE WORLD: FOR REMOVING THE GROUND OF JEALOUSY AND SUSPICION FROM MAGISTRATES AND PEOPLE CONCERNING WARS AND FIGHTINGS.
"George Fox and others. "Presented to the King upon the 21st day of the 11th Month, 1660."
This Document can be read in full on The Quaker Writings Home Page. http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpage… [Text from the 2 Volume 8th and Bicentenary Edition of Fox's Journal, London: Friends' Tract Association, 1891.]
Sadly Parliament carried on with its specific persecution, and I still wonder why. The Quakers were far from the most outrageous of the non-conformists. Many groups let the ladies speak in church. Maybe it was the rejection of all ministers that was the step too far!? At least they weren't running around naked, or fornicating in public. Check out what the Anabaptists believed (the list was compiled by a Catholic): https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… and for a list of the variety of non-conformist churches in London in 1669 https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Maybe it's as simple as people wanted to make up their own minds, and not to be told what to believe by Parliament or King? The Quakers were the largest and most organized, and therefore attracted the heat?
In the House of Commons today (they are responsible for taxation and the passing of the budget -- called Supply; as you'll see, there was never enough):
Publick Revenue. Sir Phillip Warwick, according to an Order of the Thirteenth of June last, did this Day make Report to this House of the State of the Particulars designed for his Majesty's constant Revenue, to the Effect following:
That, by an Order, made the One-and-thirtieth of July 1660, by the Commons then assembled, it was referred to a Committee, to consider of settling such a Revenue on his Majesty, as might maintain the Splendor and Grandeur of his Kingly Office, and preserve the Crown from Want, and from being undervalued by his Neighbours; and to make a speedy Report to the House.
In pursuance whereof, several Particulars were designed for his Majesty's Revenue.
And that, upon the whole Matter, he found the Customs, estimated at Five hundred thousand Pounds per Annum, would fall short One hundred thousand Pounds:
That the Excise, valued at Three hundred thousand Pounds, would fall short Fifty thousands:
That the Crown Lands, valued at One hundred and Twenty thousand Pounds, would fall short Forty thousand Pounds:
That the Estimate upon Advance of the Queen's Jointure, at Fifty thousand Pounds, will fall short Forty thousand Pounds:
That the Estates forfeited, estimated at Thirty-eight thousand Pounds, will fall short Twenty-five thousand Pounds:
That the Wine Licences, estimated at Twenty-five thousand Pounds, will fall short Ten thousand Pounds:
Total of the Defects, Two hundred Sixty-five thousand Pounds. @@@
Sorry Charlie, last year's velvet will have to do. As I said, there was never enough.
Both diaries are partly the result of selection, in which material from one could find its way into the other, from what seemed even to D’Ewes a jumble of notes.
Sometimes the Latin diary provides the key to understanding the parliamentary diary. For instance, D’Ewes’ explanation for abandoning the parliamentary diary on 3 Nov. 1645. The author gave it up because exactly 5 years of the parliament had passed, ‘with the outbreak of war ancient usages had been neglected, and new MPs chosen in a new way, completely contrary to my own view’. In other words, the recruiter elections were the final straw.
D'Ewes records his many antiquarian, intellectual pursuits in the Latin diary. Important among these was his numismatic work. His coin collection arrived in London from Suffolk in Jan, 1645. Had a highwaymen or marauding royalists intercepted the wagon, they would quickly have been disgusted on realising the estimated 6,000 coins were mainly minted in imperial Rome. D’Ewes found at least 7 Latin verbs to describe his activities with coins, and they all involve separating and classifying. Processes of selection are evident in his other studies, among the manuscripts he consulted at the Tower of London, and his own library of 700 manuscripts and 7,800 charters. Unsurprisingly, his mind was pre-disposed to classifying when it came to analyzing the behaviour of his fellow MPs, evident in his commentary on ‘parties’ in June and Dec. 1643.
