Benjamin Newland to Sandwich Written from: Alicant Date: 14 August 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 556 Document type: Holograph
Has had advice that his lordship has accepted Sir William Rider's letters of credit on the writer at Alicant, or on his partner, Edward Body, at Marseilles, for the sum of £2,000 sterling for which provision is duly made.
I wonder if William Newland could be the MP -- he was a 28-year-old merchant at this time, but on the Isle of Wight. He might have been in Alicante on business? https://www.historyofparliamenton…
Don Diego Sanz de La Mosa to the Earl of Sandwich Written from: Alicante Date: 14 August 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 584 Document type: Original; subscribed and signed.
Communicates the substance of the orders sent by His Catholic Majesty to the Viceroy of Valencia and sends, through the channel of Mr. Blunden, a copy of the royal letter ... Spanish.
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Diego Sanz de La Moza was the Governor of Alicante
The Most Catholic Majesty was the King of Spain.
The Viceroy of Valencia (1659–1663) was Manuel Pérez de los Cobos, Marqués de Camarasa: He was also a Grandee of Spain, and Viceroy of Sardinia (1665-1668), where he was assassinated in 1668.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
In the Lords they discussed "Sanguinary Laws concerning Priests, &c. Upon Report of the Earl of Portland, from the Committee concerning the Sanguinary Laws against Priests:
"It is ORDERED, That the said Committee do meet again on Wednesday Morning next, to consider whether they think fit to add any Thing to this Report; and the Committee hath Power to consider of the Penal Laws concerning Priests and other Recusants, which reach to Blood; also to consider of those Penal Laws which concern Protestants in relation to the aforesaid Laws reaching unto Priests and Recusants: And it is further ORDERED, That on Friday next this House will take this Report into Consideration."
The Catholic New Advent Encyclopedia says this in general about the Sanguinary Laws -- which I didn't find very helpful, so please weigh in if you have Diary-time info:
"By a series of statutes, successive sovereigns and Parliaments from Elizabeth to George III, sought to prevent the practice of the Catholic Faith in England. To the sanguinary laws passed by Elizabeth further measures, sometimes inflicting new disqualifications and penalties, sometimes reiterating previous enactments, were added until this persecuting legislation made its effects felt in every department of human life. Catholics lost not only freedom of worship, but civil rights as well; their estates, property, and sometimes even lives were at the mercy of any informer. The fact that these laws were passed as political occasion demanded deprived them of any coherence or consistency; nor was any codification ever attempted, so that the task of summing up this long and complicated course of legislation is a difficult one. In his historical account of the penal laws, published at the time when partial relief had only just been granted, the eminent lawyer, Charles Butler, the first Catholic to be called to the Bar after the Catholic Relief Act of 1791, and the first to be appointed King's Counsel after the Catholic Emancipation Act, thought it best to group these laws under 5 heads: those which subjected Catholics to penalties and punishments for practising their religious worship; those which punished them for not conforming to the Established Church (Statutes of Recusancy) those regulating the penalties or disabilities attending the refusal to take the Oath of Supremacy (1559; 1605; 1689), the declarations against Transubstantiation (Test Act, 1673) and against Popery (1678); the act passed with respect to receiving the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; statutes affecting landed property." https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/…
With a like Proviso (nevertheless respect being had to the several Times from which the Estates of the said several Persons, shall be confiscated) as was contained in the former Act of Attainder, in reference to such Persons as have Conveyances, or claim any Estate, as Purchasers, for valuable Considerations, from the Persons before-named.
Resolved also, upon the Question, That the Bill to be presented against the said 21 Traitors that are dead, shall also be enlarged and extended to Lord Viscount Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, Sir James Harrington, Robert Wallop, and John Phelps, for a Confiscation of all their Estates, both real and personal, with the like Proviso (respect being had to the Times from which the real and personal Estates of the said Persons shall be confiscate) as was contained in the former Act of Attainder, in relation to such Persons as have Conveyances, or claim any Lands or Estates of the Persons before-named as Purchasers for valuable Considerations.
Resolved further, That the Bill shall contain a further Pain against the said Persons that are in Custody; and against Sir James Harrington and John Phelps, when they can be apprehended; that they shall be kept and remain Prisoners during their Lives.
Resolved also, That Lord Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, and Sir James Harrington, and every of them, shall be degraded from their several Honours and Titles; and that the Bill to be brought do make Provision for the same.
Resolved further, That the Bill shall provide this further Pain and Punishment; That the said Persons and the other Persons now alive, shall be drawn from the Tower of London, upon Sledges and Hurdles, through the Streets, to and under the Gallows at Tiborne, with Ropes about their Necks, and from thence to be conveyed back to the Tower, there to remain Prisoners during their Lives.
Resolved, That the said Bill shall, according to the former Vote, contain a Clause for the Execution of those 19 Traitors in the Tower, that are convicted and condemned: And Sir Heneage Finch, his Majesty's Solicitor General is desired to prepare the said Bill.
Resolved, also, That the Serjeant at Arms attending this House, or his Deputy, do forthwith apprehend, and take into Custody, Sir James Harrington and John Philps.
Ordered, That Sir Henry Vane and John Lambert, that are excepted and foreprised out of the Act of Indemnity, be left to be proceeded against according to Law: And it is recommended to Mr. Attorney General, to take care of the Proceeding against them.
Ordered, That Mr. Attorney General do prepare the Evidence against Sir Arthur Haslerig, being another of the Persons excepted by the said Act, as to Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, not extending to Life, as soon as he can, that the Pains and Penalties against him may be made Part of the Bill directed to be brought in.
Charles II may be able to take his summer trip to Worcester after all. The Commons begins to debate what to do with the rest of the Regicides:
Pains and Penalties against Regicides. And then this House proceeded to hear the Evidence against Peregrine Pelham, Sir William Constable, Humphry Edwards, Richard Dean, Sir John Danvers, John Aldred, alias Alured, John Moore, Anthony Stapeley, John Fry, Francis Aleyn, Sir Thomas Maleverer, Sir Gregory Norton, John Blackston, Sir John Bourcher, William Purefoye, Thomas Horton, Isaack Ewre, John Ven, Thomas Andrewes Alderman, Thomas Hamond, Twenty of the Persons who, in the Month of January 1648, acted and proceeded against the Life of our late Sovereign King Charles I, of blessed Memory; and, being dead when the Act of Indemnity was made, being thereby reserved to such Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, as by another Act of Parliament, intended to be hereafter passed for that Purpose, should be expressed and declared: And also against James Challoner, since deceased,
and William Lord Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, Sir James Harrington, John Phelps, and Robert Wallop, who did sit, and act in that traiterous Assembly, within the said Month of January 1648; acted and proceeded against the Life of our said late Sovereign Lord King Charles I, of blessed Memory; and were therefore, by the said Act of Indemnity, reserved to such Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, not extending to Life, as by another Act, intended to be passed for that Purpose, should be imposed upon them.