The price paid for wrenching from the D’Ewes diaries the daily summaries of parliamentary activity is the loss of understanding their value as autobiography. A holistic approach to his diaries restores their potential as a source for understanding one person’s perceptions of the world around them. @@@ These notes are taken from the preparatory notes for a seminar to be given by Stephen Roberts, emeritus director of the History of Parliament Trust, and editor of The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1640-1660 (9 vols, 2023) on 25 June 2024. It is 'hybrid', which means you can attend either in-person in London, or via Zoom. https://thehistoryofparliament.wo…
The writing process was complex. There were notes, sometimes in Latin, and rough drafts, only some of which have survived, and then the fair copy. D’Ewes’ secretary, James Hornigold, was an active participant in shaping the final copy, with differences of wording between the rough and fair drafts. By June 1643 the parliamentary diaries occupied ‘3 great tomes’, marks a point at which D’Ewes was reappraising his own diary motives. Disillusioned at what seemed like a failure of the war effort against King Charles, the unwillingness of radicals in the Commons to contemplate peace, and the serial abuse and disregard of what he considered proper parliamentary process, he decided to persist with the diary ‘to transmit not only the story but the very secret workings and machinations of each party as well of the two houses of parliament chiefly led and guided by some few members of either house as of the king’s party’.
This reappraisal involved a change of method. D’Ewes adopted what he considered a more artless process, including only ‘remarkable passages’, which he thought useful to posterity because he ‘set down matters with the same freedom with which others spake or acted them’.
His motives for beginning a new diary from Jan. 1644, in Latin, parallel to the parliamentary diary, are never stated. The Latin diary gives a more rounded picture of D’Ewes’ personal day than the parliamentary diary, so it is easy to assume that securing privacy from prying, unlearned eyes might have been the aim. An important clue is offered by the record in the diary of how much reading and writing in Latin the author has achieved each month (usually not much). The diary was partly a significant Latin exercise.
In the parliamentary diary D'Ewes usually prefaces a précis of one of his own speeches with ‘I rose and spake in effect following’; in the Latin he starts each day with letter-writing and diarizing.
The Latin diary involved him in literary decisions about which Latin vocabulary and constructions were most appropriate for describing parliamentary job titles and committees. Having started with delegatus for MP, in Dec. 1644 he hit on assessor, meaning not one who assesses or levies taxes, but one who sits next to another (from ad-sedere), suggesting a borrowing or invention inspired by classical not medieval Latin sources. He comes up with 6 terms for the Committee for Plundered Ministers.
Comments
Third Reading
About Alicante, Spain
San Diego Sarah • Link
Alicante's history took a significant turn during Roman times when it became known as "Lucentum." The Romans brought with them their culture and architecture, evident in structures like the Roman baths and the layout of the city. Lucentum served as a key port in the Roman province of Hispania.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Alicante, like much of the Iberian Peninsula, fell under the rule of various Visigothic and Moorish dynasties.
During the Moorish era, Alicante thrived as a centre of trade and agriculture, with the city's name evolving into "Al-Laqant."
The Reconquista, a period of Christian reconquest, led to Alicante's liberation from Moorish rule in the 13th century under King Alfonso X of Castile. The city was renamed Alicante, which is believed to have derived from the Arabic "al-laqant."
Alicante flourished as a bustling Mediterranean port during the Middle Ages. It was a hub for trade, particularly with other European cities, and its strategic location made it a target for pirates. To defend against these threats, the Santa Bárbara Castle was constructed on Mount Benacantil, which still stands as a symbol of the city.
In the 18th century, Alicante saw economic growth driven by the export of local products, including wines, almonds, and olive oil. With ups and down in the economy, the prosperity continued into the 19th century, marked by the construction of significant civic buildings and the famous Esplanade of Spain.
In the 20th century, Alicante experienced urban development and population growth, becoming a prominent tourist destination along the Costa Blanca.
https://www.alicante.com/v/histor…
About Thursday 8 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Also from the Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 for today:
Lord Sandwich to the Earl of Winchelsea, H.M. ambassador-extraordinary to the Grand Seignior
Written from: The Royal James in Algiers Bay
Date: 8 August 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 570-571
Document type: Holograph-Minute
Has seen a letter of his lordship, wherein he saw an intimation of the resolve of the Grand Vizier to detain at Constantinople certain expected envoys from Algiers, until confirmation had been made at Algiers of the ancient English capitulations, and until the release of my Lord O'Brien.
The writer thinks it necessary therefore to inform Lord Winchilsea that Lord O'Brien arrived in London about the beginning of June last, but, as to his lordship's servants, they are still captives.
Adds, at great length, particulars of the state of public relations with Algiers, and of the naval preparations ...