And his Majesty's Council being called in; Sir Jeffery Palmer Knight, his Majesty's Attorney General, Sir John Glin, and Sir William Wyld, Two of his Majesty's Serjeants at Law, were brought into this House, with the Mace before them; and took their Places on the Right Hand of the Side Bar:
And produced several Witnesses, who, at the Bar of this House, gave Evidence, as well against the said 21 Persons deceased, as also against the said Sir Henry Mildmay and Robert Wallop, who were now brought in Custody to the Bar of this House; as also against the said John Phelps, who is fled; and Sir James Harrington, who cannot be found: That they did sit and act, in that traiterous Assembly, against the Life of our said late Sovereign Lord King Charles I, of blessed Memory: And offered to have produced the like Evidence against the said Lord Mounson; who, being at the Bar, confessed the Fact.
After which, his Majesty's Council, and the Witnesses, were caused to withdraw.
And, after full Debate of the said Evidence, Resolved, upon the Question, Nemire contradicente, That a Bill be prepared and brought in, for the Confiscation of all the Estates, real and personal, of the said 21 Persons deceased:
Key to the endurance of the Quaker movement has been the disciplined network created early by George Fox. At the grass roots were the groups of people who met each week for worship. ...
The Quaker 'Discipline' has been an enduring (and changing) feature - a foundation - of Quaker life. 'Discipline' is not now a popular word, but in the 17th century it was rooted in ideas of learning and discipleship, and for Quakers consists for the most part of advice and counsel.
One of the earliest copies of Quaker 'Discipline' is a letter penned in 1656 from Balby Meeting, setting out a framework for living a Quakerly life at that time.
Fox travelled the country advising his followers, and in Sept., 1667 he arrived in Felsted, Essex, to discuss Quaker organisation in Essex. Witham Monthly Meeting was set up, comprising meetings at Heybridge, Steeple, Cressing, Witham, Baddow and Fuller Street; ...
From the earliest days Quakers kept written minutes of their meetings to discuss financial and spiritual matters. They also kept a record of births, marriages and deaths in the Meetings. The minutes of Witham Monthly Meeting commence in 1672, and in Essex Record Office there are volumes of minutes covering 1672 - 1948 can be accessed by the general public.
Diary of Ralph Josselin Sunday 30 June 1661 document 70013130
June. 30: God good to us in many outward mercies, the Quakers after a stop and silence, seem to be swarming and increased, and why lord you only know(.) my heart very calm at the expectation of trouble, waiting only on the lord to carry me through the same, who will do it, and I shall praise his name(.) this day good was god in the word, learn me to stay on you in all the afflictions I meet withal.
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Quakers in mid-Essex have been practicing their distinctive form of worship for over 350 years.
Essex was a stronghold of Puritanism before the days of Quakers, and in the Essex Sessions Records there are many records of individual revolt.
For instance, in 1642, Bridget, wife of Walter Mildmay of Great Baddow, refused the Holy Sacrement and also refused to hear Divine Service; she was convicted. In 1644 many more were convicted for not attending church, at Moulsham, Great Baddow and Springfield. In 1644, Humphrey Sargent, a Pleshey yeoman, was accused of being one who mutinously and riotously assembled at London's Guildhall about a petition for peace, and to have spoken against the Parliament and Common Councilmen of London. The seeds of unrest were sown for Quakers to harvest.
The Quaker movement was founded c.1652 in the north-west of England, but quickly spread as travelling preachers carried the Quaker message.
George Fox, a founding father, converted a young James Parnell in Carlisle goal, where Fox was imprisoned. The north of the county had a tradition of radical religious activity, having been a center of Lollardy and general dissatisfaction with the Church, and people were searching for new directions. In 1655, Parnell aged 18, came to Essex. He preached in Halstead, Stebbing, Felstead, Coggeshall and Witham. Many were convinced, but there was also much opposition, especially from the Church and judiciary. In July 1655 Parnell was arrested after speaking to the Church congregation in Coggeshall, and taken to Colchester Castle. Walking to Chelmsford Assizes in chains for trial, he preached to people as he was escorted through the town and from the steps of the Assizes. He was found innocent of the charges against him, but convicted of contempt of court for refusing to remove his hat in court, and fined £40. He refused to pay, and was marched back to Colchester Castle to be imprisoned. Here he died 8 months later after much mistreatment and a fatal fall whilst climbing in a weakened condition a rope to his elevated cell.
James Parnell's message must have been powerful, as Quaker Meetings were being held in Chelmsford in 1656.
St. Giles without Cripplegate is now located in what we call the Barbican. It is a medieval church, one of the few to survive the Great Fire of London.
There’s likely been a church on this spot since Saxon times, and was rebuilt in the Norman style shortly after the conquest, but the current church that you can visit was built in the 1390s. The tower is younger, as it was added in 1682, and although the core of the church is around 630 years old, it’s seen a lot of changes.
Apart from cosmetic and religious changes, the church was badly damaged by fire in 1545 and 1897, but was untouched by the Great Fire of London in 1666.
The current state of the church is thanks to the diligent efforts of WWII bombs, which destroyed much of the area around it and gutted the church. Unlike the rest of the area (rebuilt in a modern style) it was decided to preserve the church, so it was restored based on the design from 1545 after the plans were discovered in Lambeth Palace.
That’s why there’s a medieval church in the middle of the modern Barbican.
A corner display case has a range of old silver, including a horn beaker from the time of Queen Elizabeth I and a copy of Richard Hooker’s "Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity," one of the great landmarks of Protestant theological literature. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
John Milton, was buried here. Apart from the ledger stone by the altar and a bust at the back, he has an entire statue on the side wall. Churchgoers are worshipping while being watched by the author of "Paradise Lost."