@@@
Earl of Winchelsea, His Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary at Constantinople -- FINCH, HENEAGE, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea (d. 1689)
Lord O'Brien -- MURROUGH, 1st EARL OF INCHIQUIN and 6th BARON INCHIQUIN (1614-1674)
For the notification of O'Brien's release, see
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
________________________________________
Lord Sandwich to Sir John Lawson
Written from: at sea
Date: 8 August 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 572
Document type: Holograph-Minute
Encloses an instruction received by the writer from H.R.H. the Lord High Admiral, and orders Lawson to execute the same, on his behalf, giving him full power & authority to that end.
About Thursday 8 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
A catch-up before we see a letter written at the Navy Office today:
In January 1659/60, Adm. John Lawson was appointed to the Council of State but he was outmaneuvered by Monck and Montagu, who secured control of the navy and engineered the Restoration of the monarchy in May 1660.
Adm. John Lawson reluctantly accepted the Restoration, which in turn assured the loyalty of the Channel fleet.
Recognizing Adm. Lawson's popularity and influence in the navy, Charles II rewarded him with money and a knighthood.
From 1661-1664, Sir John Lawson commanded a squadron in the Mediterranean securing English commerce and shipping against the corsair states of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Adm. Sir William Penn to Sandwich
Written from: Navy Office
Date: 8 August 1661 [O.S.]
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 567
Document type: Original
Encloses a letter [not now appended] by which Lord Sandwich will learn that Sir John & Lady Lawson have been bereaved of their three eldest daughters by a fever.
His lordship is entreated to break the news to the father with such lenifying preparations as Charity will dictate.
Lady Lawson feels that a few words from Sandwich will be of great avail ...
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
About Monday 10 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
An Alphabet of Cyphers; apparently used by Lord Sandwich during his missions in the Mediterranean and Portugal
Date: 1661?
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 74, fol(s). 505
Document type: Endorsed, in Lord Sandwich's hand: "Lord Hinchingbrooke".
________________________________________
Instructions for Edward, Earl of Sandwich, our Vice-Admiral of England, Admiral & Commander-in-Chief of our Fleet now employed for the Mediterranean Sea &c.
Date: Undated [1661?]
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 74, fol(s). 449-450
Document type: Draft; with corrections
The Admiral is ordered to proceed to the Bay of Algiers; and if possible, to conclude a treaty for peaceful & secure traffic on assured terms; failing that, he is to declare open & immediate hostilities and to take or destroy all ships belonging to that Government or to its Subjects.
________________________________________
King Charles II to the King of France, and to the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, at Malta
Date: Undated [1661]
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 75, fol(s). 646
Document type: Copy
Notifies the fitting-out and despatch to Sea of a Fleet, under Command of the Earl of Sandwich, for repression of the pirates of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, and requests free use of the French & Maltese Ports, as occasion may arise ...
About Saturday 30 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Meanwhile, at Whitehall today, 30 March, 1661, Charles II created James Butler, as the 1st Duke of Ormonde.
As the Marquiss of Ormonde, Butler was appointed lord steward of the royal household by 4 June, 1660, and was later made high steward of Westminster, Kingston, and Bristol, and lord lieutenant of Somerset, and (in July) created earl of Brecknock and baron of Lanthony in the English peerage.
Ormonde was also among the first to be appointed to Charles II's English privy council, and more significantly, by 15 June, 1660, had joined 5 other men, including York, Clarendon, Southampton and Albemarle, as Charles' “cabinet council”.
https://www.dib.ie/biography/butl…
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
So who was the other inner cabinet member?
Sandwich? – NO: his reward was to be made a Knight of the Garter, Earl of Sandwich, master of the wardrobe, and admiral of the narrow seas.
St. Albans was still with the Queen Mother in Paris;
I don’t think Charles trusted Buckingham yet;
I don’t think he’d even met Bennet or Clifford yet;
Lauderdale had been made a Gentleman-of-the-Bedchamber at The Hague in 1660, and was made the Secretary of State for Scotland in the summer of 1660, so he’s a candidate, but this honor isn't mentioned in any of his bios.
Who else was there of sufficient stature?
Charles II sent the letters missive on 2 September, 1660, naming the elderly William Juxon (the restored Bishop of London) as Archbishop of Canterbury, so maybe he is the missing man?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil…
About Thursday 6 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Did Venner really justify this level of concern, or what else is going on?"
THE ANSWER TO MY QUESTION -- I had already forgotten this information which I posted in January of this year!!!