Stand outside the church and look around. You might notice that there are a lot of street lamps — really, a lot of them — almost as if they’re decorative ornaments rather than needed for street lighting. These lamps are the original gas lamps used on the approach roads to Tower Bridge. The bridge was lit by 17 free-standing street lamps and 35 lamps mounted onto the northern balustrade. In May 1966, the last gas lamps on the balustrades were switched to electric, and the old street lamps were replaced with modern electric street lights. The old freestanding gap lamps had to be removed, but what to do with them? At the time the new Barbican estate was under construction, so what better than to decorate the place around the church with some surplus Victorian lamps? The church now has 2 old Tower Bridge lamps outside its ceremonial entrance, and several more scattered around the plaza.
A copy of Richard Hooker's "Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity" can be seen at St. Giles without Cripplegate in the Barbican, in a corner display case along with a range of old silver, including a horn beaker from the time of Queen Elizabeth. https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/artic…
Born summer 1634. Tom was not clever; he learnt to read and write but not much better than his father, and he struggled with a speech impediment. Sam was always protective of him. … Tom had little chance of going to St. Paul's School because of his speech problems, and instead learned tailoring in his father's shop, although showed little talent or enthusiasm for it. The only thing he had an aptitude for was French, which he managed to speak fluently. (How he achieved this is unknown.) Became a member of the "London Prentices" in 1648.
By the 16th and 17th centuries literacy rates were on the rise in England and new printing presses made it easier to produce books for the increasingly literate population. Books introduced Arabic numbers, which as a written system of arithmetic was better suited to being taught through printed textbooks than the older, object-based system of counting boards. Textbooks were also an affordable way to acquire knowledge: a new textbook could be had for between 2 and 4 shillings in the 17th century and used textbooks might be as cheap as sixpence. These textbooks could be used alone or with in-person tutoring and were passed down through the generations. While Arabic numerals were less flexible than individual systems, commercial pressures incentivised elites and the middling sort to acquire this written form of numeracy.
At the turn of the 18th century Arabic numerals and arithmetic were becoming the dominant symbolic system and the new standard for judging a person’s ability with numbers. In 1701 Scottish polymath John Arbuthnot equated this form of numeracy with civilisation and declared it would ruin the economy ‘were the easy practice of [Arabic numeral] Arithmetick abolished [and] Merchants and Tradesmen oblig’d to make use of no other than the Roman way of notation by Letters’. Despite increasing pressure for people to abandon older forms of numeracy, object-based symbols continued to be used by the illiterate. Even those who had adopted Arabic numerals would use other forms of numeracy when they were more convenient, traditional, or served some other non-mathematical purpose.
In a shining example of government inertia, the Exchequer only phased out tally sticks in 1783 but delayed implementation until the sinecure holders who profited from them had retired, which did not come until 1826. Burn the obsolete tally sticks accidentally burned down Parliament in 1834.
Today a person’s knowledge of Arabic-numeral based mathematics is essential, but have not eliminated older forms of numeracy. People still use spoken and written number words, children learn to count using their fingers, and the current king is Charles III not Charles 3. https://www.historytoday.com/arch…
John Bulwer wrote a treatise in 1644 arguing humans were natural ‘Arithmeticians’, capable of both performing arithmetic and divining the underlying laws that govern mathematics. This innate ability with numbers was not an accident, he argued, but an integral part of God’s plan for humanity: ‘That divine Philosopher doth draw the line of man’s understanding from this computing faculty of his soul, affirming that therefore he excels all creatures in wisdom, because he can account.’ Numeracy – a person’s knowledge of and ability to work with numbers – derived from the human soul and was the foundation of humankind’s dominion over the world. The Christian God made humans to be universally numerate, with the exception of ‘idiots and half-souled men’, who lacked some essential quality inherent in the rest of humanity.
The people of early modern England were almost universally numerate. Judges used the inability to perform basic mathematical tasks (e.g. counting up 20 pence) as a standard to prove mental incompetency. Anecdotal evidence shows children were raised to associate number words with quantities, and began to add small quantities using mental, verbal or finger-based arithmetic strategies, often without formal school instruction. Finger-counting was seen as the reason the English number words have a base of 10. As Bulwer explained, God gave humans 20 fingers as part of his numerical plan for humanity: fingers were ‘those numbers that were born with us and cast up in our Hand from our mother’s womb, by Him who made all things in number, weight & measure’.
Beyond this, numeracy varied dramatically as people used different object-based and written symbols for numbers in their daily lives. Many object-based systems were created to meet the needs of an individual urban shopkeeper or rural farmer, but 2 were widely used by the English population and government: tally sticks and counting boards.
Tally sticks involved a wooden stick, notched to indicate quantities, then split in half to record a credit-and-debt transaction. Counting boards was a system used for performing arithmetical operations and was able to simultaneously calculate with the mixed base-ten, base-12, and base-20 English currency. These served the needs of both the literate and illiterate. Those who could write also had the ability to use the 3 written symbolic systems: written number words (one, two, three), the ancient Roman numerals (i, ii, iii) and the relatively new Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3).
During the 1650s there were rumors of various matches but eventually Mary Cromwell's hand was won by Thomas Belasyse, Viscount and later Earl Fauconberg.
The couple were married at Hampton Court in Nov. 1657. Having toured her husband’s family estates in Yorkshire in the summer of 1658, Mary Cromwell Belasyse, Lady Fauconberg was back in London in time to mourn her sister’s and her father’s deaths.
After the fall of the Protectorate, Thomas Belasyse, Viscount Fauconberg was out of favor and they retired to the countryside.
He returned to favor at the Restoration and embarked upon an illustrious career as diplomat, politician, administrator and courtier which added to his already considerable wealth and property.
Thomas, Earl Fauconberg and Mary Cromwell Belasyse divided their time between their estates in Yorkshire, especially Newburgh Park near Coxwold, and their London properties, especially Sutton Court, Chiswick and a new house they built in Soho.
The surviving correspondence of the Fauconbergs reveals their marriage, although childless, was close and loving. Wealthy and contented, they entertained lavishly and had a wide circle of friends.
Thomas Belasyse, Earl Fauconberg died in 1700. Mary Cromwell Belasyse, Countess Fauconberg was left a wealthy widow and passed her final years principally at Sutton Court in London. She died in March 1713 and was buried in Chiswick church.
"... it surprises me that Mary Cromwell did not attempt to shelter her mother or bury her father properly."
Why should she, 徽柔 ? On reburying Oliver: his body is in a lime pit with other bodies, and his head is on Parliament's roof. Impossible to undo that. And Mary Cromwell Belasyse, Lady Fauconberg's mother is comfortable with one of her sons. Mary's husband's position with the new administration provides protection for the rest of the family.
Elizabeth Bourchier Cromwell was well-provided for at Oliver's death, allocated an annuity and lodgings in St. James’. Even when the Protectorate fell in spring 1659, the generals urged the recalled Rump to treat her generously.
In spring 1660, on the eve of the Restoration, Elizabeth Cromwell left London, strongly denying that she had in her possession or had hidden jewels and other goods belonging to the royal family.
She petitioned Charles II, stressing that she had played no role in the public affairs of the previous years, professing obedience to the new regime and requesting that, ‘after the many sorrows wherewith it hath pleased the all wise God to exercise’ her, she might be allowed ‘a safe retirement’ ‘now in her old age’.
She was not seriously troubled by the new regime and spent her last years in quiet retirement, living with her son-in-law, John Claypole, at Northborough in Northamptonshire, where she was occasionally visited by some of her surviving children.
After a period of poor health, Elizabeth Cromwell died at Northborough in Nov. 1665 and was buried in Northborough church.
[This is the information given by the Cromwell Association.]
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Or:
Elizabeth Bourchier Cromell supposedly died in Nov. 1665, and was buried in Northborough Church Nov. 19, 1665.
However, there is an indication that this death date is a blind, put about to protect Elizabeth, and an alternative date in October 1672 is suggested.
The demands of His Gracious Majesty the King ... to the Grand Seignior Date: 13-17 August 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 223, fol(s). 248 Document type: In print (London, for G. Horton, 1661)
The demands of His Gracious Majesty the King ... to the Grand Seignior ... sent by the Lord General Montagu. With his Lordship's proposals to the Governor of Algier ... and ... with a true relation of the great ... fight between the English and the Turks [i.e. Moors] etc. ...
Lord Sandwich to the Duke of York Written from: Off Alicante Date: 12 August 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 575 Document type: Holograph-Minute
The Governor of Algiers having refused suitable terms of peace, opportunity of wind and weather was awaited, for seven days, "to attempt the Mould" ["to attack the Mole"], but neither wind nor weather was favourable. Has resolved therefore, after calling a Council of War, to pursue the enterprise by sea, with good hope of success. The writer is now on his way to Lisbon, in obedience to H.R.H. command.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
The House of Commons is still fixated on the January Venner's Rising, and on discouraging any further violence:
Quakers, &c. An Act for preventing the Mischiefs and Dangers that may arise by certain Persons called Quakers, and other Schismaticks, was this Day read the Second time.
Resolved, That the same be committed to Mr. Pryn, ...
Vagrants. A Bill against Vagrants, and wandering, idle, dissolute Persons, was this Day read the Second time.
Resolved, That the same be committed to the same Committee to whom the Bill to prevent the Mischiefs and Dangers that may arise by Quakers, and other Schismaticks, is committed: And they are to meet at the same Time and Place: And to send for Persons, Papers, and Records.
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The Fifth Monarchists, Quakers and non-conformists represent what Parliament truly fears: https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… -- 2 annotations
The building, or chambers, formerly occupied by the Star Chamber (ended in 1641) was brought back into use in 1661:
Star Chamber. Ordered, That the Keeper of the Rooms belonging to the Star Chamber do fit the several Rooms belonging to the Star Chamber, for the several Committees that are appointed there to sit. https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
So when Pepys records going there, he is attending committee meetings, and not a kangaroo court.
Adm. Edward, Earl of Sandwich's log -- moored in the Algiers Road:
31th July. Wednesday. In the morning the wind was eastwardly and a great fog. At 12 we had a breeze at North East, with a rolling eastern sea. The commanders all met together on board me resolved that it was not fitting to make an attempt then, it being little wind and such as the fireships could not go in with, if the boom had been opened, nor could the leewardly squardron berth themselves. The birthing of ships being agreed upon as followeth: [see diagram on page 93] Nor could those ships that should birth themselves get off again, if they could perform the work, and the rolling of the sea would be a hinderance to those ships which should ride with their broadsides to it [in the margin] to all the Vice Admiral's squadron. Immediately after dinner this day the forts and castles of the town began to play upon us, whereupon we resolved of a sudden to veer in a cable or two nearer them and fire our broadsides, which we did for 2 or 3 hours, and then finding the waste of our powder and shot to little purpose, we thought best to warp off out of shot and wait for the opportunity of a wind fitting to carry us in to our attempt, which we did. Their shot did some hurt to the masts and rigging of many ships and killed some men, and so we were told by a slave that swam off to us the next day that our shot killed many men at the mole head and much took place in the town and some went clear over the town.
Copied from The Journal of Edward Mountagu, First Earl of Sandwich Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson Printed for the Navy Records Society MDCCCCXXIX
Comments
Third Reading
About Wednesday 14 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Also from the Carte Calendar:
Benjamin Newland to Sandwich
Written from: Alicant
Date: 14 August 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 556
Document type: Holograph
Has had advice that his lordship has accepted Sir William Rider's letters of credit on the writer at Alicant, or on his partner, Edward Body, at Marseilles, for the sum of £2,000 sterling for which provision is duly made.
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Sir William Rider
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Letters of Credit
https://www.pepysdiary.com/indept…
I wonder if William Newland could be the MP -- he was a 28-year-old merchant at this time, but on the Isle of Wight. He might have been in Alicante on business? https://www.historyofparliamenton…
About Wednesday 14 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Don Diego Sanz de La Mosa to the Earl of Sandwich
Written from: Alicante
Date: 14 August 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 584
Document type: Original; subscribed and signed.
Communicates the substance of the orders sent by His Catholic Majesty to the Viceroy of Valencia and sends, through the channel of Mr. Blunden, a copy of the royal letter ...
Spanish.