The Fifth Monarchists, Quakers and non-conformists represent what Parliament truly fears:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Friday 19 June 1663
San Diego Sarah • Link
Manners, etiquette, knowing what was expected and what was "in" -- these things could easily upset the gentlemanly image Pepys was creating.
But on the other hand, he's still playful enough to lean out of his bedroom window to play his pipe before bed. I trust it was on the garden side of the building so his neighbors could enjoy it.
And finally the fatherly gesture of checking up on Will's Latin homework. If he only did it today, it won't count for much -- but if Pepys does this over time (even if he doesn't record it in the Diary) it explains why Hewer remained his friend for life.
But this does end my idea that Hewer had gone to University. He must have been a bright, home schooled kid with lots of exposure to the family counting house.
About Wednesday 31 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Lent out? Owed to him? Where?"
On Quarter Days people received cash from debtors and paid their creditors. They all did it at the same time because of an acute shortage of coins. They lived on credit in the meantime, used tally sticks to keep track of transactions, etc.
Pepys is in a fairly unusual situation in that he gets paid his salary and official bonuses whenever there is money in the Exchequer to do so. And he often records paying people as soon as he receives it.
Recently he has had to pay the painters and stainers, kitchen improvers, and staircase builders. My guess is that's where most of the cash went. And he doesn't want to sell the silverware unless he absolutely has to.
About Wednesday 31 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Alfonso IV of Spain to Sandwich
Written from: Madrid
Date: 31 July 1661 [N.S.]
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 550
Document type: Original. With impressed seal of arms.
Has received by the hands of the Conde de Toreno the admiral's letter of the 16th inst and also that of the king his master. Has replied to his brother's letter through the channel of his own ambassador in England.
And has given orders to all his chief officers in Spanish ports to render friendly offices to English subjects upon needful occasion.
Spanish.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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Written in Spanish and not Latin. That's progress.
Alfonso VI, King of Spain -- our Portuguese annotator Pedro always calls him "Afonso" --
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
"the king his master" would be Charles II. And I'm guessing that "my brother" would also be Charles II -- royal brotherhood, in other words. Nothing else seems to make sense.
About Tuesday 16 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Count of Toreno, Governor of Malaga to Sandwich
Written from: Malaga
Date: 16 July 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 545
Document type: Original; subscribed and signed. Addressed: "El Generallissimo Sandwich de Mountuagu."
Endorsed by the Admiral: "The Governor of Malaga, concerning some slaves in Algiers."
Entreats the Earl's good offices and endeavours for the release of certain Spanish captives, now held in slavery by the Dey of Algiers.
Spanish.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
The Governor of Malaga, the Conde de Torrino, seems to be an hereditory position, but I haven't found a relevant page for this particular man.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Monday 1 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
E[dward] M[ontagu] to Sandwich
Written from: [London]
Date: 1 July 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 223, fol(s). 246-247
Document type: Holograph
In obedience to the Earl's commands, had promised to M. Frezendorff that he, the writer, will do his best to serve Frezendorff's kinsman in the pending business; and particularly in recommending him to the Lord Chancellor; to whom he has already spoken upon the affair of the town of Huntingdon, and respecting the Patents for Major Walden & Mr. Heron ...
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
I think of all the Edward Montagus available to us, I vote for "Ned" who is housesitting the Whitehall apartments.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The Fresendorff letter, and an explanation as to why it was important, is at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Monday 10 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The King's Royal Letters of Credence...in favour of Edward, Earl of Sandwich, Envoy
Written from: Westminster
Date: UNDATED
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 542
Document type: Copy
The King's Royal Letters of Credence to the Kings of Spain and Portugal, and to the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, in favour of Edward, Earl of Sandwich, Envoy, etc.
Latin.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Ferdinando II de' Medici (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was grand duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. He's the father of Cosmo, about whom the 1669 travelogues were written. Any ideas why Ferdinando needed to know that Sandwich was a special envoy? No doubt we will find out ...
I suppose copues were given to Sandwich and the originals sent to Carlos II in Madrid,
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Afonso VI in Lisbon,
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
and to Ferdinando II at the Pitti Palace, Florence.
About Wednesday 19 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
At the third time around, these annotations with deadly infections referred to in the past tense are rather funny and definitely naive. Little did the annotators know what was brewing somewhere near the Silk Road.