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Diego Sanz de La Moza was the Governor of Alicante
The Most Catholic Majesty was the King of Spain.
The Viceroy of Valencia (1659–1663) was Manuel Pérez de los Cobos, Marqués de Camarasa: He was also a Grandee of Spain, and Viceroy of Sardinia (1665-1668), where he was assassinated in 1668.
William Blunden was the English Consul to Alicante
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
About Monday 1 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
In the Lords they discussed "Sanguinary Laws concerning Priests, &c.
Upon Report of the Earl of Portland, from the Committee concerning the Sanguinary Laws against Priests:
"It is ORDERED, That the said Committee do meet again on Wednesday Morning next, to consider whether they think fit to add any Thing to this Report; and the Committee hath Power to consider of the Penal Laws concerning Priests and other Recusants, which reach to Blood; also to consider of those Penal Laws which concern Protestants in relation to the aforesaid Laws reaching unto Priests and Recusants: And it is further ORDERED, That on Friday next this House will take this Report into Consideration."
The Catholic New Advent Encyclopedia says this in general about the Sanguinary Laws -- which I didn't find very helpful, so please weigh in if you have Diary-time info:
"By a series of statutes, successive sovereigns and Parliaments from Elizabeth to George III, sought to prevent the practice of the Catholic Faith in England.
To the sanguinary laws passed by Elizabeth further measures, sometimes inflicting new disqualifications and penalties, sometimes reiterating previous enactments, were added until this persecuting legislation made its effects felt in every department of human life.
Catholics lost not only freedom of worship, but civil rights as well; their estates, property, and sometimes even lives were at the mercy of any informer. The fact that these laws were passed as political occasion demanded deprived them of any coherence or consistency; nor was any codification ever attempted, so that the task of summing up this long and complicated course of legislation is a difficult one.
In his historical account of the penal laws, published at the time when partial relief had only just been granted, the eminent lawyer, Charles Butler, the first Catholic to be called to the Bar after the Catholic Relief Act of 1791, and the first to be appointed King's Counsel after the Catholic Emancipation Act, thought it best to group these laws under 5 heads:
those which subjected Catholics to penalties and punishments for practising their religious worship;
those which punished them for not conforming to the Established Church (Statutes of Recusancy)
those regulating the penalties or disabilities attending the refusal to take the Oath of Supremacy (1559; 1605; 1689),
the declarations against Transubstantiation (Test Act, 1673)
and against Popery (1678);
the act passed with respect to receiving the sacrament of the Lord's Supper;
statutes affecting landed property."
https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/…
About Monday 1 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
With a like Proviso (nevertheless respect being had to the several Times from which the Estates of the said several Persons, shall be confiscated) as was contained in the former Act of Attainder, in reference to such Persons as have Conveyances, or claim any Estate, as Purchasers, for valuable Considerations, from the Persons before-named.
Resolved also, upon the Question, That the Bill to be presented against the said 21 Traitors that are dead, shall also be enlarged and extended to Lord Viscount Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, Sir James Harrington, Robert Wallop, and John Phelps, for a Confiscation of all their Estates, both real and personal, with the like Proviso (respect being had to the Times from which the real and personal Estates of the said Persons shall be confiscate) as was contained in the former Act of Attainder, in relation to such Persons as have Conveyances, or claim any Lands or Estates of the Persons before-named as Purchasers for valuable Considerations.
Resolved further, That the Bill shall contain a further Pain against the said Persons that are in Custody; and against Sir James Harrington and John Phelps, when they can be apprehended; that they shall be kept and remain Prisoners during their Lives.
Resolved also, That Lord Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, and Sir James Harrington, and every of them, shall be degraded from their several Honours and Titles; and that the Bill to be brought do make Provision for the same.
Resolved further, That the Bill shall provide this further Pain and Punishment; That the said Persons and the other Persons now alive, shall be drawn from the Tower of London, upon Sledges and Hurdles, through the Streets, to and under the Gallows at Tiborne, with Ropes about their Necks, and from thence to be conveyed back to the Tower, there to remain Prisoners during their Lives.
Resolved, That the said Bill shall, according to the former Vote, contain a Clause for the Execution of those 19 Traitors in the Tower, that are convicted and condemned:
And Sir Heneage Finch, his Majesty's Solicitor General is desired to prepare the said Bill.
Resolved, also, That the Serjeant at Arms attending this House, or his Deputy, do forthwith apprehend, and take into Custody, Sir James Harrington and John Philps.
Ordered, That Sir Henry Vane and John Lambert, that are excepted and foreprised out of the Act of Indemnity, be left to be proceeded against according to Law: And it is recommended to Mr. Attorney General, to take care of the Proceeding against them.
Ordered, That Mr. Attorney General do prepare the Evidence against Sir Arthur Haslerig, being another of the Persons excepted by the said Act, as to Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, not extending to Life, as soon as he can, that the Pains and Penalties against him may be made Part of the Bill directed to be brought in.
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Pepys knew James Harrington:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Monday 1 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Charles II may be able to take his summer trip to Worcester after all. The Commons begins to debate what to do with the rest of the Regicides:
Pains and Penalties against Regicides.
And then this House proceeded to hear the Evidence against Peregrine Pelham, Sir William Constable, Humphry Edwards, Richard Dean, Sir John Danvers, John Aldred, alias Alured, John Moore, Anthony Stapeley, John Fry, Francis Aleyn, Sir Thomas Maleverer, Sir Gregory Norton, John Blackston, Sir John Bourcher, William Purefoye, Thomas Horton, Isaack Ewre, John Ven, Thomas Andrewes Alderman, Thomas Hamond, Twenty of the Persons who, in the Month of January 1648, acted and proceeded against the Life of our late Sovereign King Charles I, of blessed Memory; and, being dead when the Act of Indemnity was made, being thereby reserved to such Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, as by another Act of Parliament, intended to be hereafter passed for that Purpose, should be expressed and declared:
And also against James Challoner, since deceased,
and William Lord Mounson, Sir Henry Mildmay, Sir James Harrington, John Phelps, and Robert Wallop, who did sit, and act in that traiterous Assembly, within the said Month of January 1648; acted and proceeded against the Life of our said late Sovereign Lord King Charles I, of blessed Memory; and were therefore, by the said Act of Indemnity, reserved to such Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, not extending to Life, as by another Act, intended to be passed for that Purpose, should be imposed upon them.