Something about not counting chickens comes to mind ... but that could be our future, brewing world-wide now.
About Wednesday 19 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Henry More (or Moore) to Sandwich
Written from: London
Date: 19 June 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 536
Document type: Holograph
Apprises his Lordship that Mrs. Gresham sealed the lease [to his Lordship] of a house "for nearly 8 years, under the rent of £450, per ann."
Adds that my Lord Crewe [John, 1st Lord Crew] "hath not your Lordship's Will and Settlement."
Encloses a letter from Mr. Buggins not now appended.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Mr. Moore assures Me Lud that he's on the job.
Good news first: the house is rented.
Bad news next: your father-in-law doesn't have the latest copy of your will. Where did you put it?
And finally news from Mr. Buggins; I'd love to see what he had to say.
About Monday 17 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
THE ANSWER TO MY QUAKER QUESTION -- I had already forgotten this information which I posted in January of this year!!!
The Quakers are stand-ins for what Parliament really fears:
}https://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/666/#c555969
About Monday 22 February 1663/64
San Diego Sarah • Link
I think we have a problem with Pepys' shorthand and Victorian punctuation muddying the waters, 徽柔 .
Try this: "Fitz-Harding (to whom he hath, it seems, given 2,000l. per annum in the best part of the King’s estate); and that that the old Duke of Buckingham could never get of the King."
I read this to mean that old Buckingham wanted an estate which was worth 2,000l. per annum, and never could persuade James I or Charles I to part with it. But Johnny-come-lately playboy Fitz-Harding has wheedled it out of Charles II without much trouble.
About Monday 17 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"During the Revolutionary War, ..." that was the US War of Independence, of 1776 and all that, not the British Civil Wars in which Quakers did fight.
In November 1660, George Fox presented a document to Charles II in which I believe he advocated non-violence for the first time. Charles seems to have listened as he tried for 20 years to bring in legislation with relief specifically naming the Quakers. The paper was called
"A DECLARATION FROM THE HARMLESS AND INNOCENT PEOPLE OF GOD, CALLED QUAKERS, AGAINST ALL SEDITION, PLOTTERS, AND FIGHTERS IN THE WORLD: FOR REMOVING THE GROUND OF JEALOUSY AND SUSPICION FROM MAGISTRATES AND PEOPLE CONCERNING WARS AND FIGHTINGS.
"George Fox and others.
"Presented to the King upon the 21st day of the 11th Month, 1660."
This Document can be read in full on The Quaker Writings Home Page.
http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpage…
[Text from the 2 Volume 8th and Bicentenary Edition of Fox's Journal, London: Friends' Tract Association, 1891.]
Sadly Parliament carried on with its specific persecution, and I still wonder why.
The Quakers were far from the most outrageous of the non-conformists.
Many groups let the ladies speak in church.
Maybe it was the rejection of all ministers that was the step too far!?
At least they weren't running around naked, or fornicating in public.
Check out what the Anabaptists believed (the list was compiled by a Catholic):
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
and for a list of the variety of non-conformist churches in London in 1669 https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Maybe it's as simple as people wanted to make up their own minds, and not to be told what to believe by Parliament or King? The Quakers were the largest and most organized, and therefore attracted the heat?
About Tuesday 18 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
In the House of Commons today (they are responsible for taxation and the passing of the budget -- called Supply; as you'll see, there was never enough):
Publick Revenue.
Sir Phillip Warwick, according to an Order of the Thirteenth of June last, did this Day make Report to this House of the State of the Particulars designed for his Majesty's constant Revenue, to the Effect following:
That, by an Order, made the One-and-thirtieth of July 1660, by the Commons then assembled, it was referred to a Committee, to consider of settling such a Revenue on his Majesty, as might maintain the Splendor and Grandeur of his Kingly Office, and preserve the Crown from Want, and from being undervalued by his Neighbours; and to make a speedy Report to the House.
In pursuance whereof, several Particulars were designed for his Majesty's Revenue.
And that, upon the whole Matter, he found the Customs, estimated at Five hundred thousand Pounds per Annum, would fall short One hundred thousand Pounds:
That the Excise, valued at Three hundred thousand Pounds, would fall short Fifty thousands:
That the Crown Lands, valued at One hundred and Twenty thousand Pounds, would fall short Forty thousand Pounds:
That the Estimate upon Advance of the Queen's Jointure, at Fifty thousand Pounds, will fall short Forty thousand Pounds:
That the Estates forfeited, estimated at Thirty-eight thousand Pounds, will fall short Twenty-five thousand Pounds:
That the Wine Licences, estimated at Twenty-five thousand Pounds, will fall short Ten thousand Pounds:
Total of the Defects, Two hundred Sixty-five thousand Pounds.