And his Majesty's Council being called in;
Sir Jeffery Palmer Knight, his Majesty's Attorney General, Sir John Glin, and Sir William Wyld, Two of his Majesty's Serjeants at Law, were brought into this House, with the Mace before them; and took their Places on the Right Hand of the Side Bar:
And produced several Witnesses, who, at the Bar of this House, gave Evidence, as well against the said 21 Persons deceased,
as also against the said Sir Henry Mildmay and Robert Wallop, who were now brought in Custody to the Bar of this House;
as also against the said John Phelps, who is fled;
and Sir James Harrington, who cannot be found:
That they did sit and act, in that traiterous Assembly, against the Life of our said late Sovereign Lord King Charles I, of blessed Memory:
And offered to have produced the like Evidence against the said Lord Mounson; who, being at the Bar, confessed the Fact.
After which, his Majesty's Council, and the Witnesses, were caused to withdraw.
And, after full Debate of the said Evidence,
Resolved, upon the Question, Nemire contradicente, That a Bill be prepared and brought in, for the Confiscation of all the Estates, real and personal, of the said 21 Persons deceased:
About Quakerism
San Diego Sarah • Link
A short history of Quakerism in Essex
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
About Sunday 30 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
Key to the endurance of the Quaker movement has been the disciplined network created early by George Fox. At the grass roots were the groups of people who met each week for worship. ...
The Quaker 'Discipline' has been an enduring (and changing) feature - a foundation - of Quaker life.
'Discipline' is not now a popular word, but in the 17th century it was rooted in ideas of learning and discipleship, and for Quakers consists for the most part of advice and counsel.
One of the earliest copies of Quaker 'Discipline' is a letter penned in 1656 from Balby Meeting, setting out a framework for living a Quakerly life at that time.
Fox travelled the country advising his followers, and in Sept., 1667 he arrived in Felsted, Essex, to discuss Quaker organisation in Essex.
Witham Monthly Meeting was set up, comprising meetings at Heybridge, Steeple, Cressing, Witham, Baddow and Fuller Street; ...
From the earliest days Quakers kept written minutes of their meetings to discuss financial and spiritual matters. They also kept a record of births, marriages and deaths in the Meetings. The minutes of Witham Monthly Meeting commence in 1672, and in Essex Record Office there are volumes of minutes covering 1672 - 1948 can be accessed by the general public.
Highlights from http://www.midessexquakers.org.uk…
About Sunday 30 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Diary of Ralph Josselin
Sunday 30 June 1661
document 70013130
June. 30: God good to us in many outward mercies,
the Quakers after a stop and silence, seem to be swarming and increased, and why lord you only know(.)
my heart very calm at the expectation of trouble, waiting only on the lord to carry me through the same, who will do it, and I shall praise his name(.)
this day good was god in the word, learn me to stay on you in all the afflictions I meet withal.
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Quakers in mid-Essex have been practicing their distinctive form of worship for over 350 years.
Essex was a stronghold of Puritanism before the days of Quakers, and in the Essex Sessions Records there are many records of individual revolt.
For instance, in 1642, Bridget, wife of Walter Mildmay of Great Baddow, refused the Holy Sacrement and also refused to hear Divine Service; she was convicted.
In 1644 many more were convicted for not attending church, at Moulsham, Great Baddow and Springfield.
In 1644, Humphrey Sargent, a Pleshey yeoman, was accused of being one who mutinously and riotously assembled at London's Guildhall about a petition for peace, and to have spoken against the Parliament and Common Councilmen of London.
The seeds of unrest were sown for Quakers to harvest.
The Quaker movement was founded c.1652 in the north-west of England, but quickly spread as travelling preachers carried the Quaker message.
George Fox, a founding father, converted a young James Parnell in Carlisle goal, where Fox was imprisoned. The north of the county had a tradition of radical religious activity, having been a center of Lollardy and general dissatisfaction with the Church, and people were searching for new directions.
In 1655, Parnell aged 18, came to Essex. He preached in Halstead, Stebbing, Felstead, Coggeshall and Witham. Many were convinced, but there was also much opposition, especially from the Church and judiciary.
In July 1655 Parnell was arrested after speaking to the Church congregation in Coggeshall, and taken to Colchester Castle.
Walking to Chelmsford Assizes in chains for trial, he preached to people as he was escorted through the town and from the steps of the Assizes. He was found innocent of the charges against him, but convicted of contempt of court for refusing to remove his hat in court, and fined £40.
He refused to pay, and was marched back to Colchester Castle to be imprisoned. Here he died 8 months later after much mistreatment and a fatal fall whilst climbing in a weakened condition a rope to his elevated cell.
James Parnell's message must have been powerful, as Quaker Meetings were being held in Chelmsford in 1656.
About Cripplegate
San Diego Sarah • Link
St. Giles without Cripplegate is now located in what we call the Barbican. It is a medieval church, one of the few to survive the Great Fire of London.
There’s likely been a church on this spot since Saxon times, and was rebuilt in the Norman style shortly after the conquest, but the current church that you can visit was built in the 1390s. The tower is younger, as it was added in 1682, and although the core of the church is around 630 years old, it’s seen a lot of changes.
Apart from cosmetic and religious changes, the church was badly damaged by fire in 1545 and 1897, but was untouched by the Great Fire of London in 1666.
The current state of the church is thanks to the diligent efforts of WWII bombs, which destroyed much of the area around it and gutted the church. Unlike the rest of the area (rebuilt in a modern style) it was decided to preserve the church, so it was restored based on the design from 1545 after the plans were discovered in Lambeth Palace.
That’s why there’s a medieval church in the middle of the modern Barbican.
A corner display case has a range of old silver, including a horn beaker from the time of Queen Elizabeth I and a copy of Richard Hooker’s "Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity," one of the great landmarks of Protestant theological literature.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
John Milton, was buried here. Apart from the ledger stone by the altar and a bust at the back, he has an entire statue on the side wall. Churchgoers are worshipping while being watched by the author of "Paradise Lost."