@@@
Sorry Charlie, last year's velvet will have to do. As I said, there was never enough.
About Long Parliament
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
Both diaries are partly the result of selection, in which material from one could find its way into the other, from what seemed even to D’Ewes a jumble of notes.
Sometimes the Latin diary provides the key to understanding the parliamentary diary. For instance, D’Ewes’ explanation for abandoning the parliamentary diary on 3 Nov. 1645. The author gave it up because exactly 5 years of the parliament had passed, ‘with the outbreak of war ancient usages had been neglected, and new MPs chosen in a new way, completely contrary to my own view’.
In other words, the recruiter elections were the final straw.
D'Ewes records his many antiquarian, intellectual pursuits in the Latin diary. Important among these was his numismatic work. His coin collection arrived in London from Suffolk in Jan, 1645. Had a highwaymen or marauding royalists intercepted the wagon, they would quickly have been disgusted on realising the estimated 6,000 coins were mainly minted in imperial Rome.
D’Ewes found at least 7 Latin verbs to describe his activities with coins, and they all involve separating and classifying.
Processes of selection are evident in his other studies, among the manuscripts he consulted at the Tower of London, and his own library of 700 manuscripts and 7,800 charters.
Unsurprisingly, his mind was pre-disposed to classifying when it came to analyzing the behaviour of his fellow MPs, evident in his commentary on ‘parties’ in June and Dec. 1643.
The price paid for wrenching from the D’Ewes diaries the daily summaries of parliamentary activity is the loss of understanding their value as autobiography. A holistic approach to his diaries restores their potential as a source for understanding one person’s perceptions of the world around them.
@@@
These notes are taken from the preparatory notes for a seminar to be given by Stephen Roberts, emeritus director of the History of Parliament Trust, and editor of The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1640-1660 (9 vols, 2023) on 25 June 2024. It is 'hybrid', which means you can attend either in-person in London, or via Zoom. https://thehistoryofparliament.wo…
Let's hope it'll be posted on line as well.
About Long Parliament
San Diego Sarah • Link
PART 2
The writing process was complex. There were notes, sometimes in Latin, and rough drafts, only some of which have survived, and then the fair copy.
D’Ewes’ secretary, James Hornigold, was an active participant in shaping the final copy, with differences of wording between the rough and fair drafts.
By June 1643 the parliamentary diaries occupied ‘3 great tomes’, marks a point at which D’Ewes was reappraising his own diary motives.
Disillusioned at what seemed like a failure of the war effort against King Charles, the unwillingness of radicals in the Commons to contemplate peace, and the serial abuse and disregard of what he considered proper parliamentary process, he decided to persist with the diary ‘to transmit not only the story but the very secret workings and machinations of each party as well of the two houses of parliament chiefly led and guided by some few members of either house as of the king’s party’.
This reappraisal involved a change of method.
D’Ewes adopted what he considered a more artless process, including only ‘remarkable passages’, which he thought useful to posterity because he ‘set down matters with the same freedom with which others spake or acted them’.
His motives for beginning a new diary from Jan. 1644, in Latin, parallel to the parliamentary diary, are never stated. The Latin diary gives a more rounded picture of D’Ewes’ personal day than the parliamentary diary, so it is easy to assume that securing privacy from prying, unlearned eyes might have been the aim.
An important clue is offered by the record in the diary of how much reading and writing in Latin the author has achieved each month (usually not much). The diary was partly a significant Latin exercise.
In the parliamentary diary D'Ewes usually prefaces a précis of one of his own speeches with ‘I rose and spake in effect following’; in the Latin he starts each day with letter-writing and diarizing.
The Latin diary involved him in literary decisions about which Latin vocabulary and constructions were most appropriate for describing parliamentary job titles and committees.
Having started with delegatus for MP, in Dec. 1644 he hit on assessor, meaning not one who assesses or levies taxes, but one who sits next to another (from ad-sedere), suggesting a borrowing or invention inspired by classical not medieval Latin sources.
He comes up with 6 terms for the Committee for Plundered Ministers.