Stand outside the church and look around. You might notice that there are a lot of street lamps — really, a lot of them — almost as if they’re decorative ornaments rather than needed for street lighting. These lamps are the original gas lamps used on the approach roads to Tower Bridge. The bridge was lit by 17 free-standing street lamps and 35 lamps mounted onto the northern balustrade. In May 1966, the last gas lamps on the balustrades were switched to electric, and the old street lamps were replaced with modern electric street lights. The old freestanding gap lamps had to be removed, but what to do with them?
At the time the new Barbican estate was under construction, so what better than to decorate the place around the church with some surplus Victorian lamps? The church now has 2 old Tower Bridge lamps outside its ceremonial entrance, and several more scattered around the plaza.
More -- plus pictures -- at
https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/artic…
About Hooker's 'Of the lawes of ecclesiastical politie'
San Diego Sarah • Link
A copy of Richard Hooker's "Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity" can be seen at St. Giles without Cripplegate in the Barbican, in a corner display case along with a range of old silver, including a horn beaker from the time of Queen Elizabeth.
https://www.ianvisits.co.uk/artic…
About Thomas Pepys (b, brother)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Tom's pre=Diary background, per Claire Tomalin:
Born summer 1634.
Tom was not clever; he learnt to read and write but not much better than his father, and he struggled with a speech impediment.
Sam was always protective of him. … Tom had little chance of going to St. Paul's School because of his speech problems, and instead learned tailoring in his father's shop, although showed little talent or enthusiasm for it.
The only thing he had an aptitude for was French, which he managed to speak fluently. (How he achieved this is unknown.)
Became a member of the "London Prentices" in 1648.
About Mathematics
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
By the 16th and 17th centuries literacy rates were on the rise in England and new printing presses made it easier to produce books for the increasingly literate population.
Books introduced Arabic numbers, which as a written system of arithmetic was better suited to being taught through printed textbooks than the older, object-based system of counting boards.
Textbooks were also an affordable way to acquire knowledge: a new textbook could be had for between 2 and 4 shillings in the 17th century and used textbooks might be as cheap as sixpence.
These textbooks could be used alone or with in-person tutoring and were passed down through the generations.
While Arabic numerals were less flexible than individual systems, commercial pressures incentivised elites and the middling sort to acquire this written form of numeracy.
At the turn of the 18th century Arabic numerals and arithmetic were becoming the dominant symbolic system and the new standard for judging a person’s ability with numbers.
In 1701 Scottish polymath John Arbuthnot equated this form of numeracy with civilisation and declared it would ruin the economy ‘were the easy practice of [Arabic numeral] Arithmetick abolished [and] Merchants and Tradesmen oblig’d to make use of no other than the Roman way of notation by Letters’.
Despite increasing pressure for people to abandon older forms of numeracy, object-based symbols continued to be used by the illiterate.
Even those who had adopted Arabic numerals would use other forms of numeracy when they were more convenient, traditional, or served some other non-mathematical purpose.
In a shining example of government inertia, the Exchequer only phased out tally sticks in 1783 but delayed implementation until the sinecure holders who profited from them had retired, which did not come until 1826.
Burn the obsolete tally sticks accidentally burned down Parliament in 1834.
Today a person’s knowledge of Arabic-numeral based mathematics is essential, but have not eliminated older forms of numeracy. People still use spoken and written number words, children learn to count using their fingers, and the current king is Charles III not Charles 3.
https://www.historytoday.com/arch…
About Mathematics
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Bulwer wrote a treatise in 1644 arguing humans were natural ‘Arithmeticians’, capable of both performing arithmetic and divining the underlying laws that govern mathematics.
This innate ability with numbers was not an accident, he argued, but an integral part of God’s plan for humanity: ‘That divine Philosopher doth draw the line of man’s understanding from this computing faculty of his soul, affirming that therefore he excels all creatures in wisdom, because he can account.’
Numeracy – a person’s knowledge of and ability to work with numbers – derived from the human soul and was the foundation of humankind’s dominion over the world. The Christian God made humans to be universally numerate, with the exception of ‘idiots and half-souled men’, who lacked some essential quality inherent in the rest of humanity.
The people of early modern England were almost universally numerate.
Judges used the inability to perform basic mathematical tasks (e.g. counting up 20 pence) as a standard to prove mental incompetency.
Anecdotal evidence shows children were raised to associate number words with quantities, and began to add small quantities using mental, verbal or finger-based arithmetic strategies, often without formal school instruction.
Finger-counting was seen as the reason the English number words have a base of 10. As Bulwer explained, God gave humans 20 fingers as part of his numerical plan for humanity: fingers were ‘those numbers that were born with us and cast up in our Hand from our mother’s womb, by Him who made all things in number, weight & measure’.
Beyond this, numeracy varied dramatically as people used different object-based and written symbols for numbers in their daily lives.
Many object-based systems were created to meet the needs of an individual urban shopkeeper or rural farmer, but 2 were widely used by the English population and government: tally sticks and counting boards.
Tally sticks involved a wooden stick, notched to indicate quantities, then split in half to record a credit-and-debt transaction.
Counting boards was a system used for performing arithmetical operations and was able to simultaneously calculate with the mixed base-ten, base-12, and base-20 English currency. These served the needs of both the literate and illiterate.
Those who could write also had the ability to use the 3 written symbolic systems: written number words (one, two, three), the ancient Roman numerals (i, ii, iii) and the relatively new Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3).
About Monday 22 April 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
@@@
During the 1650s there were rumors of various matches but eventually Mary Cromwell's hand was won by Thomas Belasyse, Viscount and later Earl Fauconberg.
The couple were married at Hampton Court in Nov. 1657. Having toured her husband’s family estates in Yorkshire in the summer of 1658, Mary Cromwell Belasyse, Lady Fauconberg was back in London in time to mourn her sister’s and her father’s deaths.
After the fall of the Protectorate, Thomas Belasyse, Viscount Fauconberg was out of favor and they retired to the countryside.
He returned to favor at the Restoration and embarked upon an illustrious career as diplomat, politician, administrator and courtier which added to his already considerable wealth and property.
Thomas, Earl Fauconberg and Mary Cromwell Belasyse divided their time between their estates in Yorkshire, especially Newburgh Park near Coxwold, and their London properties, especially Sutton Court, Chiswick and a new house they built in Soho.
The surviving correspondence of the Fauconbergs reveals their marriage, although childless, was close and loving. Wealthy and contented, they entertained lavishly and had a wide circle of friends.
Thomas Belasyse, Earl Fauconberg died in 1700. Mary Cromwell Belasyse, Countess Fauconberg was left a wealthy widow and passed her final years principally at Sutton Court in London.
She died in March 1713 and was buried in Chiswick church.
Information from the Cromwell Association
https://www.olivercromwell.org/wo….
About Monday 22 April 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... it surprises me that Mary Cromwell did not attempt to shelter her mother or bury her father properly."
Why should she, 徽柔 ? On reburying Oliver: his body is in a lime pit with other bodies, and his head is on Parliament's roof. Impossible to undo that. And Mary Cromwell Belasyse, Lady Fauconberg's mother is comfortable with one of her sons. Mary's husband's position with the new administration provides protection for the rest of the family.
Elizabeth Bourchier Cromwell was well-provided for at Oliver's death, allocated an annuity and lodgings in St. James’. Even when the Protectorate fell in spring 1659, the generals urged the recalled Rump to treat her generously.
In spring 1660, on the eve of the Restoration, Elizabeth Cromwell left London, strongly denying that she had in her possession or had hidden jewels and other goods belonging to the royal family.
She petitioned Charles II, stressing that she had played no role in the public affairs of the previous years, professing obedience to the new regime and requesting that, ‘after the many sorrows wherewith it hath pleased the all wise God to exercise’ her, she might be allowed ‘a safe retirement’ ‘now in her old age’.
She was not seriously troubled by the new regime and spent her last years in quiet retirement, living with her son-in-law, John Claypole, at Northborough in Northamptonshire, where she was occasionally visited by some of her surviving children.
After a period of poor health, Elizabeth Cromwell died at Northborough in Nov. 1665 and was buried in Northborough church.
[This is the information given by the Cromwell Association.]
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Or:
Elizabeth Bourchier Cromell supposedly died in Nov. 1665, and was buried in Northborough Church Nov. 19, 1665.
However, there is an indication that this death date is a blind, put about to protect Elizabeth, and an alternative date in October 1672 is suggested.
http://englishhistoryauthors.blog…
Pepys met John Claypole on August 10, 1660
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
MORE ABOUT THE FAUCONBERGS BELOW
About Tuesday 13 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The demands of His Gracious Majesty the King ... to the Grand Seignior
Date: 13-17 August 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 223, fol(s). 248
Document type: In print (London, for G. Horton, 1661)
The demands of His Gracious Majesty the King ... to the Grand Seignior ... sent by the Lord General Montagu. With his Lordship's proposals to the Governor of Algier ... and ... with a true relation of the great ... fight between the English and the Turks [i.e. Moors] etc. ...
@@@
The grand seignior -- noun : a former sultan of Turkey
https://www.merriam-webster.com/d…
But as we know, the Sublime Porte had told Algiers they were on their own:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
The dates are confusing. Maybe Charles II and his inner council started drafting this response on the 13th and finalized it on the 17th?
About Monday 12 August 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Lord Sandwich to the Duke of York
Written from: Off Alicante
Date: 12 August 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 575
Document type: Holograph-Minute
The Governor of Algiers having refused suitable terms of peace, opportunity of wind and weather was awaited, for seven days, "to attempt the Mould" ["to attack the Mole"], but neither wind nor weather was favourable.
Has resolved therefore, after calling a Council of War, to pursue the enterprise by sea, with good hope of success.
The writer is now on his way to Lisbon, in obedience to H.R.H. command.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
About Saturday 29 June 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The House of Commons is still fixated on the January Venner's Rising, and on discouraging any further violence:
Quakers, &c.
An Act for preventing the Mischiefs and Dangers that may arise by certain Persons called Quakers, and other Schismaticks, was this Day read the Second time.
Resolved, That the same be committed to Mr. Pryn, ...
Vagrants.
A Bill against Vagrants, and wandering, idle, dissolute Persons, was this Day read the Second time.
Resolved, That the same be committed to the same Committee to whom the Bill to prevent the Mischiefs and Dangers that may arise by Quakers, and other Schismaticks, is committed: And they are to meet at the same Time and Place: And to send for Persons, Papers, and Records.
@@@
The Fifth Monarchists, Quakers and non-conformists represent what Parliament truly fears:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… -- 2 annotations
About Star Chamber (Westminster)
San Diego Sarah • Link
The building, or chambers, formerly occupied by the Star Chamber (ended in 1641) was brought back into use in 1661:
Star Chamber.
Ordered, That the Keeper of the Rooms belonging to the Star Chamber do fit the several Rooms belonging to the Star Chamber, for the several Committees that are appointed there to sit.
https://www.british-history.ac.uk…
So when Pepys records going there, he is attending committee meetings, and not a kangaroo court.
About Wednesday 31 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Adm. Edward, Earl of Sandwich's log -- moored in the Algiers Road:
31th July. Wednesday.
In the morning the wind was eastwardly and a great fog. At 12 we had a breeze at North East, with a rolling eastern sea.
The commanders all met together on board me resolved that it was not fitting to make an attempt then, it being little wind and such as the fireships could not go in with, if the boom had been opened, nor could the leewardly squardron berth themselves.
The birthing of ships being agreed upon as followeth: [see diagram on page 93]
Nor could those ships that should birth themselves get off again, if they could perform the work, and the rolling of the sea would be a hinderance to those ships which should ride with their broadsides to it [in the margin] to all the Vice Admiral's squadron.
Immediately after dinner this day the forts and castles of the town began to play upon us, whereupon we resolved of a sudden to veer in a cable or two nearer them and fire our broadsides, which we did for 2 or 3 hours, and then finding the waste of our powder and shot to little purpose, we thought best to warp off out of shot and wait for the opportunity of a wind fitting to carry us in to our attempt, which we did.
Their shot did some hurt to the masts and rigging of many ships and killed some men, and so we were told by a slave that swam off to us the next day that our shot killed many men at the mole head and much took place in the town and some went clear over the town.
Copied from
The Journal of Edward Mountagu,
First Earl of Sandwich
Admiral and General-at-Sea 1659 - 1665
Edited by RC Anderson
Printed for the Navy Records Society
MDCCCCXXIX
Section III - Mediterranean 1661/62
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Algiers - https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…